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MS25

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To know the information about ostrich flightless bird. Details about that bird. This video very useful to school and college students. History about ostrich.

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OSTRICH or known as common ostrich is an unique animal. The scientific name for ostrich is Struthio camelus. In malay, it is called as 'Burung Unta' or 'Burung Kasawari' in Malaysia.

Ostriches are huge, non-flying birds which live in African savanna and desert lands. Besides living in their natural environment, ostriches are also bred like other farm animals since people will benefit from eggs, meat or even wear fashion products made of their skin. Also, ostrich is a docile animal when no harassed hence can easily intermingle with human beings.
The ostrich is either one or two species of gigantic flightless birds widespread in Africa, the only existing member(s) of the genus Struthio that’s in the ratite family. Since 2014, the Somali ostrich currently regarded a full species different from the typical ostrich.

Scientific classification

Kingdom: | Animalia
Phylum: | Chordata
Class: | Aves
Order: | Struthioniformes
Family: | Struthionidae
Genus: | Struthio
Species: | S. camelus

Interesting And Fun Facts About Ostrich
1. Ostriches can live without water for an extended period. As a result, they will absorb water from the food.
2. The dark male ostrich often sits on its eggs at night and his paler female mate during the day.
3. Ostrich DO NOT bury its head in the sands like what many people believe. It only appears so especially when it cannot run away from potential danger, it always flops to the ground and lay still. The color of its heads camouflages with the sand.
4. An ostrich egg can weigh approximately 3 pounds. That is equal to two dozen of chicken eggs.
5. Ostriches have enormous eyes in the entire animal kingdom. They have three sets of eyelids. Their eyes are more significant than their brain!!
6. Since they lack teeth, ostriches swallow gravels to grind their food, and an adult ostrich carries nearly one kilogram of stones in its stomach.
7. Ostriches are the fastest of all birds or any other two-legged animal, and they can sprint at more than 70 kilometers per hour, covering up to 5 meters in one single.
8. Ostriches are the oldest birds on Earth. They have existed for at least 120 million years.
9. In the 1700s, ostriches were occasionally harnessed and used to pull light carts in South Africa.
10. The Roman Emperor Heliogabalus formerly had the 600 ostriches’ brains served up at a feast during his reign 2 000 years ago.

REFERENCES : https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/ostrich/#ostrich-grass.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ostrich
http://interestingfacts.tv/animal-facts/10-interesting-facts-about-ostrich-the-most-special-bird/
https://onekindplanet.org/animal/ostrich/

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MUHAMMAD HAKIM NOR AZMAN
MS1716121131
MS25

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https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.livescience.com/52627-salamanders.html
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander
https://sciencing.com/salamander-characteristics-7873616.html

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Tiger

Scientific name: Panthera tigris

Pak belang @ harimau belang

Panthera tigris jacksoni

Uniqueness

The word Panthera is probably of Oriental origin and retraceable to the Acient Greek word panther .Tiger also known as big cat. Most recognizable for their pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orrange fur with a lighter umderside. Tiger also classified in the genus Panthera with some animal such aslion, leapord, jaguar, and snow leapord and also in the familia Felidae. They are territorial and generally solitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habit that support their prey requirement. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.

The tiger which is placed in malaysia called Malayan tiger. Its scientific name is Panthera tigris jacksoni. Malayan tiger is the smaller species among all the other tigers. Its also can be found in Thailand. Due to the size and power of the Malayan tiger, it has no natural predators in its nativeenvironment. Humans that hunt the Malayan tiger and habitat loss are the only threats to the Malayan tiger.

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Mammalia

Order:Carnivora

Family:Felidae

Genus:Panthera

Scientific Name:Panthera Tigris Jacksoni

Type:Mammal

Diet:Carnivore

Size:2m - 2.4m (6.5ft - 7.8ft)

Weight:80kg - 150kg (176lbs - 330lbs)

Top Speed:96km/h (60mph)

Life Span:18 - 25 years

Lifestyle:Solitary

Conservation Status:Endangered

Colour:Orange, Black, White

Skin Type:FurFavourite Food:Deer

Habitat:Dense tropical forest

Average Litter Size:3Main Prey:Deer, Cattle, Wild Boar

Predators:HumanSpecial Features:Striped fur and powerful body

Referrence:-

https://a-z-animals.com/animals/malayan-tiger/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIYUga5IO_8

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Name           : SARVIN NAMBIAR A/L MOHAN
Practiculum      : MS25
Biology Lecturer  : PUAN SHAFINI BINTI YAHYA

1. (a) SCIENTIFIC NAME OF FLORA : Dionaea muscipula

(b) COMMON NAME OF FLORA   : IN MALAY : Venus penangkap lalat
: IN ENGLISH : Venus flytrap

2. UNIQUENESS OF THE SPECIES :

Venus flytrap is a wonderful species with very interesting characteristics which will stand out of all common plants.First uniqueness of this carnivorous plant is the way it eats its prey.There is a reason behind uniqueness of how they eat. It has pleasant fruity scent,lined with ultra-sensitive trigger hairs and long cilia which act as fingers that plays important role.Second uniqueness is that this plant’s habitat. It like moist and acidic soil found in the understories of forest.They also need hight humidity and a lot of sunlight to flourish but suprising is that it need nutrient poor soil.Third uniqueness is that it can glow blue which purpose to attract preys which common plants couldn’t.Forth uniqueness is that it takes longer than a week to digest a large insects. It takes up to 10 days to digest insect and reopen its trap.Fifth uniqueness is that each trap of venus flytrap has only limited lives.Each trap can only catch prey 4 to 6 times.After that,the trap withers,turn brown,and falls off.Sixth uniqueness is that venus flytrap has medicinal properties. It contain compounds that can benefit human health.For example,one of its compound has ability to block a specific drug resistance mechanism used by cancer cells.

References :-
(1) https://www.applepestcontrol.com/5-facts-about-venus-flytraps/
(2) https://gizmodo.com/the-venus-flytrap-is-a-mighty-hunter-because-it-can-cou-1754283086
(3) http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/venus-fly-traps-glow-blue-to-attract-their-prey-21389780/

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Hippocampus abdominalis

Scientific classification
Kingdom: | Animalia
Phylum: | Chordata
Class: | Actinopterygii
Order: | Syngnathiformes
Family: | Syngnathidae
Genus: | Hippocampus
Species: | H. abdominalis

Common Name:Big-belly Seahorse

Scientific Name:Hippocampus abdominalis

​

Perhaps the most unique and unusual feature of seahorse biology is the fact that it is the male and not the female who becomes pregnant. When mature, males develop a pouch on the belly, known as the brood pouch. In this species the pouch is formed after 6 months of life, but males don't breed until they are about one year of age. Breeding takes place in spring and summer; the female inserts her ovipositor into the male's pouch and lays her eggs. The male then fertilises them and they become embedded into the wall of the pouch. The pouch is very similar to the womb found in female mammals; a placental fluid removes waste products and supplies the eggs with oxygen and nutrients. As pregnancy progresses, this fluid gradually becomes similar to the surrounding seawater, so that when the young seahorses are 'born' the change in salinity will not be such a shock. After around 30 days of pregnancy the male goes into labour, typically at night when there is a full moon. After hours of thrusting, the miniature seahorses, which look exactly like the adults, are released from the pouch.

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https://www.hunker.com/12553341/characteristics-of-ginger
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265990.php

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PINEAPPLE
NAME: MOHAMAD DINIE HAZIQ BIN SABARUDIN

SCIENTIFIC NAME : Ananas comosus
Nenas

UNIQUENESS

Pineapples are a rich source of vitamin C and consuming them can help fight off the viruses that cause cold and coughs. They contain a natural antioxidant ‘bromelain’ which helps in suppressing cough and loosening the mucus. Drinking pineapple juice helps in relieving sore throat.Vitamin C and other antioxidants present in pineapples are involved in collagen synthesis. Pineapples also contain manganese, the trace mineral needed to build bones and connective tissues. Thus, these fruits can help you build and maintain strong bones and beautiful skin

Macular degeneration is a disease caused by damage of the retina, resulting in vision loss in adults. Consumption of pineapple can lower the risk of this disease by as much as 36% as it contains beta carotene which is good for the sense of sight.For pimples and blackheads, apply a paste prepared by combining 2 teaspoons pineapple juice with aloe vera gel. Applying this regularly will help ward off pimples and blackheads. Many women suffer from various menstrual disorders. Some of these disorders can be crippling – both physically and mentally. Bromelain in pineapples is believed to provide relief from painful menstrual cramps and other menstrual symptoms.

Scientific classification

Kingdom:
Plantae

Clade:
Angiosperms

Clade:
Monocots

Clade:
Commelinids

Order:
Poales

Family:
Bromeliaceae

Genus:
Ananas

Species:
A.聽comosus

Binomial name

Ananas comosus

REFERENCES :

https://www.healthbeckon.com/

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https://www.thestar.com.my
https://www.globalresearchonline.net
https://www.whatta.org
https://www.herb.herbal.my

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COMMON NAME
Name in malay      : Misai Kucing
Name in English   : Java Tea
Scientific name : Orthosiphon Stamineus Bent.

Orthosiphon Stamineus grown in Southeast Asia . leaves of this plant are used for herbal tea and used as diuretic – substances that promote diuresis , the increased of urine. Also to treat rheumatism, abdominal pain, kidney and bladder inflammation, edema and gout. This plant’s leaves exhibit a range of pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, antiangiogenetic properties. The plant has synergistic bio-enhancing ability for tamoxifen against human breast cancer. The herb is safe without toxicity in vitro and in vivo. It is apparent that Misai Kucing is emerging as a new crop plant.

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Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Mammalia
Order:  Sirenia
Family : Dugongidae
Species: D. dugon
Binomial name:Dugong dugon
Malay name : Dugong
English name : Sea cows
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF DUGONG

Dugong was the large marine mammals. They have large body with thick and smooth skin. They are cream coloured at birth and then develop a grey or dark when get older. They have paddle-like front flippers and a fluked tail. They haed is rounded with small eyes and have a large snout. Their upper lip is well develop and its forms a U shaped pad that has to ridges. They cannot hold their breath as a mammals cannot hold long breath in the water. Dugong have excellent hearing but not very good eyesight.
The dugong can be found at sea grass beds at in the shallow tropical waters of East Africa, West and East Asia, Australia and the pacific islands. It also can be found frequently around the Northern Australia the most dugong located. They will migrate during the winter months to warmer waters.
Dugong always eat seagrass. They will eat large amounts of seagrass and they uprooted the grass behind the sand
After dugong past the gestation period for 13-14 months a single calf will born in shallow water. The calf will stay with their mother until the calf at 18-24 months old. Dugong will reach between 17 years old to reach their adult.

References

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/d/dugong/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugong

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Sanggaavi Panjanathan

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Scientific name : Dermochelys coriacea
Penyu belimbing

Uniqueness

Sea turtles are found in all of the major oceans and smaller seas with the exception of the Arctic Circle as it is generally too cold for sea turtles as they tend to prefer more temperate waters. The leatherback sea turtle is the largest species of sea turtle and is the most widely distributed species of sea turtle, found all over the world.
Sea turtles have the remarkable ability to travel hundreds (in some cases thousands) of miles in order to get between their feeding grounds and their nesting grounds. Although sea turtles spend their time out at sea, sea turtles always go back to the same beach to breed.The female sea turtles bury their eggs in the sand on the beach where they were born. After laying her eggs the female sea turtle will return to the sea, leaving her eggs to hatch in their nest under the sand. When the baby sea turtles hatch, they walk straight into the ocean and begin their life at sea. Adult sea turtle have few naturalpredators besides large sharks and being caught up in human fishing nets meaning that they can live to more than 80 years old.

Sea Turtle Facts
Kingdom:
Animalia

Phylum:
Chordata

Class:
Reptilia

Order:
Testudines

Family:
Chelonioidea

Scientific Name:
Chelonioidea

Type:
Reptile

Diet:
Omnivore

Size:
79-150cm (31-59in)

Weight:
158-400kg (350-882lbs)

Top Speed:
4km/h (2.4mph)

Life Span:
60-80 years

Lifestyle:
Solitary

Conservation Status:
Endangered

Colour:
Brown, Tan, Green

Skin Type:
Scales

Favourite Food:
Fish

Habitat:
Tropical coastal waters and beaches

Average Litter Size:
100

Main Prey:
Fish, Crabs, Seaweed, Jellyfish

Predators:
Human, Sharks, Killer Whale

Special Features:
Hard body shell and powerful, strong flippers

REFERENCES :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gC1zNkFSCB8

https://a-z-animals.com/animals/sea-turtle/

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Health Benefits of Basil Herb - Basil Herb Health Benefits - Amazing Herbs and Plants

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Health Benefits of Basil Herb - Basil Herb Health Benefits - Amazing Herbs and Plants Health benefits of Basil herb Basil leaves hold many notable plant derived chemical compounds that are known to have disease preventing and health promoting properties.

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Videos

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Top 10 "BENEFITS OF BASIL" For Health !!

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Top 10 "BENEFITS OF BASIL" For Health !! "Benefits Video" Channel provides a collection of videos about health benefits and benefits videos as well benefit tutorial include benefit new such as for example benefit the original then the most popular is video benefits. More videos : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClqCKSZJ986LzR9ZSPZ1AtQ

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Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa): What You Need To Know

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Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) is a plant indigenous to some parts of Asia. People have been using it in areas like Thailand and Malaysia for centuries. Its leaves are taken for their depressant and stimulant qualities.

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Amierah Hanis binti Rosmen
MS 1716120622

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Scientific name : Mitragyna speciosa
Common name
- English : Kratom
- Malay : Ketum

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Mitragyna speciosa is an evergreen tree that can grow to a height of 25 m (82 ft) tall and the trunk may grow to a 0.9 m (3 ft) in diameter. The trunk is generally straight and the outer bark is smooth and grey. The leaves are dark green and glossy, and can grow to over 14–20 cm long and 7-12 cm wide when fully open, are ovate-acuminate in shape, and opposite in growth pattern, with 12- 17 pairs of veins. The flowers grow in clusters of three at the ends of the branches. The calyx-tube is 2mm long and has 5 lobes; the corolla-tube is 2.5-3 millimetres long.
M. speciosa has been is indigenous to Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Papua New Guinea.

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Its Uniqueness
Kratom has become popular as a recreational drug and has been claimed to improve mood, relieve pain and help with opiate addiction.
In cultures where the plant grows, kratom has been used as traditional medicine. The leaves are chewed to relieve musculoskeletal pain and increase energy, appetite, and sexual desire similar to khat and coca. The leaves or extracts from them are used to heal wounds and as a local anesthetic.It has also been used to treat coughs, diarrhea, and intestinal infections. The herb is bitter and is generally combined with a sweetener.
Though it may seem that kratom allows muscle relief and cures minor sickness, low doses of kratom may cause unfavourable side effects related to stimulation which includes anxiety and agitation, and opioid-related effects like itching, nausea, loss of appetite, and increase urination begin to appear. At moderate (5 to 15 g of raw leaves) doses and higher, additional adverse effects includes tachycardia as well as the opioid side effects of constipation, dizziness, hypotension, dry mouth, and sweating. Frequent use of high doses of kratom may cause tremor, anorexia, weight loss, seizures, and psychosis. Other than that, respiratory depression, liver injury and death has been found to be other effects from kratom overdose.

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Reference :

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa
thedrugclassroom.com
mintpressnews.com
https://youtu.be/enm47SBHeYA

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https://draxe.com/benefits-of-basil/
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266425.php
https://www.google.com/amp/foodfacts.mercola.com/amp/basil.html

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TAN SHI JIAN MS25

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Scientific name: Nudibranchia (in english)

Flabellina iodinea (in malay)

Nudibranchs can grow up to between 4-10 cm in length. They have tentacles on their heads known as rhinophores which can detect taste, touch and smell. They have secondary gills which are exposed and take the form of the branchus.

There are two types of nudibranch which are Dorid nudibranchs, Eolid nudibranchs. Either of them spent most of their time in eating and spending approximately 3-5 hours a day inactive. Nudibranchs are carnivores and eat sponges, anemones, barnacles and sea slugs and their eggs. Surprisingly, they have been known to feed on members of their own species too. Like other molluscs, they have a hard, toothed feeding aid called a 'radula' inside their mouth.

Nudibranchs are hermaphrodite but they cannot fertilise themselves. Mating couples often fight one another over who is the male and who is the female. The fertile nudibranch lays the eggs very close to a food source so that the larvae will be able to feed when they emerge. The eggs contain chemical toxins to deter any predators. Once hatched, the growing larva move into deeper water where they develop into the adult form in all aspects except size until it reaches sexual maturity.

Writing reference

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2014/bruring_mack/classification.htm

Video link

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=n9Z8pd1yIyQ

Photo link

http://www.uwphotographyguide.com/kevin-lee-nudibranch-exhibit-university-of-connecticut

http://www.seafocus.com/species_nudibranchs.html

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Interesting Basil Facts:
Depending on the variety, basil can grow 12 to 51 inches in height.
Basil has light green, silky leaves that are oval in shape. Leaves are oppositely arranged on the stem. Some varieties of basil have purple leaves.
Basil develops miniature flowers that appear in spikes on top of a plant. They can be white, pinkish or mauve in color.
Flowers are pollinated by insects. After successful pollination, each flower turns into dry fruit called achene.
Basil can be propagated via seed and plant cuttings.
Flower and leaves are edible, but leaves are more often in use. Leaves are rich in essential oils which are responsible for the specific flavor of the plant. When flowers appear on the plant, stem becomes rough and production of essential oils ceases. Because of that, people often remove flower buds to prolong lifespan and freshness of the leaves.
Each type of basil has unique aroma. Sweet basil has clove-like aroma, lemon basil has lemony taste while cinnamon basil has sweet, cinnamon-like aroma.
Besides its aroma, basil has high nutritional value. Basil is rich source of vitamins A, B6, C and K and minerals such as iron, manganese and magnesium.

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Zarith Sofia binti Joharuddin ms25
Daisy

Bellis Perennis

Bunga Dahlia or known as daisy flowers are belongs to Kingdom Plantae and were classified into Class Asterids. Daisies are the plants in Asteraceae Family which is lovely-looking and has a sweet smell. It is known  golden everlasting. The name Bellis Perennis derived from latin words which bellus means pretty and perennis means everlasting.

There are some characteristics that make them unique and rare. Firstly, daisies are mainly herbaceous because they are lack of woody stems. Most of them have tap roots but some also have fibrous roots that act as a food storage and anchors the plants to the top layer of soil.

Second, daisies have unique structures which its yellow central have disc florets. Its petal have ray florets because of its attractive colours that able to catch insect’s eyes. The ring of petals are known as ‘whorls’.

Lastly, daisies have hundreds of stigma, styles and ovaries that is capable for them to produce many seeds. This is to ensure reproduction is a certainty. This species are not going to extinct for a long time yet.

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Scientific name: Ocimum Basilium
Common name: Basil
Melay name: Selasih

The Uniqueness Of Basil
Basil is herbaceous plant that belongs to mint family (Lamiaceae). It originates from India, where people use it as spice and as medicine at least 5000 years. Basil can be found all over the world today. It prefers light soil and high temperatures for successful growth (it does not tolerate frost).There are over 160 varieties of basil that differ in size and color of the leaves and flowers and chemical composition which determines taste of the plant. Besides being popular as spice, basil contains essential oils which are used in medicine and chemical industry. Basil is also often cultivated for ornamental purpose

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Name:Salmi binti Mat Arif

Scientific Name: Holothuroidea sp.
Common Name: _
English: Sea Cucumber
Malay: Gamat

Holothuroidea sp. is an aquatic animal that live under the sea. It can be seen in rubble, rocks, sands and also in sponge.
Holothuroidea sp. can be classified in scientific classification, which is
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Holothuroidea
Holothuroidea sp. do not have distinct radial symmetry but are bilateral (distinct dorsal/ ventral side). It has elongated, muscular, flexible body with mouth at one end and the anus at other side. It has number of tentacles (modified tube feet) around its mouth for used in food collecting. It has soft body because of its ossicles.
Holothuroidea sp. or we can call it as sea cucumber can come in two sizes which is small species, only few centimetres to long snakelike which may stretch up to 2 metres. It moves by tube feet which extend in rows from underside of its body. Holothuroidea has true coelomates.
Holothuroidea sp. has remarkable capacity for regenerating their body parts. When it has been attacked, they shed a sticky thread like structure which is actually parts of their guts. It called Cuverian threads. Cuverian threads are toxic, the poison called holothurin that can dissuade many potential predators.
REFERENCES
1)https://www.starfish.ch/reef/echinoderms.html
2)https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cucumber
3)https://youtu.be/TSIHxneKv9I
4)https://quizlet.com/70343113biology-38-echinoderms-notes-flash-cards/

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SCIENTIFIC NAME: MUSA
COMMON NAME: BANANA / PISANG

Musa or its common name banana comes from a tropical herbaceous plant. The plant although generally regarded as a tree, the banana plant is really a giant herb. That means it does not have a woody trunk like a tree. The stalk grows from an underground stem called a rhizome and reaches a height of 10 to more than 20 feet (3 to 6 meters).

The banana is a perennial plant that replaces itself. Bananas do not grow from a seed but from a bulb or rhizome, and it takes 9 to 12 months from sowing a banana bulb to harvesting the fruit. The banana flower appears in the sixth or seventh month. Unlike other fruit like apples which have a growing season, bananas are available all year round. Unripe bananas are green or deep green, and as they mature, they can turn yellow, red or green-and-white striped. Overripe banana skins turn brown or black, and the fruit is mushy.

Bananas are good sources of fiber, potassium and vitamin C.It is one of the high-calorie tropical fruits. 100 grams of its flesh carries 90 calories. Besides, it contains a good amount of health benefiting fiber, anti-oxidants, minerals, and vitamins.

References:

https://www.hunker.com/12351540/characteristics-of-the-banana-fruit

https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/banana/273086/197189-toc

http://www.bananalink.org.uk/how-bananas-are-grown

https://youtu.be/dU-JPJLWm5o

https://www.google.com/search?q=banana&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyn-H4icPYAhWDFpQKHbPbCtkQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=667

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Scientific Classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Amphibia

Order: Caudata

Family: Salamandroidea

Unique Characteristics
Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. Salamanders are typically more active during cool times of the day and are nocturnal. During the day they lounge under rocks or in trees to stay cool. At night they come out to eat.Salamanders are carnivores, which means they eat meat instead of vegetation. They prefer other slow-moving prey, such as worms, slugs and snails. Some larger types eat fish, small crustaceans and insects. Some salamanders eat frogs, mice and even other salamanders. The respiratory organs among various salamander species come in three different forms. Aquatic salamanders typically breathe through a set of gills. Some of them feature internal gills that receive dissolved oxygen via gill slits. Others feature external gills that flare out like a set of tiny wings, while still others feature a combination of internal and external gills. Many terrestrial salamanders breathe oxygen via a set of regular, internal lungs. Most of these species breathe through gills while in their larval forms.The third type of salamander respiratory organ is actually the skin, they simply absorbs oxygen through their skin or membranes of the throat and mouth. Salamanders, like the majority of other amphibians, are relatively small vertebrates. On average, most adult specimens grow to around 4 to 8 inches in length. However, a few species can grow quite large. For instance, the Chinese giant salamander can grow to lengths of up to 6 feet, making it the world’s largest extant amphibian.Most salamanders feature four short legs of roughly equal size that extend from the sides of their bodies. However, two species the greater siren and lesser siren salamanders  have only a pair of front legs. Typically, a salamander’s front legs each contain four toes, and its rear legs, for the majority of species that have rear legs  contain five toes. Some salamanders, specifically the three, eel-like amphiuma species, feature only one, two or three toes per leg. Unique among vertebrates, they are capable of regenerating lost limbs, as well as other damaged parts of their bodies. Researchers hope to reverse engineer the remarkable regenerative processes for potential human medical applications, such as brain and spinal cord injury treatment or preventing harmful scarring during heart surgery recovery.

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SCIENTIFIC NAME

Scientific name (ENGLISH): Galeopterus variegatus
(MALAY): kubung

UNIQUENESS:
Sunda flying lemur range
The Sunda flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus), also known as the Malayan flying lemur, Sunda Colugo or Malayan colugo, is a species of colugo. Until recently, it was thought to be one of only two species of flying lemur, the other being the Philippine flying lemur which is found only in the Philippines. The Sunda flying lemur is found throughout Southeast Asia in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore.

The Sunda flying lemur is not a lemur and does not fly. Instead, it glides as it leaps among trees. It is strictly arboreal, is active at night, and feeds on soft plant parts such as young leaves, shoots, flowers, and fruits. After a 60-day gestation period, a single offspring is carried on the mother's abdomen held by a large skin membrane. It is a forest-dependent species.

The head-body length of Sunda flying lemur is about 33 to 42 cm. Its tail length measures 18 to 27 cm , and its weight is 0.9 to 1.3 kg.

The Sunda flying lemur is protected by national legislation. In addition to deforestation and loss of habitat, local subsistence hunting poses a serious threat to this animal. Competition with the plantain squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) represents another challenge for this species. More information is needed on population declines, but at present, the rate of the decline is not believed to merit listing in any category lower than Least Concern.

Habits and lifestyle
Sunda flying lemurs live either solitary or in small groups that are loosely connected. They can be territorial as regards foraging and sleeping areas. They are mainly nocturnal. They are strictly arboreal and in the daytime they sleep high within dense foliage in the treetops or in holes in trees. With all four of their feet, they cling on to the trunk of a tree or the underside of branches. Climbing involves stretching out their two front legs and then bringing up their two back legs, which results in an awkward hopping. They can glide more than 100 m with minimal loss in elevation. When threatened they either climb higher up or remain motionless. These animals are quite helpless if on the forest floor.

Behaviour and ecology
The Sunda flying lemur is a skillful climber, but is helpless when on the ground. Its gliding membrane connects from the neck, extending along the limbs to the tips of the fingers, toes and nails. This kite-shaped skin is known as a patagium, which is expanded for gliding. It can glide over a distance of 100 m with a loss of less than 10 m in elevation. It can maneuver and navigate while gliding, but strong rain and wind can affect its ability to glide. Gliding usually occurs in open areas or high in the canopy, especially in dense tropical rainforest. The Sunda flying lemur needs a certain distance to glide and to land to avoid injury. The highest landing forces are experienced after short glides; longer glides lead to softer landings, due to the colugo's ability to brake its glide aerodynamically. The ability to glide increases a colugo's access to scattered food resources in the rainforest, without increasing exposure to terrestrial or arboreal predators.

In general, the diet of the Sunda flying lemur consists mainly of leaves. It usually consumes leaves with less potassium and nitrogen-containing compounds, but with higher tannin. It also feeds on buds, shoots, coconut flowers, durian flowers, fruits, and sap from selected tree species. It also feeds on insects in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. The selected food sources depend on the localities, habitat, vegetation types, and availability.

The Sunda flying lemur mainly forages in tree canopies. It may forage on several different tree species in a single night, or on a single species. It can also be seen licking tree bark of selected tree species to obtain water, nutrients, salts, and minerals. Though the Sunda flying lemur has been reported to also occur in gardens and plantations, the species resides in forests primarily.

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VIDEO:

5.REFERENCES:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_flying_lemur
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=zz9sfV1cOeA
http://www.batconsultancy.co.uk/Sunda Flying Lemur.htm
https://fryap.wordpress.com/2014/06/06/sunda-flying-lemur-at-bukit-timah/

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Heliantus annuus sp.
Scientific classification�
Kingdom : Plantae�
Class : Angiosperms
�Order : Asterales�
Family : Asteraceae�
Genus : Helianthus
�Species : H.annuus

Sunflowers have many uses that helps us in daily life. Sunflowers can be extracted to be sunflower oil. Its seeds can be eaten by humans and also by hamsters. Its seeds is known as ‘kuaci’ . In fact, sunflowers can reach 25 foots in height. It is recorded that in Netherlands, there is a sunflower with 25 foots height. Next, its flower can reach diameter 32-35 inch. More surprisingly, a sunflower can produce about 2000 seeds. Sunflower is also worshipped by Aztec people. They believe that the sunflowers exist because of the sun god. It is also used as a national symbol by certain countries like Ukraine, Kansas and United States . In the evening the sunflowers will be withered due to absence of the sun. Lastly, sunflowers help in absorb nuclear radiation. In 2011, tsunami had occurred in Fukushima, Japan. The tsunami had damaged the energy power plant reactor and cause radiation occurred. Many sunflowers are planted to absorb the nuclear radiation.

Reference : https://www.twsflorist.co.id/10-fakta-menarik-tentang-bunga-matahari
Nursyaza Hanini bt Abdul Halim
MS25

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Bougainvillea - 1 year timelapse, Supetar, 2013, bugenvila

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Siti Nursa'adah binti Jauhari Efendie

SCIENTIFIC NAME : BOUGAINVILLEA GLABRA
COMMON NAME : PAPER FLOWER / BUNGA KERTAS / BONSAI
Bougainvillea Glabra or its common name, Paper Flower is a thorny, woody ,high climbing vine.It is suitable as a decorative plant as it is bright and colourful in colour. It grows well in warm climate with full sunlight. This plants needs well-drained soil.There’s no need too much water because it can cause the plant to produce more leaves than its flowers.
Bougainvillea has medical values to regulate menstruation,vaginal (white) discharge, treatment of hepatitis and cough. Roots, stem and leaves are usually used to cure.The flowers and stem are dried, then boil in water and drink it as tea.
Bougainvillea leaves are used to cure variety of disorders such as diarrhea and to reduce stomach acidity.The leaves are low toxic. It also used for cough and soar throat.Infusions of the flowers used as treatment for low blood pressure while the leaves use to cure diabetes.Bougainvillea’s stem help in cure hepatitis.

References : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainvillea_glabra
https://www.gonutrio.com/herb/explore/bougainvillea
https://www.joyusgarden.com/secrets-bougainvillea/

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Scientific name : Zingiber Officinale
Common name in English : Ginger
Common name in Malay : Halia

Unique characteristics ;
In medical use, ginger helps alleviate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomitingis inconclusive and it is not recommended for clinical use for this or for any type of nausea. Studies have found no clear evidence of harm from taking ginger during pregnancy, though its safety has not been established and it is a suspected risk for mutagenicity. Next, in culinary, its used as a spice, ginger is both hot and sweet. It's often used in a powdered form in baking, such for gingerbread or ginger cookies. It also adds a sharp tang to savoury foods. Ginger is sold for culinary use in powdered form, in crystallized pieces and fresh for use during cooking. Ginger is used to flavor carbonated soda, called ginger ale. It's also used in beer making.

Appearance
The part of ginger that's used most often is the root. Ginger root is beige in color with a knotted, rough appearance. The part of the plant above the ground is a foot long upright stem with long, narrow leaves. The leaves are green and ribbed in texture. Ginger flowers are small and white or yellow-green in color. The useable part of the root is a rhizome, which is how the plant propagates itself.
Medicinal Uses
Ginger's antinausea properties make it an effective medication that people have used for thousands of years. Eating ginger candy or taking capsules of powdered ginger settles the stomach and is useful for treating motion sickness and nausea caused by chemotherapy. Ginger may be taken to help treat morning sickness in pregnant woman, but should not be taken without a doctor's permission. Ginger may also be taken to help with inflammation, circulation problems and respiratory problems such as congestion.
Culinary Uses
When used as a spice, ginger is both hot and sweet. It's often used in a powdered form in baking, such for gingerbread or ginger cookies. It also adds a sharp tang to savory foods. Ginger is sold for culinary use in powdered form, in crystallized pieces and fresh for use during cooking. Ginger is used to flavor carbonated soda, called ginger ale. It's also used in beer making.
Contraindications
While ginger has a long history of medicinal and culinary use, there are some situations when it's best to avoid it. Ginger may interact with some prescriptions or other-the-counter medications. Talk to your doctor before using ginger regularly to treat nausea or other problems if you're taking other medications