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August of 1947, after the British left India the country was separated into two independent states. Hindus on one side of the partition (which is now India) and Muslims on the other (now Pakistan). They began to turn on one another after World War II when Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru wanted one state where religions lived with one another. Muslims feared that they would not get the same treatment over the Hindu dominated state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah and his league demanded the division of India into two countries due to different religious beliefs.

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A push factor for Muslims migrate is that they were in the minority, and they would never be able to be be heard compared to the Hindus who would dominate the Indian government.

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The creation of modern India and Pakistan, explained

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In 1946, riots began in Calcutta where thousands of Muslims protested for a separate state. These protest turned violent and the two sides began killing eachother. The total fatality was around 4000 deaths. This hostile and dangerous environment pushed Muslims to migrate to Pakistan and Hindus (along with Sikhs) to migrate to India to escape the violence.

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The partition led to mass levels of population exchanges between nations. Millions of Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan, while millions of Hindus, Sikhs, and Christians migrated from Pakistan to India.

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Families and friends migrated after hearing their loved ones had found success in escaping their respective countries of residence into the opposing country to escape religious persecution.

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The kinship links between family members and friends of a shared religion led to several families migrating to the Pakistan or India to escape religious persecution.

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The large amounts of chain migration led to immigration waves between the two nations of India and Pakistan. Waves of Muslims migrated to Pakistan and waves of Hindus, Sikhs, and Christians migrated to India.

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People leave New Delhi for Pakistan in 1947

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People leave New Delhi for Pakistan in 1947

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1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration.

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1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration.

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During the partition, there were high amounts of violence against women. They were abducted on both sides and abused. India and Pakistan later worked together to repatriate these women. Muslim women were sent back to Pakistan and Hindu women were sent back to India.

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People displaced because of the partition 

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People displaced because of the partition 

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2. The majority of migrants move a short distance.

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2. The majority of migrants move a short distance.

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Despite the international migration that took place, India and Pakistan border each other, so all the migration that occurred as a result of the partition was a relatively small distance.

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3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.

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3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.

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The distance that the migrants traveled are relatively short, but a large number of Muslim migrants settled in the city of Karachi, Pakistan. The majority of Hindu migrants settled in New Delhi, India.

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4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.

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4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.

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The migration patterns shown during this event contradicted this law, because people were forced to migrate. Even if people  resided in urban areas, they had no choice but to move to escape violence and conflict.

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5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

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5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

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Again, like the 4th law, this event contradicts this law. Since the migration was forced to escape religious persecution, families had to make international moves.

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Partition: The view from India and Pakistan

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How do India and Pakistan tell the story of Partition? Secunder Kermani and Justin Rowlatt report.