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The Birth of Hippocrates is an extremely important point to be the start of the History of Medicine Timeline. Hippocrates is known as the "father of modern medicine". He is important to the history of medicine as he prioritized understanding the patient's health, which is ultimately reflected in the Hippocratic Oath taken by all doctors today (Kleisiaris, Sfakianakis, & Papathanasiou, 2014).

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(“Russian Lab Explosion Raises Question: Should Smallpox Virus Be Kept or Destroyed?,” 2019)

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910 - Rhazes (Persian Physician) identified smallpox

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910 - Rhazes (Persian Physician) identified smallpox

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The discovery of smallpox is very significant in medical history. Rhazes was able to observe and record symptoms, as well as advise patients on how to treat and recover from the illness. He also observed a kind of "immunity" granted to people who had recovered from smallpox, like what we see today with a range of diseases (lshps8, 2022).

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(“Blood Lipid Disorders - Exercise Is Medicine,” 2021)

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1670 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered blood cells

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1670 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered blood cells

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The discovery of blood cells is vital to human health and the history of medicine. Blood cells are among the most important parts of the human body to understand. They are the basis of life, and are the way that the body transports oxygen, allowing the continuation of life (“What Do Blood Cells Do?,” 2021).

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1701 - Giacomo Pylarini gave the first smallpox inoculations

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1701 - Giacomo Pylarini gave the first smallpox inoculations

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The first smallpox inoculation is a huge development in medical history. Inoculations are part of everyday life in the medical field in the present day. The first smallpox inoculation opened the world to the possibility of immunity and vaccination. Pylarini did so in hopes of preventing future illness like cowpox, which is exactly the use of vaccination/inoculation today, over 320 years later (“Giacomo Pylarini | Encyclopedia.com,” 2023).

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1816 - Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope

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1816 - Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope

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A stethoscope is a device that allows a medical professional to listen to their patient's heartbeat. The stethoscope was specifically invented by Rene Laennec to avoid doctor's having to put their ear to the chest of a patient. This device has become a tool used by all medical professionals and is a standard instrument in every office (American Lung Association, 2022).

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1818 - James Blundell performed the first successful human blood transfusion

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1818 - James Blundell performed the first successful human blood transfusion

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Blood transfusions are among the most important medical procedures that occur on a daily basis. They allow for someone who does not have enough or sufficient blood within their body to survive and be healthy, they are able to receive it through a transfusion of human blood. This was a very tricky development to progress and be successful because blood has anti-blood antibodies in the body which would cause a harmful reaction. In this specific case, the blood transfusion was used to treat a postpartum hemorrhage (“Highlights of Transfusion Medicine History,” 2022).

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1844 - Dr. Horace Wells uses nitrous oxide as an anesthetic

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1844 - Dr. Horace Wells uses nitrous oxide as an anesthetic

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Nitrous oxide, also known as "laughing gas", was among the first anesthetics to be used for medical purposes. Nitrous oxide is still used today for the same purposes that it was in 1844. This discovery was somewhat earth shattering, as prior to the discovery and use of anesthetics, procedures were extremely painful, and patients were able to remember what occurred during them. This anesthetic, discovered by Dr. Wells, allowed patients to have a smoother surgery process through means of sedation (Haridas, 2013).

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1849 - Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to gain a medical degree from Geneva Medical College in New York

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1849 - Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to gain a medical degree from Geneva Medical College in New York

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The success of Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to gain an MD, is extremely significant to the history of medicine, as well as health humanities. Prior to her graduation, all doctors were men and there was not even a thought of having women working in the medical field. Her success is so significant and important due to what she did for the future of women. Blackwell helped women everywhere have the ability to be part of the medical field and various other careers (“Changing the Face of Medicine | ElizabethBlackwell,” 2015).

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1870 - Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur established the germ theory of disease

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1870 - Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur established the germ theory of disease

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The germ theory of disease basically found that a certain type of germ can cause a certain type of disease. Koch and Pasteur discovered this theory through working with anthrax, a very dangerous and harmful chemical. Through their research, they were able to find a certain type of bacteria formed by the anthrax causing the disease in the body, leading to this now well taught worldwide. This was significant to the history of medicine because it allowed for doctors and scientists to have a better understanding of illness and disease (Council, 2023).

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1913 - Dr. Paul Dudley White pioneered the use of the electrocardiograph - ECG

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1913 - Dr. Paul Dudley White pioneered the use of the electrocardiograph - ECG

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An electrocardiograph (ECG) is a recording of the heart's repeated cardiac cycle. Dr. Paul Dudley White pioneered this new technology, ultimately earning the name of the "father of cardiology". ECGs changed how heart health is looked at. ECGs can detect many different cardiac abnormalities like heart attacks and murmurs. This discovery has developed in extreme amounts in the past 100+ years, the latest being the ability for an Apple Watch to preform an ECG. (Siang Yong Tan & Kwock, 2016)

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1922 - Insulin was first used to treat diabetes

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1922 - Insulin was first used to treat diabetes

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Insulin was first used to treat diabetes in 1922. This occurred in Toronto, Canada when a young boy was on the verge of death due to his high blood sugar levels. For the first time, he received a dose of insulin and was instantly in a healthy range for blood sugar, saving his life. This discovery is especially important in recent and present times as diabetes is extremely prevalent in the US and other regions of the world (“The History of a Wonderful Thing We Call Insulin | ADA,” 2019).

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1928 - Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin

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1928 - Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin

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Penicillin is an antibiotic that is used to treat many bacterial infections. The discovery of penicillin is life changing and iconic as it changed the course and process of an infection in the human body. The discovery of penicillin was just the start of the use of antibiotics, which are some of the most important types of drugs used worldwide today. This discovery allowed for a reduction in deaths from bacterial infections which was widely common during that time period (“Alexander Fleming Discovery and Development of Penicillin - Landmark - American Chemical Society,” 2023).

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1937 - Bernard Fantus pioneered the use of the first blood bank in Chicago

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1937 - Bernard Fantus pioneered the use of the first blood bank in Chicago

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This is such a significant advancement to the history of medicine and health as a whole. Blood banks provide a space for blood to be stored and kept on hand so that they are ready when a blood transfusion is needed. This allowed for very convenient and efficient blood transfusions, whereas previously there was a whole process in which a person in need of a transfusion needed to find a donor match. Blood banks expanded worldwide and are essential for healthcare as blood transfusions are needed so often (“The Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center,” 2023).

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1950 - John Hopps invented the first cardiac pacemaker

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1950 - John Hopps invented the first cardiac pacemaker

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John Hopps invented the first cardiac pacemaker in 1950. A cardiac pacemaker is a device that sends and electrical signal to the heart which helps it preform its functions when the heart stops beating/working. John Hopps was an electrical engineer who applied his skills and training to create the pacemaker and successfully tested in on a dog in Canada in 1950 (Aquilina, 2006). The pacemaker is used by at least 3 million Americans, and even more people worldwide (“Cardiac Pacemaker,” 2022).

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Polio is a disease that has been around since ancient times and had various outbreaks over the course of history and medicine. In 1955, the polio vaccine was created and distributed widely, allowing for millions of people to prevent themselves from getting sick with polio, especially those who had more severe cases. Although severe cases weren't as common, the disease could leave lifelong effects on patients so this vaccine was extremely important. This vaccine was especially significant for health humanities as Salk, the man who created the vaccine, was committed to providing the vaccine in equal ways with lots of access (“History of Polio Vaccination,” 2023).

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1975 - Robert S. Ledley invented CAT-Scans

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1975 - Robert S. Ledley invented CAT-Scans

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CAT-Scans are scans that use an X-ray image to show parts of the body that cannot be scene with the naked eye. They allow doctors to see inside the body and determine when there are things wrong or abnormal. CAT-Scans are commonly used to view tumors and allow for doctors to diagnose life-threatening illnesses like cancer. Without CAT-Scans, cancer and other diseases would go unnoticed, causing the death of many more people than occur now that CAT-Scans are used to catch illness early (“Computed Tomography (CT) Scan,” 2021).

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1978 - The first test-tube baby was born

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1978 - The first test-tube baby was born

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The first test-tube baby, Louise Brown, was born in 1978. Prior to this discovery, women who were said to be infertile were completely unable to carry and have children, as they could not produce a fetus due to their fertility issues. Once the test-tube baby was born, it opened a world of possibilities for women worldwide who were previously told they could not have children. As infertility is a puzzling issue, this is a significant progression in the history of medicine as it is life changing for women and families (American Experience, 2019).

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1983 - HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, was identified

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1983 - HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, was identified

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The identification of HIV was very important for the fight against AIDS. AIDS and HIV was at its height in the 1980s. The discovery that HIV caused AIDS was important for being able to stop the life-threatening disease. HIV is not life-threatening on its own, however if untreated, it can lead to the development of AIDS which is incurable. Through this discovery, doctors and healthcare professionals were able to promote ways to prevent HIV in order to combat the AIDS epidemic (Schmid, 2018).

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1996  - Dolly the sheep became the first clone

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1996  - Dolly the sheep became the first clone

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In 1996, when Dolly the sheep became the first genetic clone, it opened a world of possibilities for the medical field and was extremely significant in the history of medicine. Through this process of DNA cloning, scientists are able to create synthetic drugs to simulate chemical processes in the body, like insulin, erythropoietin, and more. These synthetic chemicals allow for more drug development and treatments of previously incurable diseases. As the science and technology continues to develop, the discovery and advancement of genetic cloning will continue to become more spectacular (“The Impact of Cloning in Pharmaceutical Products and for Human Therapeutics,” 2014).

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During the year of 2020, the Covid-19 virus became a global pandemic, spreading rapidly at an uncontrollable rate throughout all corners of the earth. Scientists used research they were previously studying to act fast and create mRNA Covid-19 vaccines, which were used to help end the global pandemic. Through the success of these vaccines, going forward, there is a push to use mRNA for future vaccines due to their level of success with Covid (“Decades in the Making: MRNA COVID-19 Vaccines | NIH COVID-19 Research,” 2016).