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"That if any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States . . . shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years."

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What: Acts limited personal freedom by granting the federal government the power to deport and imprison citizens for political beliefs

When: 1798

Who: President Adams and the Federalists

Why: Adams implemented the Alien and Sedition Acts in order to oppress opposition to the quasi-war with France.

Significance: Republicans argued that these acts were an infringement upon the freedom of speech and press and thus the First Amendment of the United States Constitution.

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What: Resolves that declared the unconstitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

When:  1798-99

Where: Kentucky and Virginia

Why: Argue strict constitutionalism, rights of states to call out the government.

Who: Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) and James Madison (Virginia)

Significance: State governments had unrelenting resolve to maintain their autonomy over the federal government.

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"That this assembly most solemnly declares a warm attachment to the Union of the States, to maintain which it pledges all its powers; and that for this end, it is their duty to watch over and oppose every infraction of those principles which constitute the only basis of that Union, because a faithful observance of them, can alone secure it's existence and the public happiness. "
-James Madison

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"That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States ... to order all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, or shall have reasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory of the United States."

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This cartoon depicts the Sedition Act as a snake which is threatening freedom.

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"To again enter the field of argument, and attempt more fully or forcibly to expose the unconstitutionality of those obnoxious laws, would, it is apprehended be as unnecessary as unavailing."
-Thomas Jefferson