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The urban working class turned to city streets and saloons for a much needed dose of recreation. All laborers could buy food and drink from street peddlers, listen to street musicians, and soak up the excitement of the city. Saloons were mainly for male laborers and functioned as gathering places for companionship and a place to grab a drink, thus naturally a target of temperance reformers. New York City contained about ten-thousand saloons by 1900.

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The urban working class turned to city streets and saloons for a much needed dose of recreation. All laborers could buy food and drink from street peddlers, listen to street musicians, and soak up the excitement of the city. Saloons were mainly for male laborers and functioned as gathering places for companionship and a place to grab a drink, thus naturally a target of temperance reformers. New York City contained about ten-thousand saloons by 1900.

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(The Enduring Vision)

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New York City Courtyard Serves Multiple Purposes

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New York City Courtyard Serves Multiple Purposes

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Garbage and waste fill the same space where clothes are hung and children play.

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During this time period, many immigrant groups migrated to cities and made a life for themselves. One group was Eastern European Jews, 2.5 million of whom were forced from their homeland for political and economic reasons. They established “Jewish” areas of cities where Yiddish was spoken and Jewish families ran businesses. In enclaves such as these, immigrants attempted to continue their ethnic customs and traditions.This established the diverse, multiethnic culture of America that is still visible today (loc.gov). However, many Nativist groups viewed immigrants as the cause behind the problems of urbanization (overcrowding, disease, lack of jobs, etc.) which led to restrictions on immigration, such as the Immigration Act of 1882.

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During this time period, many immigrant groups migrated to cities and made a life for themselves. One group was Eastern European Jews, 2.5 million of whom were forced from their homeland for political and economic reasons. They established “Jewish” areas of cities where Yiddish was spoken and Jewish families ran businesses. In enclaves such as these, immigrants attempted to continue their ethnic customs and traditions.This established the diverse, multiethnic culture of America that is still visible today (loc.gov). However, many Nativist groups viewed immigrants as the cause behind the problems of urbanization (overcrowding, disease, lack of jobs, etc.) which led to restrictions on immigration, such as the Immigration Act of 1882.

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(Library of Congress/US History Scene)

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New Macy's department store in 1907

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The Salvation Army was an agency founded in England that sent volunteers to American cities in 1880. The organization established soup kitchens, child day cares, shelter, and temporary employment for the urban poor. The Army wanted to teach the poor values of temperance and diligence.

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The Salvation Army was an agency founded in England that sent volunteers to American cities in 1880. The organization established soup kitchens, child day cares, shelter, and temporary employment for the urban poor. The Army wanted to teach the poor values of temperance and diligence.

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(Enduring Vision)

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An image of Coney Island, a popular amusement park in New York City, around 1912.

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Department stores, such as Macy’s in New York City, made shopping a more prominent part of city culture. The stores were very fancy and richly decorated, becoming a workplace for lower classes and both a form of entertainment and a way to secure social status for the upper classes.

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Department stores, such as Macy’s in New York City, made shopping a more prominent part of city culture. The stores were very fancy and richly decorated, becoming a workplace for lower classes and both a form of entertainment and a way to secure social status for the upper classes.

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(Enduring Vision)

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The school district enrolled many adults in evening classes, including immigrants from eastern and southern Europe. The immigrants' ignorance was thought to harm the city, so the school blatantly stated,  "It pays the state to educate."

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In the slums, as many as eight people shared a 10x12 foot living room and a 6x8 foot bedroom. Living conditions were horrible; with dangerously rickety stairs, dirt-filled sinks, and leaking pipes. Despite the less than ideal conditions, rent per square foot of slums was 25-35% higher than than for fancy apartments in uptown New York because the “slumlords” wanted to exploit their tenants as much as possible.

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In the slums, as many as eight people shared a 10x12 foot living room and a 6x8 foot bedroom. Living conditions were horrible; with dangerously rickety stairs, dirt-filled sinks, and leaking pipes. Despite the less than ideal conditions, rent per square foot of slums was 25-35% higher than than for fancy apartments in uptown New York because the “slumlords” wanted to exploit their tenants as much as possible.

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(Good Ole Days)

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Ethnic neighborhoods occupy the inner city in 1870.

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Many large cities experienced an outbreak of diseases- smallpox, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis and more- during the mid to late 19th century. For instance, an outbreak of cholera killed over 5000 people in New York City in 1849. This overwhelming disease was much in part to the lack of a proper sewage system. Most people used outhouses and the poorest people simply dig trenches outside their houses. This waste often ran into the streets.

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Many large cities experienced an outbreak of diseases- smallpox, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis and more- during the mid to late 19th century. For instance, an outbreak of cholera killed over 5000 people in New York City in 1849. This overwhelming disease was much in part to the lack of a proper sewage system. Most people used outhouses and the poorest people simply dig trenches outside their houses. This waste often ran into the streets.

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(US History Scene)

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The poor sort through trash in a places they have made home

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As the populations of cities grew, public education was prioritized because Americans wanted to create a more knowledgeable, and therefore more productive, population. By 1900, there were over six-thousand American high schools with free textbooks for all students. Immigrants also contributed their own traditions to the American education system, such as how Germans established kindergarten classes for their young children. Overall, urban public education helped decrease the illiteracy rate from twenty to eleven percent from 1870 to 1900.

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As the populations of cities grew, public education was prioritized because Americans wanted to create a more knowledgeable, and therefore more productive, population. By 1900, there were over six-thousand American high schools with free textbooks for all students. Immigrants also contributed their own traditions to the American education system, such as how Germans established kindergarten classes for their young children. Overall, urban public education helped decrease the illiteracy rate from twenty to eleven percent from 1870 to 1900.

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(AP U.S. History Notes)

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Children try to find entertainment in crammed situations where the lack of sanitation promotes the spread of disease.

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In many cities, pigs were allowed to roam the streets. Urbana, Illinois even had a greater population of pigs than people! Although they were smelly, overran public spaces, and created chaos, pigs were tolerated because they are garbage. In addition, horse manure covered the streets due to horse and buggy transport. When the manure dried, it turned into dust which covered clothes and polluted the air.

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In many cities, pigs were allowed to roam the streets. Urbana, Illinois even had a greater population of pigs than people! Although they were smelly, overran public spaces, and created chaos, pigs were tolerated because they are garbage. In addition, horse manure covered the streets due to horse and buggy transport. When the manure dried, it turned into dust which covered clothes and polluted the air.

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(Good Ole Days)

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The leisure time and income of the urban middle class increased, allowing for recreation at newly built parks, amusement parks, and baseball stadiums. One of the most famous parks was Coney Island in Brooklyn, which attracted people from all locations and social tiers. 

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The leisure time and income of the urban middle class increased, allowing for recreation at newly built parks, amusement parks, and baseball stadiums. One of the most famous parks was Coney Island in Brooklyn, which attracted people from all locations and social tiers. 

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(AP Study Notes/Library of Congress)

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A horse-drawn street car in Detroit circa 1915-1925.

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The fatality rate in cities was very high. In an immigrant ward in Chicago in 1900, 20% of babies did not live to see their first birthday.Working class families adopted a fatalistic outlook and planned around this by having large families so that at least some children would survive. As for adults, between 1840 and 1870, 25% of 20 year olds did not make it to 30 years old. 

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The fatality rate in cities was very high. In an immigrant ward in Chicago in 1900, 20% of babies did not live to see their first birthday.Working class families adopted a fatalistic outlook and planned around this by having large families so that at least some children would survive. As for adults, between 1840 and 1870, 25% of 20 year olds did not make it to 30 years old. 

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(US History Scene/Enduring Vision

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Countries of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population of New York City (1860-1910)

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Countries of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population of New York City (1860-1910)

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New York City was the largest and most diverse city during the 19th century with its huge immigrant population.

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Every major city had slums, but the situation was worst in New York City. Between 1868 and 1875, five-hundred-thousand people, or about half of the population, lived in slums. Slums became ghettos when only a certain ethnicity was pressured into living there.

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Every major city had slums, but the situation was worst in New York City. Between 1868 and 1875, five-hundred-thousand people, or about half of the population, lived in slums. Slums became ghettos when only a certain ethnicity was pressured into living there.

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(Good Ole Days/Enduring Vision)