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The original 13 colonies had began calling themselves Americans instead of British. The new found 'Americans' started to be involved in the politics of their surrounding area. The American's involved in the politics began to wonder they had been being taxed and why the taxes were so high for imports and exports. The meaning of 'Taxation without Repsresentation' started in 1750/60's for the American Colonists being taxed by the British Parliament and the slogan began to be one of the major causes of the American Revolution.

The first colony was founded in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, many of them settling from escaping religious persecution. The Pilgrims, founders of Plymouth, Massachusetts arrived in 1620. Both colonies had flourished with assistance from the Native Americans.

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The French Indian war, also known as the Seven Years War, the start of the undeclared war stated in November 1753, when George Washington and many men headed to Ohio to deliver a message to the French troops to withdraw their territory, the demand was rejected. The was officially started from 1756 to 1763. It was the North American conflict between Great Britain and France and provided Britain with colonial territory in North America but ultimately led to the American Revolution.

Tensions between the British and French had been rising before the war because of each side wanting more land ownership. The war was caused by the French and Indians having an issue of whether the upper Ohio River Valley was a part of the British Empire, and therefore being open for trade and settlements by the Virginians and Pennsylvanians, or if it was a part of the French Empire. There was another issue of who was going to dominate North America.

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Pontaic, the Chief of Ottawa was a great leader of the Ottawa Indian Tribe, he become Chief in 1755 snd soon became head of council of three tribes, a group consisting of the Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwa people. His tribe and him fought the British in the French Indian was in 1763.

In 1762, Pontaic had gathered all the tribes to drive out the British. His strategy being to have all of the 18 Indian tribes to attack the nearest fort in May 1763, and then to eliminate the British settlements. The first location of attack was Fort Detroit. This plan failed and the British found out before they could attack. Pontaic then decided to lay siege to Detroit, circling the Fort with warriors and blocking supplies. On July 31st, Pontaic won the Battle of Bloody run. The tribe forced to retreat when reinforcements had come in on October 30th Pontaic withdrew to the Maumee River.

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After the war, Pontaic led a group of American Indian tribes against the British in a  series of attacks, Pontiac encouraged Ohio Indian tribes to unite and to rise up against the British. Many view the Ottawa attack on Fort Detroit in May 1763, as the beginning of the so-called Pontiac’s Rebellion. The Shawnee, Wyandot, Seneca-Cayuga, and Delaware Nations also raided British settlements in the Ohio Country and in western Pennsylvania. Is it estimated that by late fall of 1763, Pontiac's forces had killed or captured more than six hundred people.

In the autumn of 1764, the British military took the offensive against Pontiac’s forces. Colonel John Bradstreet and Colonel Henry Bouquet each launched invasions of the Ohio Country from Pennsylvania. Most of the Wyandot and Ottawa, but not Pontiac, surrendered to Bradstreet in September due to a lack of support, as they could not resupply without their French allies. Pontiac did not surrender to the British until July 1766, Pontiac's Rebellion essentially ended in the autumn of 1764.

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On April 5, 1764, Parliament passed a modified version of the Sugar and Molasses Act (1733), which was about to expire. This tax was suggested to Parliament by Prime Minister George Grenville and was known by The Sugar Act, who felt the colonists should help pay the debt accrued by the French and Indian War. This act placed duties on molasses and sugar, the Molasses Act colonial had made colonists require to pay a tax of six pence per gallon on the importation of foreign molasses.

Colonists did not take this act lightly, a total 50 letters were delivered to Parliament in response to the Sugar Act. The Sugar Act was effectively repealed in 1765 due to the overwhelming anger from the colonists. The British Parliament instead imposed what is known as the Stamp Act.

The sugar act was a cause of the start of the American Revolution because when colonists began running their own affairs, since the British parliament had not enforced many laws and taxes, when the sugar act was created from the molasses act the Colonists started enforcing their own laws and refused abiding by the British, which caused much uproar from both parties.

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The Stamp Act law was passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765. It was imposed on all American Colonists to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper the colonies had used. The British had even taxed ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, and even playing cards.

The money that had been collected by the Stamp Act was to be used to pay the costs of defending and protecting the American Frontier near the Appalachian Mountains. This raised much controversy for the colonists, as they believed it was a attempt to raise money in the colonies without the approval of colonial legislatures. Resistance to the act was demonstrated through debates in the Colonial legislatures, written documents (including legislative resolves, prints and songs) as well as mob and crowd actions such as tarring and feathering tax collectors.

In the Virginia House of Burgesses, 29-year-old Patrick Henry denounced the Stamp Act in fiery terms. Suggesting that the act would eventually force the colonies into revolt and be the downfall of King George III, Henry urged fellow legislators not to turn back: “If this be treason, make the most of it.”
As a result of Henry’s famous speech, the Virginia House of Burgesses declared the Stamp Act to be unjust and even illegal. They also passed resolutions that Parliament had no authority to tax Virginians. Throughout the colonies the rallying cry became, “no taxation without representation.”

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The Townshend crisis, introduced by Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend (a very disliked man to say at least) in 1767 put duties and tax on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea imported into the colonies. The act was imposed in hopes of the acts would defray imperial expenses in the colonies, but instead many Americans viewed the taxation as an abuse of power. In 1770, Parliament repealed all Townshend taxes due to the anger and riots by the colonists only one tax was left and it was on tea, leading to a temporary truce between the two sides which lasted until the burning of the British patrol boat Gaspee in 1772, years before the American Revolution.

Many influential Americans such as Benjamin Franklin believed that Parliament had no right to impose any taxes on the colonists, viewing taxation as an abuse of Great Britain’s constitutional relationship with the colonies, As Samuel Adams, speaking for the Massachusetts legislature, put it: ‘In all free states, the constitution is fixed; it is from thence, that the legislature derives its authority; therefore it cannot change the constitution without destroying its own foundation.’

The colony of Boston was the group to most despise this act against the colonists and this anger led to riots which ultimately led to the Boston Massacre.

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The Boston Massacre had occurred on March 5 of 1770, where three were shot and killed instantly and two died of their injuries. All started as the British Soldiers known as 'red coats' had been disrupted by an angry group of colonists regarding against the Townshend crisis, The British officer in charge, Capt. Thomas Preston, was arrested for manslaughter, along with eight of his men; all were later released. After the massacre the American Revolution would begin to start.

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Among the men to be shot in the massacre, the first was Crispus Attucks. He then becoming one of the first men to lose his life in the cause of American independence. He was of black American heritage and had become the first casualty of the American Revolution would soon to become of the first African American Hero.

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Events throughout the years between 1650-1750 all were lead causes of the American Revolution, especially events such as the seven years war, the sugar act, the stamp act, the Townshend crisis, and the Boston massacre. Significant individuals like Chief Poctaic, Crispus Attucks, and George Washington all helped towards the American Revolution.

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hope you enjoyed xo

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