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1. Students given an option, and placed with others
2. Grouping students based on classroom management
3. Counting off students to be placed in group
4. Students select randomly from the draw of a hat

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1. Students given an option, and placed with others

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1. Students given an option, and placed with others

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The purpose of this option is having student’s choose the job/option they believe they are the strongest at completing/fulfilling, then mixing the groups based on 1 student from each job. "You could also try letting students choose which task they’d like to do, but then creating a group consisting of students with each of the other tasks" (Catapano, n.d., para. 14). For instance, in Physical education, for playing a game of basketball, one student would be the captain, one student would be the equipment manager, one student would be the game rule follower, one student would be the scorekeeper and one student would be time keeper.  Having different positions allows all students to participate in the activity.

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2. Grouping students based on classroom management

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2. Grouping students based on classroom management

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The purpose of the strategy is to ensure all students are engaged with the activity and not with their peers. Separating students from their peer that have demonstrated they tend to get each other off task will help promote the activity. Using this tactic for teaching students how to play volleyball, group students on ability by mixing the stronger athletic ability with the weaker ability but be cognizant of those students that tend to get each other off task, when grouping the students. Catapano (n.d.) gave a similar tactic of what a teacher must perform in order to keep her specified classroom management, "pre-assign groups and make sure students who need to be separated are kept apart" (Catapano, n.d., para. 6).

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3. Counting off students to be placed in group

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3. Counting off students to be placed in group

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The purpose of this strategy, is students typically line up with their friends and by numbering off, they are placed with peer they typically would not group with in an activity. For an activity in Physical Education, the students to group them for a game of basketball, each student would number off by a different position on the floor- shooting guard, power forward, small forward, center and point guard, which will help reinforce each of the positions they have been learning about. Or for volleyball, outside hitter, right side hitter, center, libero, defense players 1 and defense player 2. From the article, 30 Ways to Arrange Students for Group Work, Catapano (n.d.) suggest the simplest ways of placing each student into the various groups/given task by "[writing] students’ names on popsicle sticks, shake them up in a cup, and pop out the number of names you want in a group. Much like casting lots. Or you can literally pull names from a hat" (Catapano, n.d., para. 19).

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4. Students select randomly from the draw of a hat

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4. Students select randomly from the draw of a hat

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The purpose of this activity is to ensure all students are focused because they do not know when they will be called to participate in the discussion.  For an activity in Physical education, this activity is good in reviewing content that has been taught such as positions in basketball or in volleyball. From the article, 30 Ways to Arrange Students for Group Work, Catapano (n.d.) gave a perfect example of what some of the easiest ways to incorporate the "Randomized Selection" of students... "write students’ names on popsicle sticks, shake them up in a cup, and pop out the number of names you want in a group" (Catapano, n.d., para. 22).

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1. Outside Group Work
2. Jigsaw Technique
3. Provide a chance to relieve stress
4. Insure an equal number of boys and girls

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From the video, Collaborative Learning Builds Deeper Understanding, Ethan, a Sophomore from The College Preparatory School explains how beneficial it is for group work to sometimes be organized outside... "I feel like when we work outside together, it just brings our groups together a little bit more (Edutopia, 2012). The purpose of the collaboration strategy, outside group work, is to give group members to gather a different perceptive on dealing with materials outside the classroom. The use of outside group work in Physical Education is used everyday for all sports/games that require you to be outside; baseball, soccer, kickball, football, etc. Which makes outside group work very important to be implemented inside the strategies of collaboration.

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The purpose of using the Jigsaw technique is to promote involvement from every member in a group. The group activity includes having each member report to the group on their findings to support the activity.  For instance, having a group learn to jump rope doubles in unison with a certain type of music learning the beat but also learning to jump together. Each person is required to break off with other groups to determine the best music to jump too such as jazz, rap, pop music, soul etc. Each group will determine based on the music they chose, what kind of rhythm the music provides in order to jump in unison. Clifford (2011) suggest that the jigsaw technique is very important in the classroom, but especially out in the real world of the workplace. "The workplace is often like a jigsaw. It involves separating an assignment into sub-tasks, where individuals research their assigned area.  Students with the same topic from different groups might meet together to discuss ideas between groups" (Clifford, 2011, para. 15). It would be very beneficial for every student to experience inside the classroom the causes and effects of the technique of figuring out the so called Jigsaw, because it will prepare them for the future.

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Having a group participate together reduces the stress of having to do the presentation alone. It also supports students if the student has deficit in their learning ability. Implementing group work allows students to participate in an area he/she has a strength in but also receiving support in an area he/she may have a weakness in such as reading, math or writing. Julie Anderson, gives her outlook on what will improve students performance with communicating within group discussions... "what I do in my classroom is, I try to make the kids [students] feel as comfortable and as safe to be able to take the risks that will create a good conversation" (Edutopia, 2012).
The best way to relate the students relief of stress in Physical Education, would be to divide the students into groups and ask them to research what kind of physical activities can be completed in a school day and how it benefits middle school students.  Each student will have a part, such as one student being a transcriber of ideas, two students researching the activities and one student demonstrating to the class the different activities completed in a day to promote physical fitness. By dividing the activities in this way, you are giving choices to students on their participation in the group work but also focus on each student’s strength rather than weakness.

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Catapano, J. (n.d.). 30 ways to arrange students for group work. TeachHUB. Retrieved from http://www.teachhub.com/30-ways-arrange-students-group-work

Clifford, M. (2011). 20 Collaborative Learning Tips And Strategies For Teachers. Teach Thought. Retrieved from https://www.teachthought.com/pedagogy/20-collaborative-learning-tips-and-strategies/

Binshyan, J., Yulung, W., & Teyi, C. (2006). Dynamic Grouping Strategies Based on a Conceptual Graph for Cooperative Learning. IEEE Transactions On Knowledge & Data Engineering, 18(6), 738-747.

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4. Insure an equal number of boys and girls

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4. Insure an equal number of boys and girls

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The purpose of implementing equal number of gender is to support each gender through communication and application in the group activity. Equal number of gender provides perspective to both groups the strengths and weakness each gender has and how to support each other. From the article, 20 Collaborative Learning Tips and Strategies for Teachers, Clifford (2011) suggest that an unbalanced group of gender (male/female) will cause problems towards who is being listened to and who is being ignored. "Equally balanced gender groups were found to be most effective.  Some research suggests that boys were more likely to receive and give elaborate explanations and their stances were more easily accepted by the group.  In majority male groups girls were ignored" (Clifford, 2011, para. 23).
In Physical Education, teams are divided into groups of 4, to play 4 on 4 in basketball.  The students have to determine which positions would be best for each player based on ability not gender. This provides an opportunity to listen to each other and consider each person’s input and demonstrate their strength in the position they are playing. Furthermore, if the person is not a strong athlete(male or female) the other students can determine how to best utilize the person in the game to try and win against the opposing team.  Having positive communication with each other (male/female) should transpire into the academic classroom as well.