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Appointed Founding Director of Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (1910–1911)

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Appointed Founding Director of Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (1910–1911)

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In September 1910, Haber was confirmed as the founding director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for physical chemistry and electrochemistry, funded by banker Leopold Koppel. This position, located in Berlin, represented a unique partnership between imperial sponsorship and private wealth. Haber’s move in July 1911 completed his transformation "from great researcher to great German," pulling him away from the lab toward national power and influence.

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Haber publishes Thermodynamics of Technical Gas Reactions (1905–1906)

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Haber publishes Thermodynamics of Technical Gas Reactions (1905–1906)

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Haber published his highly successful book, Thermodynamics of Technical Gas Reactions, composed clearly and elegantly in the form of lectures. The book aimed to convince skeptical chemists that they could profit from complex mathematical theories of physics, particularly the second law of thermodynamics. Haber later regretted the book’s timing, as Walther Nernst soon published his "heat theorem," an insight Haber felt he had nearly discovered himself, fueling his rivalry with Nernst.

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Directs First Chlorine Gas Attack at Ypres (April 1915)

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Directs First Chlorine Gas Attack at Ypres (April 1915)

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On April 22, 1915, Haber, now a powerful scientist-soldier, personally directed the deployment of roughly four hundred tons of chlorine gas at Ypres on the Western Front. This novel form of chemical warfare ripped open a four-mile-wide hole in the Allied line, though the military failed to exploit the breakthrough fully. Haber felt he had found his "true vocation" and was celebrated with military honors, promoted from sergeant to captain by the Emperor.

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On May 29, 1891, Haber appeared for his final examinations in chemistry, physics, and philosophy. Although he performed admirably in philosophy and adequately in chemistry, he performed poorly in physics, admitting he was stumped by one question. Nevertheless, his performance was deemed sufficient for him to pass, and the merchant’s son officially earned the title Dr. Fritz Haber.

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Birth of Fritz  and death of mother, Paula Haber

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Birth of Fritz  and death of mother, Paula Haber

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Fritz Haber was born on December 9, 1868, as the first child of Paula and Siegfried Haber. His birth was difficult, and his mother never recovered, dying three weeks later on New Year’s Eve. His father, Siegfried, was devastated and struggled for years to accept the son whose birth had brought so much sadness. For much of his childhood, Fritz grew up restless, seeking to escape his cautious father’s temperament.

"Fritz was the couple's first child, arriving on December 9, 1868. It was a hard and painful birth, and Paula never recovered. She died three weeks later, on New Year's Eve" (1).

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Haber begins University studies in Berlin (1886)

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Haber begins University studies in Berlin (1886)

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In the fall of 1886, Fritz Haber left his hometown of Breslau and traveled to Berlin to study chemistry at the university there. His father initially opposed this expensive and unconventional academic path, but relented after cousin Hermann served as Fritz's advocate. This would lead to the beginning of seven and a half years of intellectual frustration, disappointment, and "wanderings" across various universities.

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In November 1892, Haber underwent baptism at St. Michael’s in Jena, officially changing his religious faith to evangelisch—Protestant on all documents. Though non-religious, this conversion was seen by many as driven by ambition to secure a professor’s chair, which was generally inaccessible to Jews. Haber later claimed the motivation came from historian Theodor Mommsen’s essay, which urged Jews to break down barriers dividing them from fellow Germans.

“The baptismal certificate, dated November 1892, testifies to a change of social identity... From this point onward... Fritz Haber would write evangelisch—Protestant" (28).

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Hired as Assistant at Karlsruhe Technical University (1894)

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Hired as Assistant at Karlsruhe Technical University (1894)

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On December 16, 1894, Haber finally secured a paying job as an assistant in the university’s technical-chemical institute in Karlsruhe. Karlsruhe was a tolerant city with good government funding and intimate relations with Germany's largest chemical company, BASF. During the subsequent seventeen years in Karlsruhe, Haber utilized the considerable freedom given by his supervisors to master new fields, transforming himself from a "scientific castaway" into a formidable chemist.

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First Major Scientific Presentation (1898)

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First Major Scientific Presentation (1898)

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Haber delivered his first attention-grabbing scientific presentation at the fifth annual congress of the German Electrochemical Society in Leipzig in 1898. Though merely an assistant professor (Privatdozent), he spoke at a breathtaking pace with impressive energy. When a senior scientist challenged his conclusions the following day, Haber successfully leaped to his own defense, winning the backing of the influential chairman Wilhelm Ostwald.

“Years later, while writing his memoirs, Ostwald remembered the scene clearly: the fifth annual congress of the German Electrochemical Society in 1898, hosted by Ostwald himself in his gleaming new Institute of Physical Chemistry in Leipzig" (35).

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In August 1901, Fritz Haber married Clara Immerwahr, whom he had persuaded to link her life with his during a recent conference in Freiburg. Clara had recently become the first woman to earn a doctorate from the University of Breslau, but marriage meant abandoning her own scientific career. For Haber, the marriage provided stability and social stature, intensifying his focus on his research career.

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In August 1902, shortly after his first anniversary, Haber sailed for America as the official representative of the German Electrochemical Society, leaving behind his wife and newborn son. He spent four months touring the United States, playing the dual role of ambassador and industrial spy, assessing American industrial strengths and technical culture. His resulting detailed, published report, which dismayed some American executives by exposing company secrets, established Haber as an astute assessor of industrial economies.

“On August 18, shortly after his and Clara’s first anniversary, Fritz Haber sailed for America" (53).

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Appointed Full Professor in Karlsruhe (1906)

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Appointed Full Professor in Karlsruhe (1906)

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Despite opposition from some faculty members, Haber secured his appointment as ordentlicher (full) professor on August 10, 1906, after influential intervention by his mentor Carl Engler. This lifelong position in the German civil service granted him the status, authority, and control he had long desired, alongside a substantial increase in salary. Haber thrived in this role, utilizing his large laboratory domain and shaping the careers of his students who found his advice inescapable.

“On August 10, 1906, Grand Duke Friedrich, monarch of Baden, signed the official order appointing Dr. Fritz Haber to the lifelong position of professor in the civil service of the German state" (67).

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Rivalry with Nernst Intensified (1906–1907)

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Rivalry with Nernst Intensified (1906–1907)

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The intellectual rivalry between Haber and Walther Nernst escalated in the fall of 1906 when Nernst challenged Haber’s previously published calculations of the ammonia equilibrium point. Haber feverishly repeated experiments to defend his scientific honor, but in May 1907, Nernst publicly dismissed Haber’s latest results as "highly inaccurate numbers." Nernst's dismissive words wounded Haber’s vanity and insecurities, transforming the problem of nitrogen fixation into a personal obsession.

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Signs Deal with BASF for Ammonia Research (1908)

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Signs Deal with BASF for Ammonia Research (1908)

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Haber signed a deal with the BASF chemical company on March 6, 1908, an agreement brokered by Carl Engler that converted Haber, a German civil servant, into a private entrepreneur. BASF agreed to fund expensive equipment and personnel for the research into synthesizing ammonia. Crucially, the deal guaranteed Haber royalty payments equal to 10 percent of BASF's net profits if his work led to commercial production, providing the necessary industrial muscle for the high-pressure synthesis project.

“On March 6, 1908, Haber and the BASF signed their deal. What’s most remarkable about it is its conversion of Haber, ostensibly a German civil servant, into a private entrepreneur" (90).

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First Successful Laboratory Synthesis of Ammonia (1909)

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First Successful Laboratory Synthesis of Ammonia (1909)

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The breakthrough occurred in the third week of March 1909 when Haber used osmium as a catalyst in his high-pressure chamber. Under extreme conditions, nitrogen and hydrogen successfully combined, producing an unprecedented quantity—6 percent of ammonia gas. The ammonia condensed into a visible liquid when chilled, prompting Haber to gather witnesses and dictate a report to BASF.

“The third week of March 1909 brought the miracle. Haber laid a sheet of osmium in his pressure chamber" (92).

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Volunteers for Military Duty (August 1914)

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Volunteers for Military Duty (August 1914)

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In the first week of August 1914, immediately following Germany’s declaration of war, 45-year-old Fritz Haber volunteered for military duty. He immediately played a central role in the mobilizing industry to solve the critical nitrate crisis for explosives, which was caused by the British blockade. Haber convinced military and industrial leaders that ammonia from the Haber-Bosch process could replace Chilean nitrates and sustain the nation's supply of munitions.

“During the very first week of war, as German troops occupied the Belgian city of Liège, Fritz Haber, at age forty-five, volunteered for military duty" (143).

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Haber returned to Berlin for a short visit in the immediate aftermath of the successful Ypres gas attack. On the night of May 1–2, 1915, Clara Haber used her husband’s army-issued pistol to commit suicide in the garden of their home. Her death, occurring shortly after the first mass gas attack, was widely interpreted by acquaintances as a "helpless protest" against her husband's chemical warfare activities, which she reportedly viewed as a "perversion of science." Despite the tragedy, Fritz Haber immediately returned to the Eastern Front the next day.

“This much is sure: On the clear and cool night of May 1–2, under a nearly full moon, Clara Haber found her husband’s army-issued pistol, shot herself with it, and died” (165).

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In mid-November 1919, a year after the war concluded, Fritz Haber was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the synthesis of ammonia. Haber saw the prize as a crucial vindication for German scientists and hoped it would lead to renewed international understanding. However, the decision immediately sparked outrage and indignation, especially in France and Belgium, resulting in protests and some Nobel winners rejecting their prizes against honoring the "inventor of war gas."

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Fritz Haber resigned from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in April 1933, refusing to compromise his principle of hiring based on merit, stating that his "pride with which he served his German homeland all his life now dictates this request for retirement." He then began a restless exile, wandering across Europe and battling catastrophic heart problems. Haber ultimately died homeless in Basel, Switzerland, on January 29, 1934.

"He was gasping for breath, his heart failing once again, this time catastrophically. He lost consciousness and despite Stern's best efforts to revive him, died that night" (237).

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Charles, Daniel. Master Mind: The rise and fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel laureate who launched the age of chemical warfare. HarperCollinsPublishers, 2005.

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<img src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/71krs01WdZL._UF1000,1000_QL80_.jpg" alt="Amazon.com: Master Mind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel  Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare eBook : Charles, Daniel:  Kindle Store">

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Failure to become a Reserve Officer (1889)

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Failure to become a Reserve Officer (1889)

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After completing his one-year military duty in the fall of 1888, Haber aspired to climb the military ladder and become an officer in the reserves, which was a valuable social mark of distinction. He passed initial screening tests demonstrating aptitude and commitment but was ultimately not elected to the club. Haber understood that the probable reason for his rejection was his Jewish heritage, as no Prussian Jew had ever become a reserve officer outside the medical corps at that time.

"But he was not among those elected to the club” (18).

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His legacy is deeply subjective, strengthened by Albert Einstein's description of his fate as "the tragedy of the German Jew; the tragedy of unrequited love." Haber is celebrated for the Haber-Bosch process, which allows for the creation of limitless nitrogen fertilizer. However, he is also notorious for pioneering chemical warfare in World War I, and his later insecticide research led to Zyklon B, tragically used by the Nazis to kill members of his own family.