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This article intends to measure intelligence in 3 aspects on intelligence, brain function and behavioural problems on 209 twins from age 5 to 12 years old. The results found that the genetic influences in general has impact on the cognitive ability as the child grows and changes into their puberty stages. The share environment do contributes to the growth but has little change. Only with unique environmental influences can contribute to the change in cognitive abilities.

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This article explores the engagement of educational games to increase brain activity.

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It is shown that some music can increase the brain power during one experiment done in Harvard (Richie, 2015).

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Classical Music for Brain Power - Mozart

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Memozar has many choices to try for online games to boost concentration and memory. Can related to increase in brain activity and improve the intelligence.

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This is pictorial game. Pair the same type in the shortest time to complete. This game can help improve memory which is part of intelligence.

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There are many levels to online Sudoku for thinking and cognition activity. Alternating for 5 to 10 minutes will increase the attention span and can lead to spatial thinking on intelligence.

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This article is a research done on a sample of 500 12 year old twins to investigate the genetic and environmental origins in the reading skills between expert and normal readers. Secondly on whether the same genetic and environmental factors affect reading performance for normal readers. Thirdly on whether same family upbringing and the same school makes any difference between expert and normal readers. The article concludes that the developing of passive one-size-fits-all training regime in reading compared to an active model of experience of choice is preferable to allow children to sample the experiences in discovering their appetites and aptitudes towards reading which presents as a more cost-effective training model.

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This article talks about child’s ability in school & the affairs of life. The child learns from the environment and copying from adults in their environment. Factors exploring the environmental conditions are the school, home, contacts with adults, birth order and intelligence, maternal deprivation and emotional security, attitude of parents to intellectual attainment, socio-economic status and intelligence and the child’s personality interacting with the factors.

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Genetic foundations of human intelligence

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Genetic foundations of human intelligence

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In this article, the author describe the human intelligence as phenotype and summarise how intelligence is heritable. The author also provides an overview of and comment on molecular genetic studies to explain genetic contributions to intelligence.

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Genetic foundations of human intelligence

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Below is an example of checking for IQ test and it is free!
While this kind of test is commonly available, the results and its complication needs to be taken cautiously. While people may relate higher IQ to higher academic results, the research findings of this is not conclusive so far.

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Take a fast demo IQ test of the Pro Certified Admissions IQ test of the International High IQ Society, or our Classical Intelligence test to get a taste of what a full length IQ test is like.
(Are you here to prepare for an assessment? Check out our Prep Packages.)
When you complete a free IQ test you will get an estimate of your IQ score or the number of questions you answered correctly. Share your IQ score with your friends. Learn if you might qualify for membership of the High IQ society.

Start the free test

Start the free test

What is an IQ test?

IQ is an abbreviation of Intelligence Quotient. So, OK, but what is IQ? The IQ is a measurement of your intelligence and is expressed in a number. It's an estimate also, there will always be a given amount of measurement error.

A person's IQ can be calculated by having the person take an intelligence test. The average IQ is 100 by definition. If you achieve a score higher than 100, you did better than the average person, and a lower score means you (somewhat) performed less.

What is a good IQ score?

The average IQ score is always 100, and your personal score tells you your IQ ranking compared to the average. IQ scores are based on comparisons with other people who took the test: the norm group. As 100 is the average score, your score tells you how your IQ score ranks compared to other people. Most people score between 85 and 115.

About 2% of the population has an IQ score lower than 69. Such a low IQ score often is hard to measure using a regular intelligence test. Very high IQ scores, say over 150, are also hard to determine accurately. This is because you need a lot of reference measurements to determine a specific score reliably. As very high and very low IQ scores simply do not occur often, it is hard to form such a reference group.

Can I practice IQ tests?

You can practice IQ tests, it will not make you more intelligent but it will increase your IQ score on a job test for example. Be sure to try any IQ test we offer for free in our IQ tests section. Especially for assessment preparation this will be very useful!

What IQ test types are there?

In a classic IQ test you will generally find questions related to numerical reasoning, logical reasoning, verbal intelligence and spatial intelligence. An IQ test that primarily measures abstract reasoning, either inductive or deductive, will often be a non-verbal IQ test. The latter is then called culture-fair because of that.

Both classic and non-verbal IQ tests make for valid and reliable IQ score measurements, although their definitions of intelligence do vary. Generally an IQ test consisting of more questions will have a higher reliability than shorter tests.

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IQ Test. Free and No registration, test your intelligence at 123test.com

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Test how smart you are in a few minutes with our free IQ test demos. Visit 123test for demos of the IQ test and culture fair intelligence test, check https://www.123test.com/iq-test/

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Gattaca (1997) Movie: on Genes inferior or superior?

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Gattaca (1997) Movie: on Genes inferior or superior?

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This frictional movie describes a genetically inferior man assumes the identity of a superior one in order to pursue his lifelong dream of space travel. It illustrates that gene does not determine your life (nature) but it is our effort (nurture) that determines what we can achieve.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzG3I7nMEks

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How to raise a super smart baby | Ep 1 | Full episode

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How to raise a super smart baby | Ep 1 | Full episode

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In this documentary, Peter Davis discover whether premium milk powder and signing babies for right brain sensory enrichment classes could help to make the babies smarter.

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How to raise a super smart baby | Ep 1 | Full episode

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How To Train Your Baby To Be Super Smart?

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How To Train Your Baby To Be Super Smart?

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In this CNA video, it shows how parents go all the way of sending babies for sensory enrichment lessons to develop their child's intelligence as studies have shown that 1000 days of their child's life will shape the way they learn later in life.

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How To Train Your Baby To Be Super Smart | Super Baby | CNA Insider

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Can We Genetically Improve Intelligence?

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Can We Genetically Improve Intelligence?

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The video explore the possibility to create desired babies through identified traits and the process of IVF.

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Can We Genetically Improve Intelligence?

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This article examines how the environmental and genetic factors result in cognitive ability differences across the different age groups and explore the genetic correlation between intelligence test scores and their correlates such as processing speed, birth weight and brain size.

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In this Ted Talk, Nancy Segal shared about the twins study conducted by the scientists and found out how genes play the key role to affect their decisions and behaviour in life.

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Twins: A window into human nature | Nancy Segal | TEDxManhattanBeach

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Did Mr Lee Kuan Yew create a Singapore in his own image?

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Did Mr Lee Kuan Yew create a Singapore in his own image?

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This article gave a broad overview the policies that were introduced by our late MM, Mr Lee Kuan Yew, during his tenure as a Prime Minister.

In 1983, during the National Day Rally, Mr Lee explained his belief in eugenics and encouraged better educated women to have more children to maintain present standards of Singaporeans.

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Lee Kuan Yew was a chain-smoker until 1957, puffing away two packs a day. Then he lost his voice in the middle of campaigning for a City Council election and could not thank voters. He quit cold turkey, suffering withdrawal symptoms for a fortnight.

By the 1960s, he was allergic to tobacco smoke. So smoking was banned in his office and the Cabinet room.

In the 1970s, an anti-smoking campaign banned cigarette advertising in Singapore. Progressively, there was less and less public space for smokers to have their puff.

Question: Did Mr Lee create a Singapore in his own image? Did he socially engineer and shape the behaviour of a nation according to his fastidious preferences?

It is impossible to tease out where a leader's preferences begin, and where a country's values end. The prerogative of a leader after all is to shape an organisation, a country, according to his will.

Mr Lee was notoriously fussy about order and cleanliness. Not surprisingly, Singapore is known the world over for both even today. He believed a tidy city bespoke an orderly government, a people with good social habits, and pride in their surroundings.

In November 1959, leading a mass drive to clean up the city, he said: "This is one of the hallmarks of civilisation. One can be rich and filthy or poor and clean. Cleanliness and tidiness are indications of the level of tidiness of a people. We must improve on our standard as one of the cleanest cities in Asia."

He took a personal interest in cleaning and greening the city state. He was the eyes and ears of the Public Works Department, the National Parks Division, the anti-mosquito unit, the Public Utilities Board.

He noticed when hawkers boarded up drains they had no business covering; when a street-seller rigged up power lines and put up an illicit fridge on a roundabout. He told the story of how an empty patch at Novena housed first a Chinese shrine, a makeshift tent days later, then a fence and eventually a hut. He disapproved, sent a note and got things rectified.

He hit the roof one day in late 1964 when he looked out of his City Hall office across the Padang and saw some cows grazing on the Esplanade. He called a meeting of senior officers, including permanent secretaries, and gave them a shellacking.

The riots that July, he said, had led to some disorder, but it was high time officials got their act together. "The city looks more slovenly. There is more litter, more dirt, more cows wandering around circuses, more stray dogs, more flies, more mosquitoes... People take advantage of a slackening of the administrative grip on the situation," he said.

Urging the officers to get things back to normal, he said: "It is necessary for people's morale. You know in the army, they polish their buttons, they polish their shoes, they paint the steps. It gives men that little astringent to keep them bucked up, and not get slovenly and soft."

But there were also prosaic reasons for the massive cleaning up. As he recounted in his memoirs in 2000, "one compelling reason to have a clean Singapore is our need to collect as much as possible of our rainfall of 95 inches a year". The waterways and drainage system had to be cleaned up so the rainwater run-offs can be collected.

The other reason was political: so people would feel good about their living environment and have a greater sense of belonging. He thought it would have been politically disastrous for an elected government to do as the British did, and keep nice green expatriate areas while leaving other public spaces to deteriorate.

Cleaning up was just the beginning. He was adamant about changing the social habits of an entire people so they would learn social graces, care for their surroundings, and not litter, spit, deface or destroy the spruced-up new look.

In a crowded, urban city, he believed that good habits like courtesy and queueing lubricated daily life.

He wanted Singaporeans to learn the habits of productive workers quickly: to be punctual, work hard, not slacken, and take ownership of their tasks.

In her 1971 book about the People's Action Party, Singapore: The Politics Of Survival, 1965-1967, former diplomat and political scientist Chan Heng Chee wrote: "The most striking feature of PAP thinking after Separation... is the party's unshaken belief that the survival of Singapore will depend on the willingness and ability of the Singapore citizen to adopt a new set of attitudes, a new set of values, and new set of perspectives: in short, on the creation of a new man."

Mr Lee and his government created a New Man - and Woman and Child - through mass campaigns, legislation where needed, carrots and sticks, and unrelenting nagging.

The Keep Singapore Clean campaign, which began as a drive to get civil servants to help clean up public areas in 1959, was rebranded as a national campaign in 1968 and continues today as the Clean and Green campaign.

One long-running campaign from 1970 to at least 1974 was against men keeping long hair, to dissuade people from adopting a decadent Western hippie lifestyle.

Government service counter staff were told to ignore long-haired citizens and serve them last. Long-haired postal workers faced the sack.

That campaign may strike today's observer as quaint at best or paternalistic at worst. But, in fact, the revulsion against hippies - a countercultural movement originating in the United States that came to be associated with free sex, the use of drugs, brightly coloured clothes and long hair - was not confined to Singapore.

A Time magazine article on July 7, 1967 described hippies in America as "dangerously deluded dropouts, candidates for a very sound spanking and a cram course in civics - if only they would return home to receive either".

Mr Lee favoured a different kind of ethos. He wanted Singaporeans to be rugged, disciplined, clean-living and hardworking. So the tirade against decadent hippies went on for years.

Meanwhile, the Use Your Hands campaign from 1976 got students, parents, teachers, principals and civil servants back to school on weekends to scrub classrooms, clean windows and weed gardens - to cultivate respect for the dignity of manual labour.
Many people, two tongues
LANGUAGE was another battlefront in the move to create a New Man. Singapore was a polyglot, with Chinese people who spoke Mandarin as well as Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hainanese, Hakka and other dialects. Indians could speak Tamil, Hindi, Malayalam or Punjabi. Malay was the official language and the lingua franca between races. English was the language of bureaucracy. Then there was the local patois, broken English, which would later be dubbed Singlish.

Mr Lee set out with one firm goal: to make English the common language in schools and in Singapore. This would link Singapore with the world and, as a neutral language among the races, ease communication and depoliticise language policy.

He also believed each community should retain its language, since language is the way culture and values are transmitted. Children learnt Mandarin, Tamil or Malay as a second language in school. The bilingual policy - English-medium instruction, with language lessons in one's mother tongue - remains today.

The biggest social engineering experiment of all was the long-running Speak Mandarin Campaign which began in 1979 and continues today. It started out as a way to get Chinese Singaporeans to drop dialects and switch to Mandarin.

His rationale was simple: "The brain is like the computer. It has so many megabytes and that's the maximum you can hold in your mind - words, phrases, grammatical rules. If we had not had the Mandarin campaign, today the teaching of Mandarin in schools would have failed and Singaporeans would be speaking adulterated Hokkien... Because we have seven or eight major dialects, it's not possible to keep them all."

The media was a major partner in the change. Channel 8, a Chinese-language television channel, banned dialect advertising in 1978 and phased out all dialect programming in 1981. Popular Cantonese Hong Kong drama serials were dubbed in Mandarin, and Singapore began making its own Mandarin drama serials and TV entertainment shows.

Changing a language environment is no mean feat. Those who made a living from dialect, like newscasters and storytellers, remained unhappy for years. An entire generation of elderly dialect speakers who were unable to pick up Mandarin was alienated.

Families were divided: When parents spoke to their children in Mandarin or English, the little ones could no longer understand the dialect-speaking grandparents.

There was much grumbling and yet the country did shift its speech habits. When the Speak Mandarin Campaign began in 1979, Mr Lee envisaged that in five years, Chinese students would forsake dialect for Mandarin and Mandarin would become the common language in coffee shops, hawker centres and shops.

He was not far wrong: A survey in 1989 showed that pupils from dialect-speaking homes dropped from 64.4 per cent in 1980 to 7.2 per cent. Hawkers who used Mandarin rose from 1.2 per cent in 1979 to 21.9 per cent.
Meddling with genes
THE 1980s saw Mr Lee moving into what some regarded as a more disturbing trend of social engineering as he tried to influence personal decisions on marriage and having babies.

The 1980 Census had shown that many better-educated women were not marrying early, and those who did marry were having fewer children than less educated ones.

The falling fertility rate among educated women was the direct result of the Government's all-too-successful birth control policies of the 1960s and 1970s, which made sterilisation and induced abortion widely available. Total fertility rate was 4.62 in 1965. By 1980, it was 1.74. In 2012, it was 1.29.

In 1983, Mr Lee said in his annual National Day Rally speech that "whilst we have brought down the birth rate, we have reduced it most unequally. The better-educated the woman is, the less children she has".

Launching what became known as the Great Marriage Debate, he said: "If we continue to reproduce ourselves in this lopsided way, we will be unable to maintain our present standards. Standards of competence will decline. For how can we avoid lowering performance when, for every two graduates... in 25 years' time, there will be one graduate, and for every two uneducated workers, there will be three?"

His views were translated into policy. Matchmaking services were started. The Social Development Unit began quietly in 1984 to organise activities for single graduates in the civil service, statutory boards and government-owned companies. It came to public attention only in March 1985 in response to a parliamentary question.

In 1984, the Graduate Mothers' Scheme gave children of graduate mothers priority admission to schools. Women who were better-educated - defined as those with at least five O-level passes - could also get generous tax benefits if they had children, with tax breaks of 5, 10 and 15 per cent of earned income respectively for the first, second and third child.

All these policies were to encourage better-educated married women to have more children.

Other women, however, were paid to Stop At Two or even at one. Women below 30 who agreed to sterilisation after the first or second child could get a cash grant of $10,000 - provided both the parents did not have any O-level passes, and earned less than $1,500 a month together. If she went on to have another child, she would have to repay the $10,000 cash grant with 10 per cent compound interest a year.

The policies sprang from Mr Lee's belief that intelligence is an inheritable trait.

Then Foreign Minister S. Dhanabalan recalls that a few Cabinet ministers, including himself, had non-graduate wives and were "not enthusiastic" about Mr Lee's belief in the causal link from graduate mothers to bright children - although he concedes that the probability is high.

"He was quite fixated. He felt very strongly that if you want society as a whole to progress, you must allow the best and the brightest to play a leading role," he said.

Retired newspaper editor Cheong Yip Seng said that Mr Lee, with his loyalty to logic over emotion, could not countenance the public uproar that greeted the policy.

"The angriest were the graduate women themselves. He could not understand it," recalled Mr Cheong, who was editor-in-chief of Singapore Press Holdings' English and Malay Newspapers Division.

The scheme to give children of graduate mothers priority in school admission was reversed in 1985. Some of the measures to discourage less-educated women from having babies were gradually rolled back as well.

But Mr Lee never wavered in his eugenistic beliefs. Even in the twilight of his life, he told journalists as recounted in the book Hard Truths published in 2011: "When the graduate man does not want to marry a graduate woman, I tell him, he's a fool, stupid. You marry a non-graduate, you're going to have problems, some children bright, some not bright. You'll be tearing your hair out."

He believed that just as selective breeding produced prize-winning offspring traits in hunting dogs and cattle, so pairing a very smart man with a very smart woman significantly raised the odds of breeding very smart children.

"Not that all the children of gardeners or labourers are duds. Occasionally, two grey horses produce a white horse, but very few. If you have two white horses, the chances are you breed white horses.

"It's seldom spoken publicly because those who are not white horses say, 'You're degrading me.' But it's a fact of life. You get a good mare, you don't want a dud stallion to breed with your good mare. You get a poor foal."

His eugenics and procreation policies cast a long shadow on policies in Singapore.

"You see the elitism in us today. The way parents push their kids to the top schools. The way we look down on the plumber, the electrician," said former Nominated MP and civil society activist Braema Mathi. "That has created real divisions."

Critics may see Mr Lee's efforts at social engineering as instruments of control, believing his policies were meant to impose order and produce obedient citizens to be led by a small leadership bred from an intellectual elite.

But there is another less sinister way to interpret those attempts: He simply wanted to improve Singapore by changing the social habits of its people.

He was someone who saw human nature as mutable and capable of improvement.

He might have believed in genes as destiny - but destiny to him was not immutable. He saw culture as a determining factor explaining why some societies declined and others thrived.

As he said in the 1998 book Lee Kuan Yew: The Man And His Ideas: "Genes cannot be created, right? Unless you start tinkering with it, as they may be able to do one day. But the culture you can tinker with. It's slow to change, but it can be changed - by experience - otherwise human beings will not survive. If a certain habit does not help survival, well, you must quickly unlearn that habit."

He believed that the descendants of coolies and peasants who made up Singapore could unlearn bad habits, and could be cajoled, trained and nagged into higher levels of achievement than might have been expected from those of such mundane stock.

As he put it in his memoir From Third World To First, published in 2000 when he was 77: "We would have been a grosser, ruder, cruder society had we not made these efforts to persuade our people to change their ways.

"We did not measure up as a cultivated, civilised society and were not ashamed to set about trying to become one in the shortest time possible. First we educated and exhorted our people. After we had persuaded and won over a majority, we legislated to punish the wilful minority.

"It has made Singapore a more pleasant place to live in. If this is a 'nanny state', I am proud to have fostered one."
muihoong@sph.com.sg rchang@sph.com.sg

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Did Mr Lee Kuan Yew create a Singapore in his own image?

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Lee Kuan Yew was a chain-smoker until 1957, puffing away two packs a day. Then he lost his voice in the middle of campaigning for a City Council election and could not thank voters. He quit cold turkey, suffering withdrawal symptoms for a fortnight.. Read more at straitstimes.com.

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'Smart genes' account for 20 per cent of intelligence: Study

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'Smart genes' account for 20 per cent of intelligence: Study

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Based on The Straits Times article, scientists announced the discovery of 52 genes linked to human intelligence, 40 of which have been identified as such for the first time.

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PARIS (AFP) - Scientists on Monday (May 22) announced the discovery of 52 genes linked to human intelligence, 40 of which have been identified as such for the first time.

The findings also turned up a surprising connection between intelligence and autism that could one day help shed light on the condition's origins.

Taken together, the new batch of "smart genes" accounted for 20 per cent of the discrepancies in IQ test results among tens of thousands of people examined, the researchers reported in the journal Nature Genetics.

"For the first time, we were able to detect a substantial amount of genetic effects in IQ," said Danielle Posthuma, a researcher at the Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research in Amsterdam, and the main architect of the study.

"Our findings provide insight into the biological underpinnings of intelligence," she said.

Most of the newly discovered gene variants linked to elevated IQ play a role in regulating cell development in the brain, especially neuron differentiation and the formation of neural information gateways called synapses.

An international team of 30 scientists combed through 13 earlier studies in which detailed genetic profiles and intelligence evaluations - based on IQ tests - had been compiled for 78,000 people, all of European descent.

Increasingly powerful computers have made it possible to scan and compare hundreds of thousands of genomes, matching tiny variations in DNA with diseases, body types or, in this case, native smarts.

The human genome has some 25,000 genes composed of more than three billion pairing of building-block molecules.

Many of the genetic variations linked with high IQ also correlated with other attributes: more years spent in school, bigger head size in infancy, tallness, and even success in kicking the tobacco habit.

One of the strongest - and most surprising - links was with autism, noted Posthuma.

"Gene variants associated with high IQ are also associated with higher risk of autism spectrum disorder," she said in an interview.

One gene in particular - SHANK3 - "is a very good candidate for explaining that," she added.

Conversely, the absence of certain high-IQ genes was more common in people suffering from schizophrenia or obesity.

To challenge their own results, the researchers separately checked the 13 databases they drew from - each had used slightly different IQ tests - against the 52 gene variants to see if the combined match-up between intelligence and genetic profile held up. It did.

They also scanned a very large database that had not been part of their study. Once again, the link held up, though - as expected - with a smaller percentage overlap between with IQ.

Scientists would have to scan millions of genomes to find them all, and the raw data and computing power for doing so is still out of reach, Posthuma explained.

"For intelligence, there are thousands of genes," she said. "We have detected the 52 most important ones, but there will be a lot more."

Experts agree that genes probably account for up to half of measured intelligence. But even if scientists could map all the genetic quirks that contribute to being brainy, that might not be enough to predict IQ, much less success in life.

"We are looking at all these genetic effects in isolation," said Posthuma. "Maybe it's a certain pattern of genetic variants" - and not just their sheer number - "that makes you more intelligent."

The other major ingredient for achievement, she added, is exercising one's quotient of grey matter, however big or small it might be.

If someone with a big genetic endowment "chooses not to put any effort into learning, then that will definitely diminish their chances for achievement," Posthuma said.

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'Smart genes' account for 20 per cent of intelligence: Study

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PARIS (AFP) - Scientists on Monday (May 22) announced the discovery of 52 genes linked to human intelligence, 40 of which have been identified as such for the first time. The findings also turned up a surprising connection between intelligence and autism that could one day help shed light on the condition's origins.

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This article explains that high intelligence is heritable, and caused by the same genetic and environmental factors using siblings and twins studies.

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Effect of environmental factors on intelligence quotient of children

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Effect of environmental factors on intelligence quotient of children

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In this article,  the author examine the environmental factors such as place of residence, physical exercise, family income, parents’ occupation and education which will influence the IQ of a child.

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Should you blame your genes for your grades? 

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Should you blame your genes for your grades? 

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The video explains clearly how nature and nurture may affect IQ level of a person. The author concluded that 50% of the differences between people's intelligence is due to genetic influence, 40% is due to environmental effects and 10% unexplained reasons.

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Nature nurture and IQ - Intro to Psychology

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The video shows how environmental factors play a crucial role to affect the intelligence of the child over time.

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Tomorrow Today

Does your intelligence depend on your genes? And what role do environment and upbringing play? Studies with twins have shown that the environment has a considerable influence on the development of intelligence.

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Intelligence - nature or nurture? | DW | 14.06.2019

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Tomorrow Today Does your intelligence depend on your genes? And what role do environment and upbringing play? Studies with twins have shown that the environment has a considerable influence on the development of intelligence.

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Intelligence and academic achievement: an investigation of gender differences

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Intelligence and academic achievement: an investigation of gender differences

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This article examines if a relationship exists between intelligence and academic
achievement and if the relationship differs between males and females.

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Intelligence and academic achievement - Difference between gender

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Genetic and environmental influences on the development of intelligence

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Genetic and environmental influences on the development of intelligence

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This article intends to measure intelligence in 3 aspects on intelligence, brain function and behavioral problems on 209 twins from age 5 to 12 years old. The results found that the genetic influences in general has impact on the cognitive ability as the child grows and changes into their puberty stages. The share environment do contributes to the growth but has little change. Only with unique environmental influences can contribute to the change in cognitive abilities.

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This article is a research done on a sample of 500 12 year old twins to investigate the genetic and environmental origins in the reading skills between expert and normal readers. Secondly on whether the same genetic and environmental factors affect reading performance for normal readers. Thirdly on whether same family upbringing and the same school makes any difference between expert and normal readers. The article concludes that the developing of passive one-size-fits-all training regime in readking compared to an active model of experience of choice is preferable to allow children to sample the experiences in discovering their appetities and aptitudes towards reading which presents as a more cost-effective training model.

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This article attributes on causes of intelligences differences in genetics and environment, defining intelligence. The brain in corelation with intelligence with the use of magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI) to support brain efficiency. Factors includes education can boost the scores on complex thinking which can last into old age, social status and social mobility corelation into on performance outcome in the workplace as well as choosing healthier lifestyle to live longer. Approaching aging and cognitive ability in age-related cognitive changes whether nutrition plays a part or breast feeding has contributed to intelligence.