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The Ottoman Empire attacked smaller states that were weak from the Black Plague.
The Ottoman Empire lasted awhile until after WW1.
The Ottoman empire was made up of two groups, Ghazis which was skilled horsemen, and the Janissaris which were well-trained slaves from countries that were conquered.
They beleived in the jihad, a holy war to spread islam all over the world.

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Muslim states were often weakened by rebelions.
Muslim states were divided by Shia and Sunni muslims.
Consisted of a large amount of independent countries.

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The sultan is the head of the government, with a court, and a council of ministers called Divan.
The ottoman sultan had absolute power.
All laws and decisions were made in the sultan's name.

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From the end of the 11th century, Spanish Christians gradually reconquered Spain, capturing Granada, the last Muslim state on Spanish soil, in 1492.
From the 1220s onwards pagan Mongols from Central Asia invaded, conquered the eastern Islamic world, destroyed agriculture and urban centres and slaughtered many of the inhabitants.
Seljuk zodiac coin from the ancient city of Siwas, Turkey. After 1040, Seljuk Turks from Central Asia invaded and conquered the eastern parts of the Islamic world.

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the Seljuk invasions from Central Asia in the 11th and 12th centuries.
the Mongol invasions from central Asia in the 13th century.
Muslim Arab traders and warriors set up trading posts and settlements throughout the Sahara, down the east coast of Africa, into India and even in south-east Asia.

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Muslim traders travelled as far as South Africa, China and Russia.  they traded in fine quality goods like silk, cotton, carpets, paper, ivory and spices. hoards of medieval Muslim coins with Arabic writing on them have been dug up by archaeologists in Sweden.

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The first university in the world was in Egypt in AD970.
Muslim scholars knew of many books written, not only by ancient Greek and Roman writers, but by Persian, Indian and Chinese writers.
The numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) used in the Arab world were much easier to use than Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV).

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Western Europeans copied Muslim ideas on maths, science, medicine and astronomy.
The first hospital in Paris was founded by Louis IX after he came back from Crusade in 1260.