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Eunotosaurus Africanus - 260 Million Years Ago

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Eunotosaurus Africanus - 260 Million Years Ago

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Description/Structural Changes: The animal had teeth, nine elongated trunk vertebrae, nine pairs of broad T-shaped dorsal ribs, wide and flat ribs, and five pairs of gastralia.

Behavior/New Adaptations: Unlike its many offspring, this animal did not have a shell.

Geographical Differences: The animal resided in swamps in Southern Africa.

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Odontochelys Semitestacea - 232 - 222 Million Years Ago

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Odontochelys Semitestacea - 232 - 222 Million Years Ago

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Structural Changes: The animal had paired bony plates in the plastron and had metaplastic ossification, unlike its ancestors, which had simple rods and no ossification.

Behavior/New Adaptations: The animal started to form the basis of what would be the shell, which would protect the animal from predators

Geographical Differences: The animal lived entirely in coastal and freshwater regions, unlike its ancestor who survived on land and water

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Structural Changes: This animal had a reduction of ossification in its shell that allowed it to manage its weight and flow in water.

Behavior/New Adaptations: This animal had flipper-like front legs that allowed it to traverse the water faster.

Geographical Differences: This animal lived in the Western Interior Seaway, a sea that ran through North America, while the Santanachelys lived in freshwater.

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Proganochelys - 228 - 201 Million Years Ago

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Proganochelys - 228 - 201 Million Years Ago

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Structural Changes: This animal would also develop paired bony plates instead of paired gastralia like its ancestors, this animal would also have metaplastic ossification and teeth.

Behavior/New Adaptations: This animal would form the upper part of its shell, protecting the animal from predators.

Geographical Differences: This animal lived in small freshwater ponds in Europe, while the Odontochelys lived in both costal and freshwater regions.

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Kayentachelys - 199 - 183 Million Years Ago

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Kayentachelys - 199 - 183 Million Years Ago

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Structural Changes: This animal formed an epiplastron unlike its past ancestors

Behavior/New Adaptations: The size of this animal's fenestra ovalis differs from the Proganochelys and its other ancestors

Geographical Differences: This animal lived in wetlands located in the Navajo region of Arizona, while the Proganochelys lived in freshwater ponds

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Structural Changes: This animal, similar to its ancestor, gained strong front feet that helped this animal navigate through strong waters.

Behavior/New Adaptations: This animal gained a hooked beak with a powerful jaw for resources.

Geographical Differences: This animal also lived in the Western Interior Seaway.

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Santanachelys Gaffneyi - 120 Million Years Ago

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Santanachelys Gaffneyi - 120 Million Years Ago

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Structural Changes: This animal had distinguishable tips on its forearms and had large salt glands.

Behavior/New Adaptations: This animal is fully adapted to marine environments and has fully formed proper protection from sealife predators.

Geographical Differences: This animal lived in freshwater bodies of water in Eastern Brazil, while the Kayentachelys lived in wetlands in the Navajo Region.

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Structural Changes: This animal was massive compared to its ancestors and the species of sea turtles that came after this animal.

Behavior/New Adaptations: This animal had a huge skull and horns of the carapace of males for resources.

Geographical Differences: This animal lived in parts of South America in freshwater wetlands, while the Archelon lived in the Western Interior Seaway

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Structural Changes: This animal is known as the largest land tortoise in history.

Behavior/New Adaptations: Its size allowed it to camouflage easily from predators.

Geographical Differences: This animal lived on the shores of Central Asia, India, and Indochina, while the Stupendemys lived in wetlands in South America.

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Structural Changes: This animal has two variations, each with different shells.

Behavior/New Adaptations: The new shell allows this animal to reach different forms of food depending on its environment

Geographical Differences: This animal lives in dry lowlands on the Galapagos Island, while the Colossochelys lived on the shores of Eastern countries

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https://prezi.com/p/oa5ltsgrods0/turtle-evolution-timeline/
https://www.turtleguardians.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Turtle-Evolution-Timeline-Grade-3.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pala.12460
https://www.britannica.com/animal/Eunotosaurus-africanus

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Proposed-sequence-of-structural-changes-to-the-carapace-and-plastron-in-Eunotosaurus_fig2_334290267
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-fossil-origin-of-the-turtle-discovered/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pala.12460
https://www.mindat.org/taxon-8193027.html
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00439.x
https://sjpp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13358-023-00271-9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostega
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/facts/protostega
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00439.x
https://www.dmr.nd.gov/dmr/sites/www/files/documents/paleontology/pdfs/prehistoric-life-map/Archelon.pdf
https://a-z-animals.com/animals/archelon-turtle/
https://a-z-animals.com/animals/stupendemys/
https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/lonesome-george/galapagos-tortoises-and-evolution

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Turtle Evolution Timeline Turtle Overview Turtle Overview Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines characterized by a bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield. 1 Testudines includes extinct and extant species today. The earliest known members