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Federalism is a form of government in which different states come together but they are still to deal with their indipendant problems.

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This is an example of the people using the first amendment and holding the government accountable for something. This image shows a large congregation of people protesting in Washington D.C.

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The definition of a Limited Government is a system of government and a political philosophy where the government's power is restricted by the law. This is typically in a constitution, to prevent the government from overreaching and to protect individuals rights.

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"No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws"

"No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State"

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Republicanism is pretty much when in a country, the power is divided, and the people have a say in what happens through votes.

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https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/limited-government.asp

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Checks and balances is a system in the U.S. government that makes sure no branch of governament becomes too powerful. The threee branches legislative Congress, executive President, and judicial courts can each limit the others. For example, Congress makes laws, but the President can stop them, and the courts can say they’re unconstitutional. The President picks judges, but Congress has to approve them. This system keeps the government fair.

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Definition;

the definition of popular sovereignty is literally we the people, it shows that the government is led by the people, and that the governed chose who they are governed by.

key points;

that the people are the source of the government (citizen empowerment)

that authority figures (the elected), should always be supported by choice and that if they abuse their power they can be overthrown and refused.

the government should simply be a guard to tyranny, limited power

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Federalist No. 51: "In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself".

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1) The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government - Article IV, Section 4

2) But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively - Article I, section 7

3) And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate - Article II, Section 1

4) The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves - Article II, Section 1

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15th amendment section 1:"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

"We the people" symbolizes that the people have the power of choosing who is in power.

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This document talks about the funding in american schools and how federalism has allowed them to develop schools further. The document talks about how federalsim is more important now that Covid had schools lesser their budget. ISSER allows relief to the funds in school but according to the document it is more important than ever because of this the article calls onto federalism. This document is posted by Harvards political review. However, Paul Peterson, the director of program on education policy at harvard, says that he does not expect the level of government involvement in education funding to continue in the coming years.

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The K-12 education system in the United States continues to exemplify an element of the U.S. constitution that has been a priority since its inception: federalism. Unlike most countries, the U.S. has a federal system of government. This means that in comparison to unitary countries - those with one, centralized system of government - the United States has multiple levels of government, each with their own responsibilities.

One level of government includes the governing bodies of school districts. In an interview with the HPR Paul Peterson, the Director of Program on Education Policy at Harvard, stated that the United States is home to over 14,000 school districts. While confined to requirements and regulations imposed by the state and federal governments, school districts have leeway on how to fulfill their objectives of educating their students, making them the perfect example of the theory of cooperative federalism, which contends that different levels of government work together to implement programs. Altogether, the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that despite being governed independently, school districts invested their resources around similar objectives and that the federal government became, albeit temporarily, a critical component in education funding.

On matters regarding the funding of K-12 schools in the United States, different levels of government have varying levels of involvement. According to Peterson, "the most important thing to know is that the federal government has historically played a minimal role." Peterson added that before the COVID-19 pandemic, the federal government contributed only approximately 10% to a school district's total funding, with the rest coming from state governments or from local revenue sources such as property taxes.

However, as a result of COVID-19 aid packages, passed under then President Trump, as well as President Biden, school districts received an influx of one-time federal funds designated to assist in navigating the wide variety of challenges that schools and students faced. These funds are known as Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief (ESSER) funds.

According to the Center for Reinventing Public Education at Arizona State University, while districts have had broad discretion on how to exactly spend their funds, many districts across the country share commonalities. A preliminary analysis from the Center for Reinventing Public Education found that "many districts are prioritizing investments to help students recover from the pandemic. More than half (51 percent) say they'll allocate money to make up for lost instructional time, and more than four in ten (43 percent) plan to invest in social-emotional support for students."

In an interview with the HPR, Robin Lake, the director of the Center on Reinventing Public Education, emphasized that their findings have demonstrated mixed results among districts depending on how the programs were implemented and the level of stakeholder involvement in deciding how to spend funds."The data on the effectiveness of how ESSER funds have been spent tells a very clear story, our hope for academic recovery has not materialized ... What is needed is a massive shift in mindset from our education leaders."

Norway Vulcan Area Schools provides an example of the extensive work districts undertook to implement an academic recovery program. This rural school district in the upper peninsula of Michigan with a student population of approximately 600 students went to great lengths to help students recover academically, according to Superintendent Louis Steigerwald. In an interview with the HPR, Steigerwald stated that the approximately $1.3 million his district received greatly aided in helping their students recover. According to Steigerwald, the main modes that were utilized to provide the students with academic support were existing summer school and after-school tutoring programs. Steigerwald wrote that the district had "run after school and summer programs for some time now," adding that the one-time funds "allowed us to continue those programs when we were worried we'd have to cut them or curtail them." The program has been considered a success, recognized both among the various stakeholders within the district as well as outside sources. According to Steigerwald, their elementary school was recently designated a "National Blue Ribbon school based on our 2022 state test scores, [and our] 2023 scores [are] even better."

Norway Vulcan Area Schools' investment in supplementary academic programming represented one major focus that many school districts diverted their one-time funds to, but an equal priority that school districts emphasized was improving students' social and mental wellbeing. School districts across the country utilized a wide variety of approaches to help their students improve their mental health and social skills, something foundational to allowing them to succeed academically.

The Lucia Mar Unified School District, located on the Central Coast of California, serves as a prime example of the diligent work school districts undertook in order to help their students recover from the emotional difficulties induced by COVID-19. In an interview with the HPR, Superintendent Paul Fawcett stated that the district of 9,700 students, of which 54% are designated as qualifying for free or reduced lunch, received approximately $12 million in one-time funds from the federal ESSER program.

In order to determine how to best invest this one-time funding, the district conducted a wide range of community outreach efforts to the various stakeholders in the district. According to Fawcett, the district conducted outreach to parents and guardians of students, certificated and classified staff, and engaged in conversations with school site administrators to determine the needs of students and potential avenues of response. This resulted in the district directing attention toward providing comprehensive support for students' mental health and emotional needs. "Academics [were largely impacted], but the one that is more long term is the social-emotional and social skills gaps, students are still lagging behind where they were compared to before the pandemic," Fawcett said.

As a result, like many other districts across the country, Lucia Mar Unified began to retool and expand pre-existing programs and services to greater benefit students. At the elementary school level, the district increased the number of counselors so that each site had its own counselor. According to Fawcett, this allowed counselors to identify students that were struggling from an early age and respond quicker to help provide them the skills they needed to succeed.

On the middle and high school levels, the district retooled an existing advisory program to "focus on social-emotional wellbeing and social skill development." Fawcett added that "advisories historically were more of a college and career exploration opportunity; in this case the attention was diverted to the social-emotional aspects." The district measures the impacts of its investments through both the California Healthy Kids survey and a student self screener tool that allows students to evaluate their own social and emotional wellbeing.

While the ESSER funds greatly aided districts, Peterson does not expect this level of federal involvement in education funding to continue in the coming years. "I think education [funding] will see a major drop from the current level," he said. When asked about potential changes in the federal government's involvement specifically, Peterson added that he expects "we will see more involvement in comparison to pre-COVID, but not at this level."

Both Superintendents Fawcett and Steirgwald expressed to the HPR concerns about the termination of funding. Steigerwald worries that the expiration of funds will force the district to make difficult decisions on the programs that improved his students' outcomes. "Now that our ESSER dollars are spent, I am concerned we may not be able to continue some programs," Steigerwald said.
Although the advisory programs and presence of additional counselors on elementary school sites will be continued, Fawcett expressed his belief that a need for increased funding in K-12 education still exists. "The need in education has gone up significantly as a result of the pandemic. [It] isn't going to go away," Fawcett said, "The need academically and social-emotionally continues to increase; our schools still need more money to do what's necessary to move all learners along." With the need for investments in K-12 education continuing, it remains to be seen if and how the federal government will respond to this pressing issue impacting the nation's next generation.

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Federalism in Action - Harvard Political Review

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With the need for investments in K-12 education continuing, it remains to be seen if and how the federal government will respond to this pressing issue impacting the nation's next generation.

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2-4 Quotes from the Constitution that explain your principle.

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2-4 Quotes from the Constitution that explain your principle.

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1) Amendment X:

"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people".

2) First Amendment:

"...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble..."

3) Fifth Amendment:
"...nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law..."

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-All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bill.

Article I, Section 7

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The article I choose was written by the Cato Institute, a libertarian learning tank in Washington D.C. that believes in a limited government. In a recent decision in the case of West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency, the Supreme Court limited regulatory agencies, like the EPA, from enacting laws or regulations that were not passed by Congress. The article states this decision was "a major victory for the rule of law, separation or powers, democratic accountability and economic prosperity." This is a win for limited government supporters, because it stopped government agencies from overreaching Congress' power.

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The separation of power is a system that is used to divide the government's power in between a certain amount of branches. In the case of the US, it's separated in between 3 branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. This is done to divide the powers of the government so none can become too powerful.

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Are You Worried That Our System of Checks and Balances Might Fail?

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In the opening weeks of his second term, President Trump and his administration have been grabbing powers that presidents have never had before. Is this a constitutional crisis?

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Congress powers:

1) "The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States"

2) "No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another."

Executive powers:

3) "The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

4) "Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Judicial powers:

5) "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.”

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This article shows how the representatives fight for what the voters voted on. we can see a glimpse into the process of passing bills. it was written the 10th of September and its from the New York Times

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Article I, Section 7 explains how a bill becomes a law and shows checks and balances. Money bills must start in the House, then go to the Senate and President. The President can sign or veto the bill, but Congress can override a veto with a two-thirds vote. This keeps power balanced between the branches.

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The No Kings movement is an example of popular sovereignty in current events because of how the whole idea is to hold the government (or in this case, our current president, Donald Trump) accountable for its actions or ideas. In this case, the people demand others to notice how their president is acting like a monarch.

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Here’s what protesters say brought them out to ‘No Kings’ events across the country | CNN

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“They don’t understand anything about the fact that we all are kings and not him.”

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this article talks about the fact that trump tried to fire Shira Purlmutter who is the register of copyrights. trump tried to fire her because she wrote an article AI that he didn't like. the court said that he connot fire her because she is not in his branch of power. the judges confirmed that if the president could fire her it would be a separations of power problem.

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Appeals court rules against Trump in major separation of powers case | CNN Politics

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A federal appeals court on Wednesday blocked the Trump administration from replacing the US’ top copyright official as the fight over executive branch firings and President Donald Trump’s use of executive power continues.