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Elena Michielli, Tatiana Ursache

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Overnight journey
Difference  between trip and journey
Point out
Risalirn
To argue
Actually
Sigillato
Capolavoro
Patrimonio
Che riguarda
Put forward
Inconsistency
To dispute
I am positive
To broaden
To shelter
Freak
Adamant
Coverage
To achieve
Set off
Down
To gain insight

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By: Dana  Agha A.

Things that I didn't know about the vocabulary:
7️⃣
take a hike - fare un'escursione
Cultural heritage - eredità culturale

To Hitch - fare l'autostoP   Worship - culto
Freak - spaventoso
8️⃣
Oat - avena
Gut - intestino
Chickpea - cece

Liver - fegato

Mussel - cozza

Wholemeal - integrale

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Lisa Bacelle, Eleonora Pasqualotto, Giacomo Vittadello Overnight journey = viaggio con pernottamento
Difference between trip and journey =
Point out = indicare
Risalire = date back
To argue = disputare
Actually = davvero
Sigillato = sealed
Capolavoro = masterpiece
Patrimonio = heritage
Che riguarda = relating
Put forward = mettere davanti
Inconsistency = contraddizione
To dispute = discutere
I am positive = sono positiva
To broaden = ampliare
To shelter = proteggere
Freak = strano
Adamant = ostinato
Coverage = copertura
To achieve = raggiungere
Set off = partire
Down = giu
To gain insight = ottenere informazioni

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Overnight journey - viaggio con pernottamento
Trip - gita
Journey - viaggio
Point out - indicare
Risalire - dates back
To argue - concludere
Actually - per davvero
Siggilato - sealed
Capolavoro - masterpiece
Patrimonio - heritage
Che riguarda - concern
Put forward - proporre
Inconsistency - incoerenza
To disput - contestare
I'm positive - sono positivo
To broaden - allargare
To shelter - rifugiarsi
Freak - fenomeno
Adamant - duro
Coverage - copertura
To schive - raggiungere
Set off - partire
Down - alba
To gain insight - acquisire una visione

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Contrast linkers are used to show contrast/opposition between two ideas in a sentence.
1) Although, though, even though(or even if)
Ex. He left without an umbrella although it was drizzling.
2) In spite of/despite
Ex. In spite of the fog, we didn’t miss the beginning of the film.
3)But, however, whereas/while
Ex. I would like Indian food, whereas/while my brother would prefer Mexican food tonight.

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By Maria Dosio

We use ‘used to’ to talk about things that happened in the past – actions or states – that no longer happen now.

Ex.She used to be a long distance runner when she was younger.

If you are used to something, you are accustomed to it – you don’t find it unusual. If you get used to something or you are getting used to something you are becoming accustomed to it – it was strange, now it’s not so strange

Ex.I found Slovak food very strange at first but I’m used to it now.

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Lisa Bacelle, Eleonora Pasqualotto, Giacomo Vittadello
Present modal verbs of deduction

1. Must + base form = for hypotheses we are sure about because we have enough information

The baby keeps crying. He must have some problems (usually sleep well)

Me Allen must be here. His car’s parked outside

They wear very expensive clothes. They must have a lot of money

1. May (not) / might (not) / could (couldn’t) + base form = for hypotheses we are not sure about because we do not have enough information

There’s no one at their house. They may be on holiday (=può darsi che)

Anna’s not here today. She could be ill

1. Can’t + base form = to reject hypotheses we find impossible

Luca can’t be here today. He is on holiday!

She can’t have children. She’s too young

We don’t use mustn’t, couldn’t or can

1. Must have + past participle = for hypotheses about past event we are sure

Look at the footprints! The robbers must have escaped this way

I can’t find my phone. I must have left it at home

Alex wasn’t on the train. He must have missed it

1. May (not)/might (not)/could have + past participle = for hypotheses about past events  which we are not sure about

She didn’t say hello. She may not have seen us

They promise to call, but they could have forgotten

1. Can’t have / couldn’t have + base form = to reject hypotheses about past event when we find them impossible

He can’t have missed the train. He left for the station in good time

He can’t have bought that home. He hasn’t got that much money!

They couldn’t have been very happy when they found out

Could have + past participle is also used to say that something was possible but did not happen

That was not a good place to go skating. You could have broken your leg

If your leg still hurts you so much, you could / might have broken it

Deduction with continuous form

Present:

1. Must / can’t + be + -ing form = for hypotheses about events in progress when we are sure

She must be feeling nervous

They can’t be sleeping

1. May (not)/might (not)/could + be + -ing form = for hypotheses about events in progress when we are not sure

She may not/might not be doing her homework.

She may/might/could be playing video games

Past:

1. Must / can’t + have been + -ing form = for hypotheses about events in progress some time in the past when we are sure

You must have been lying in The Sun for too long

The tv can’t have been working properly

1. May (not)/might (not)/could + have been + -ing form = for hypotheses about events in progress some time in past when we are not sure

Tim didn’t answer your question. He may not/might not have been listening

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ALESSIA PAJO-SOFIA MARTINELLI

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TOGNON CHIARA AND FILIPUZZI MARGHERITA

VERBI MODALI

PRESENT FORM:

MUST + BASE FORM —> for hypotheses we are sure about because we have enough information to make a strong logical deduction.

Es. They must have a lot of money.

MAY (NOT), MIGHT (NOT), COULD + BASE FORM —> for hypotheses we are not sure about because we don’t have enough information and we present one possible hypothesis

Es. There’s no one at their house. They may be on holiday.

CAN’T + BASE FORM —> to reject hypotheses we find impossible.

Luca can’t be here today, He is on holiday.

PAST FORM:

MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE —> for hypotheses we are sure about past events.

Es. Alex wasn’t on that train. He must have missed it.

MAY (NOT) HAVE, MIGHT (NOT) HAVE, COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE —> for hypotheses about past events we are not sure about because we don’t have enough information and we present one possible hypothesis.

Es. She didn’t say. She may not have seen us.

CAN’T HAVE, COULDN’T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE —> to reject hypotheses about past events when we find them impossible.

Es. They couldn’t have been very happy when they found out.

CONTINUOUS FORM:

MUST , CAN’T + BE + -ING FORM —> for hypotheses about events in progress when we are sure.

Es. She must be feelings nervous.

MAY (NOT), MIGHT (NOT), COULD + BE + -ING FORM —> for hypotheses about events in progress when we are not sure.

Es. I’m not sure. She may not be doing her homework.

MUST, CAN’T + HAVE BEEN + -ING FORM —> for hypotheses about events in progress some time in the past when we are sure.

Es. You must have been lying in the sun for too long.

MAY(NOT), MIGHT(NOT), COULD + HAVE BEEN + -ING FORM -> for hypotheses about events in progress some time in the past when we are not sure.

Es.  They may have been picking blackberries.

De

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Pasqualotto Eleonora, Bacelle Lisa, Vittadello Giacomo

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Pasqualotto Eleonora, Bacelle Lisa, Vittadello Giacomo

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UNITE 8 - grammar

Forma in -ing = GERUNDIO

As subject in a sentence

Swimming underwater is quite an experience.

Reading is good for the memory.

As object in a sentence

I can’t stand answering (= rispondere) silly (= sciocche) questions.

As complement in a sentence

My favory activity is reading.

After a preposition

He has always been good at cooking.

She was accused of smuggling (= contrabbandare).

After some verbs

We suggesting (= suggerire) going to the beach.

Sally admitted taking my smartphone.

To + base form = INFINITO

After some adjectives

I’m pleased to hear from you.

Jim was surprised to receive that invitation.

Their accent was not easy to understand.

She’s very nice to talk to.

To express purpose = obbiettivo

( sinonimi = aim + goal + objective)

They go abroad to learn languages.

She works in a bar to earn some money.

As subject of a sentence

To make home-made tortellini is not easy.

After some objects

I expect to eat a lot here.

I don’t want to see you again.

Either an -ing form or to + base form

1. Verbs for which the two structures have the same meaning

Verbs most common: begin + start + continue

The birds began singing = the birds began to sing

- We don’t use the -ing form after these verbs in a continuous tense

It was starting to rain when he left.

1. Verbs for which the two structures have different meaning

Like + dislike + love + hate + enjoy + prefer

-ing form when we are talking in general

to + base form when we referring to a preference in a specific situation + to a choice a behavior

I don’t like declining invitations (= general).

I don’t like to / prefer not to decline the invitation to tonight’s dinner (= specific).

Go on

-ing form when we continue to do the same thing

to + base form when a situation / action comes later

She went on talking for hours = she continue to talk.

She went on to become a famous chef = she continue

to work and later she become.

Stop

-ing form to say that an action finishes

to + base form when we stop an action to do a different one

It has just stopped snowing.

We stopped (= working/playing..) to have lunch.

Remember

-ing form when we talk about the memory or something we did in the PAST

to + base form to talk about remembering  that we have to do something- FUTURE

I remember visiting that place when I was kid (= past).

I remember riding a horse when I was kid (= past).

Remember to buy some milk on your way home (= future).

Remember to study English for the text (= future).

Forget

-ing form when we talk about memories of things we did in the past

to + base form to talk about forgetting to do something we should do

I’ll never forget meeting Hugh Grant in London.

I forgot to save what I had written.

Regret = dispiacersi di

-ing form when we wish we had/hadn’t done something

to + base form when we announce bad news

I regret not accepting his invitation.

I regret to inform you that your application has been refused.

Try

-ing form to experiment or to find a solution to a problem

to + base form when we say we make an effort to do something

We try pressing every single button on the keyboard.

We tried to help them find the way.

Used to + be/get used to

1. Used to + base form = talk about past habits and situations that don’t happen anymore —> PAST

When I was child, I didn’t use to like salad but now I love all vegetables.

1. Be / get used to + -ing form = talk about something that isn’t strange / difficult anymore —> PRESENT

He’s used to getting up early.

Contrast linkers = to show contrast/opposition between two ideas in a sentence

Although (= sebbene) + though (=tuttavia) + even though (= anche se) / even if

He left without an umbrella although it was drizzling.

In spite of (= nonostante) / despite

In spite of the fog we didn’t miss the beginning of the film.

But + however + whereas / while

I would like some Indian food, whereas/while my

brother would prefer Mexican food tonight.

Quantifiers

Plenty of (= molto) + a lot of + lots of + none of + enough = with plural countables and uncountables

I made lots of mistakes in my maths tests.

We have plenty of time to prepare this recipe.

(not) much + (a) little (= un po’) + a great/good deal of + a large/small number of = whit uncountables and a verb in the third person singular

A great deal of research has been done into the pollution.

Many + (a) few + several (=parecchi) + a great/good/small number of = plural countables

There were few people at the meeting.

Some = positive sentences + any = negative and interrogative sentences

I bought some new CDs this morning.

Did you get any bread at the supermarket?

I haven’t hade any breakfast this morning.

No + none of = with positive verbs

None of us has gone to the party.

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Adelina Pinzari, Denisa Plugaru

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Lisa Bacelle, Eleonora Pasqualotto, Giacomo Vittadello

Astonishing = strabiliante

Astronomical = astronomico

Attractive = attraente

Breathtaking = mozzafiato

Evocative = suggestivo

Humbling = che fa sentire piccoli/umili

Impressive = imponente

Man-made = costruito dall’uomo

Mysterious = misterioso

Noteworthy = meritevole

Overrated = sopravvalutato

Sacred = sacro

Spectacular = spettacolare

Surprising = sorprendente

Business trip = viaggio di lavoro

Conference room = sala conferenze

Luxury hotel = hotel di lusso

Overnight journey/trip = viaggio con pernottamento

Travel agency= agenzia viaggi

Travel agent = agente di viaggio

Travel arrangements = preparativi di viaggio

Travel brochure = dépliant turistico

Travel budget = budget di viaggio

Travel insurance = assicurazione di viaggio

Abroad = all’estero

Accommodation = sistemazione

Arrangements = preparativi

Art gallery = galleria d’arte

Backpack = zaino

Backpacker = escursionista

Book = prenotare

Boring = noioso

Campsite = campeggio

Cathedral = duomo/cattedrale

Cosmopolitan = cosmopolita

Cultural heritage = patrimonio culturale

Excursion = gita/escursione

Hitch = fare autostop

Insurance = assicurazione

Journey = viaggio

Lively = vivace

Rucksack = zaino

Square = piazza

Touristy = turistico (in senso spregiativo)

Trip = viaggio/gita

Worth visiting = che vale la pena visitare

Off the beaten track = fuori dai sentieri battuti

On a budget = ristrettezze economiche

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Overnight journey
Difference  between trip and journey
Point out
Risalire
To argue
Actually
Sigillato
Capolavoro
Patrimonio
Che riguarda
Put forward
Inconsistency
To dispute
I am positive
To broaden
To shelter
Freak
Adamant
Coverage
To achieve
Set off
Dawn
To gain insight

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Sicilia Sofia
The most difficult vocabulary in my opinion

Evocative: suggestivo

Impressive: imponente

Overrated: sopravvalutato

Travel arrangements: preparativi di viaggio

Fennel: finocchio

Turnips: barbabietole

Liver: fegato

Soak: in ammollo

Wholemeal: integrale

Tinned: in scatola

Chop: tritare

Dice: tagliare a dadi

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Carlotta Polati

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Virginia Zangrossi

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Modal verbs of deduction: continuos form

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Modal verbs of deduction: continuos form

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By Maria Dosio

We use modals of possibility or probability to make a guess or draw a logical conclusion about an activity in progress at the present time; that is, during the time of speaking.

Could, may and might show that a speaker is 50% or less certain that an action is in progress.

Couldn’t and can’t show that the speaker believes strongly that a situation is not taking place. For example:

It’s noon. George went to bed at 10:00 last night. He can’t still be sleeping!

May not and might not convey the idea that a speaker is 50% or less certain that an action is not possible or probable. They are not normally used in their contracted forms.

Ex:They aren’t here yet and it’s getting late. They might not be coming.

Might and could are used in questions regarding the possibility or probability of actions taking place. However, may and must are not.

Ex: Could Tom be studying now?

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(present)
We use modal verbs to say how sure we are about something.

MUST
We use must when we feel sure that something is true because there’s very strong evidence.

He must live near here because he comes to work on foot. We don’t know where he lives but we’re

2 might, may, could

We use might, may or could to say that we think something is possible but we’re not sure.

Did you hear that? I think there might be a burglar downstairs. She’s not sure there’s a burglar but she thinks it’s possible.

3 can’t

We use can’t when we feel sure something is not true.

It can’t be a burglar. All the doors and windows are locked. He doesn’t know it’s not a burglar but he feels sure it’s not.

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Unit 8:Verb patterns-Used to,be/get used to ✅

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Unit 8:Verb patterns-Used to,be/get used to ✅

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Tognon Chiara, Filipuzzi Margherita

VERB PATTERNS pag.184

1. Usiamo la -ing form di un verbo:

Come soggetto: Eating is necessary to be health.

Come oggetto: I can’t stand answering silly question.

Come complemento: My favourite activity is dancing.

Dopo una preposizione—> at,to,of,by,on:I always have been good at cooking.

Dopo alcuni verbi:

2. Usiamo to+base form di un verbo:

Dopo alcuni aggettivi: Jim was surprised to receive that invitation.

Per esprimere uno scopo (=purpose,aim,goal,objective): They go abroad to learn languages.

Come soggetto di una frase: To make home-made tortellini is not easy.

Dopo alcuni verbi: I don’t want to see you again

Due tipi di verbi con cui si può usare sua la -ing form sia to+base form di un verbo:

1. Verbi in cui le due strutture hanno lo stesso significato.

begin,start,continue.

The birds began singing= The birds began to sing.

2. Verbi in cui le due strutture hanno significati diversi.

like,dislike,love,hate,enjoy,prefer

Usiamo la -ing form quando parliamo in generale.

I don’t like declining invitations.(in general)

Usiamo l’infinito quando ci riferiamo a una situazione specifica.

I don’t like to decline the invitation to tonight’s dinner.

go on,stop

Go on+to+base form:quando una situazione o un azione viene dopo un’altra azione.

She went on to become a famous chef.

Go on+ -ing form: quando continuiamo a fare la stessa cosa.

She went on talking for hours.

Stop+to+base form : quando blocco un azione per fare una cosa diversa.(fermarsi per..)

We stopped to have lunch. / Richard stopped (watching tv in order) to study.

Stop+ -ing form: per dire che un’azione è finita. (Smettere di..)

Sam was in the courtyard. /When she saw the teacher she stopped smoking. / Richard stopped watching tv when his mum opened the door.

remember,forget,regret

Rember+to+base form: ricordarsi di fare qualcosa in un futuro.

Remember to buy the milk on your way home./ Remember to call my mum.

Remember+ -ing form: quando parliamo di qualcosa che abbiamo fatto nel passato.

I remember visiting this place when I was a kid. / I remember listening this song when I was a child.

Forget+to+base form: per dire che abbiamo dimenticato di fare qualcosa che dovevamo fare.

I forgot to save what I have written.

Forget+ing form: quando parliamo di ricordi del passato

I’ll never forget meeting Zac Efron in Venice.

Regret+to+base form: quando annunciamo brutte notizie

I refused to inform you that your iPad get broken.

Regret+ing form:quandk desideriamo di aver/non avere fatto qualcosa

I regret not accepting this invitation.

-try

Try+to+base form:quando diciamo di aver fatto uno sforzo(=effort) per fare qualcosa

He tried to help me

Try+ing form:per sperimentare o trovare una soluzione a un problema

He tried pressing every single button in the keyboard

USED TO,BE/GET USED TO pag.186

Used to+base form= parlare di abitudini che avevamo nel passato o situazioni che non succedono più

When I was seven I used to watch cartoon on tv.

Be/get used to+ing form=parlare di essere abituato a fare qualcosa

I’m used to watching tv in the afternoon.(Sono abituata a guardare la tv al pomeriggio)

I’m used to getting up early every morning.

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THE MOST DIFFICULT VOCABULARY ⚠️ (for me)

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THE MOST DIFFICULT VOCABULARY ⚠️ (for me)

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By Martina Sardella

UNIT 7️⃣
Lit: illuminato/acceso
Worship: culto
Astonishing: sorprendente
Evocative: evocativo/suggestivo
Humbling: che fa sentire piccoli
Noteworthy: notevole
Hitch: fare l'autostop
To afford: permettersi

UNIT 8️⃣
Garlic: aglio
Turnip: rapa
Chickpea: cecio
Oat: avena
Liver: fegato
Gut: intestino
Shrimp: gambero
Mussel: cozza
Chill: far raffreddare
Stir: mescolare
Wholemeal: integrale

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Rim Oukhadda - Past modal verbs of deduction

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Rim Oukhadda - Past modal verbs of deduction

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ABOUT PAST EVENTS
1) Must have + past participle for hypotheses which we are sure about.
Ex. Look at the footprints! The robbers must have escaped this way.
2) May (not), might (not) and could have + past participle for hypotheses we are not sure about.
Ex. She didn’t say hello. She may not have seen us.
3) Can’t have and couldn’t have + past participle to reject hypotheses when we find them impossible.
Ex. He can’t have bought that house. He hasn’t got that much money!

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Use and Form:
- Must + base form: hypoteses we are sure about, we have enought informations
ES: Mia's mother has got a big car, she must have a good job.

- May (not), might (not) and could (not) + base form: for hypoteses we are not sure about, we don't enought informations.
ES: There is no one at their house, they may be on holiday.

- Can't + base form: we are sure that the hypoteses are impossible.
ES: I saw Marta at the cafè, she can't be ill.

Common mistakes
- We don't use mustn't, couldn't or can for deductions about present.
ES: That may/might be James over there
That ma not/might not be James over there
There can't be James over there

- Can is not used to talk about chances that are or were true.

Claudia Di Massimo and Giovanna Di Iulio