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- There was a new tax called the Poll Tax. The King needs money to pay for his war with France and he wants 12 pence from everyone, rich and poor. (12 pence was a lot back then)
- The peasants couldn't own land
- The King was too young. (14 years)

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Simon de Montfort, King Edward I and the creation of parliament

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Simon de Montfort, King Edward I and the creation of parliament

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In 1264, King Henry III got an army together to fight the barons. He was getting unhappy about the Provisions of Oxford because it was stripping him away of his power. The King's army was led by Simon de Montfort. On the 14 May 1264, the two sides fought a battle and the barons won, and the King and his son were taken prisoner. In 1265, Simon de Montfort called a meeting of the Great Council, but this time he invited some rich, but unimportant people. This was the first ever time that this happened, so this meeting is sometimes also referred to as "the first Parliament". Not surprisingly, not long after, the King and the young prince managed to escape and fight back. This time, they won and killed Simon de Montfort in a very brutal way. Although de Montfort died, his idea lived on. When Henry III died in 1272 Prince Edward became King Edward I. He didn't want to risk more fights with the barons by scrapping Parliament, so he kept meeting with them.

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During his long reign, Henry's kingdom would experience relative peace and prosperity until he began having trouble with his barons due to his high handed governing style, which compelled the Barons to impose the Provisions of Oxford limiting royal power in 1258. The king's breaking of this agreement with the barons a few years later would lead to a civil war called the Baron's war.

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King John was King of England from 1199 to 1216. He is often remembered as a cruel and power-hungry King. To try to keep the peace with rebellious barons and landowners, King John agreed to the Magna Carta in 1215. It was the first written document that established the rule of law and limited the king's power and allowed the wealthy landowners to have a say on new taxes. However, John once again found himself at odds with the country when he broke the terms of the agreement. Today, the Magna Carta is viewed as one of the first steps towards democracy.

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King Henry II appointed his chancellor, Thomas Becket, as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162. Henry hoped that by appointing his chancellor, with whom he had very good relations, royal supremacy over the English Church would be reasserted, and royal rights over the Church would return to what they had been in the days of Henry's grandfather, King Henry I of England. However, shortly after Becket's consecration, the new archbishop resigned the chancellorship and changed his entire lifestyle. Because of this and multiple more revolts, Thomas Becket fled to France for six years, fearing for his life. After the six years, he returned, promising the King that he would obey him. Even after this promise, however, he excommunicated all of the bishops who were in "Henry's side". Because of this, Henry was heard shouting "will no one rid me of this troublesome priest?!" by four knights, who thought it was an order, and killed Thomas Becket in the Canterbury Cathedral. After this incident, the King prayed in front of Thomas's tomb while being hit by monks as a sign of sorriness. The Pope accepted the apology.

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Jerusalem seen as the Holy Land to many religions. Christians for example placed Jerusalem at the centre of their maps as well as the centre of their religious world.

Turks preventing Christians from entering the Holy Land.

1095: Pope Urban II promised rewards to those which rescued Jerusalem from the Turks back to Christianity

1099: Christians win Jerusalem from the Muslims.

Over next three centuries more and more Crusades occur. The Crusaders failed to keep any of the territory they conquered, but did discover new things in castle design, gunpowder, science, medicine and numeracy (Numbers over Roman Numerals).

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Only three days later after the battle of Hastings, William Duke of Normandy Landed on the southern coast, at Sussex. William was an experienced former commander. He thought that he should be the King of England since Edward swore on sacred relics that William should be the King.

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The new King stationed troops in the Southern coast.

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The new King stationed troops in the Southern coast.

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The new King, fearing an invasion, stationed troops in the southern coast to protect a forthcoming invasion from the Normans. But unfortunately for the Normans, the wind was blocking them from invading, so they could not invade. After 2 months of waiting, the troops were running low on food and supplies, so the King disbanded them.

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Edward the confessor died without leaving an heir

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Edward the confessor died without leaving an heir

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This left the country vulnerable

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In 1066, it seems that four people - Edgar Aethling, Harald Hardrada, Harold Godwinson and William of Normandy - had all been promised the throne at one stage during his reign by Edward the Confessor, but who exactly had the strongest claim?
And which of them would the Witan, the Anglo-Saxon council, select?

It was very dangerous for a country when the King died without a clear heir to the throne, so swift action was needed.

Harold Godwinson was chosen as king on the very day that Edward was buried.

But how would the other three claimants to the throne react?
Please note: during the film it is suggested that Harald Hadrada was King Magnus I's son. It is now thought that this was not the case and Harald Hadrada was in fact King Magnus I's uncle.

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History KS3 / KS4: 1066 - Claimants to the throne (1/6)

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In 1066, it seems that four people - Edgar Aethling, Harald Hardrada, Harold Godwinson and William of Normandy - had all been promised the throne at one stage during his reign by Edward the Confessor, but who exactly had the strongest claim? And which of them would the Witan, the Anglo-Saxon council, select?

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Knight
Iron mail
Dane Axe
Shield

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- Richest man in the kingdom
- Had been the King's chancellor
- Earl of Wessex
- Anglo-Saxon
- King Edward's brother-in-law
- Good support

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- Angle Saxon Prince
- Great-nephew of King Edward

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Common soldier
Leather armour
Shield

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Outraged, he began to gather support and plan his invasion. he promised land in England to those who helped him overthrow Harold. The Pope in Rome even issued him with a papal banner. But by the time William's fleet was ready to sail, a strong wind hit from the North, preventing him from making progress, forcing him to wait for several weeks. When the winds finally changed, he charged into Southern England.

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- Viking Warrior
- His grandfather was the last Viking King of England
- Fun Fact: Hardrada means 'Hard Ruler'
- King of Norway

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In the 6th of January, 1066, Harold Godwinson was crowned King by the Witan, which was not a surprise considering he was Anglo-Saxon.

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Just as the King disbanded his troops, another problem rose. The Vikings just invaded York. Harold had to painfully gather his army again and launch a quick attack on the Vikings. They caught the Normans off guard, and were getting ready to attack. Legend says that there was a Berserker fending off the only crossing single-handedly, but the English went under the bridge and killed him with a spear. Eventually, they won.

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Even though the Witans crowned Harold Godwinson King, that didn't mean the others would just sit and watch. The English feared for their lives waiting for the others to attack.

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1. Peasants began rebelling all over the south-east of England.
2. Peasants burned important documents, books and papers.
3. Some peasants broke into Maidstone prison and freed a priest called John Ball. John Ball had been put in prison for encouraging the poor to rebel against their lords.
4. In June, up to 60,000 peasants lead by former soldier Wat Tyler marched into London. The Gatekeepers let them in because they didn't like their lords either.
5. The angry mob ran riot. They burned down the houses of rich Londoners
6. The King decided to meet the peasants and spoke to them on a boat on the River Thames.
7. Tyler told the King that peasants wanted higher wages and didn't want to be forced to work for their lords for free for a few days a week.
8. Meanwhile, a group of peasants broke into the Tower of London and murdered the Archbishop of Canterbury and the King's treasurer.
9. When the King realized that even the Tower of London wasn't safe, he knew he had to meet the rebels once more.

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- The king cannot make decisions without the Great council's agreement.
- The Great Council should choose the king's main advisors.
- A Parliament consisting of fifteen members of the Great Council, plus twelve other barons. has to meet at least three times a year.

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1189-1192: Third Crusade: After Muslim Ruler Saladin had recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, The Crusaders under Richard I of England capture the port of Acre. However, due to incessant quarrelling, they fail to capture Jerusalem. On the return to England Richard is captured and held for ransom until February 1194 when the English paid for his release.

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I, King John, accept that I have to run my country according to the law. I agree:
1. not to interfere with the Church
2. not to imprison nobles without a trial
3. that trials will be held quickly and fairly
4. to stop unfair taxes
5. not to ask for extra taxes
6. to let merchants travel around the country to buy and sell without having to pay large taxes

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Rather than advancing further inland, William provoked Harold to come to him. When Harold heard the news, he charged to the South.

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The war started with the English assembled on top of a hill flanked by two streams with woods behind to make it difficult to retreat. Here they created a strong shield wall with Harold at the centre. The Normans were drawn up by three lines below. The English and Norman armour were very similar. Both sides wore conical-shaped iron helmets with a nasal. They also both wore the same chainmail armour. But while the English had the Dane axe and used a shield wall tactic, the Normans had a lot of Calvary and Archers. The Normans attacked, but the English shield wall still stood. As the calvary retreated, the English shield wall moved forward, and a rumour suddenly spread saying that William was killed. Panicked, the calvary retreated and the English chase after them, but it was all a trick and the Normans used that weakness to attack the English and eventually killed Harold. The Normans had won.

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At first, the King didn't obey his promise. But he did scrap the Poll Tax and lowered the Taxes. And over the course of 50 years, the peasants got what they wanted.