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Authentic materials refer to manuscripts, photos, videos, and other sources that are not prepared specifically for educational purposes. Authentic materials from a variety of sources that incorporate real language use also can be adopted.

Meanwhile, created materials refer to textbooks or others specifically developed as teaching materials. In practice, two methods for teachers/lecturers use teaching materials such as adapting and adopting. Any course books or commercial textbooks can be utilized to be adapted as created materials.

Teachers also can use these two types of materials together in a language class to meet the requirements and interests of the students.

Reference: Nur Fitria, Tira. (2022). Using Authentic Material and Created Material (Teacher-Made) for English Language Teaching (ELT): Benefits and Limitations. JADEs Journal of Academia in English Education. 3. 117-140. 10.32505/jades.v3i2.4674.

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Teacher-made materials are teaching aids created by the instructor. This comprise anything the teacher creates, like handouts, worksheets, tests, quizzes, and projects.

Many of these are used for assessment in the classroom, which is determining the level of learning on any given topic.

Teacher-made materials are particularly good because they can be tailored to the needs of students and tie in with instruction. Effective teacher-made materials are appropriate, engaging, clear and useful.

To create a teaching material as a teacher you have to:

1. Analyze your audience and context.

2. Define your learning objectives and outcomes.

3. Select and organize your content.

4. Choose your delivery method and format.

5. Develop and design your material.

6. Evaluate your material

Reference:Nur Fitria, Tira. (2022). Using Authentic Material and Created Material (Teacher-Made) for English Language Teaching (ELT): Benefits and Limitations. JADEs Journal of Academia in English Education. 3. 117-140. 10.32505/jades.v3i2.4674.

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In which the teaching material is intentionally created by students with the expectation that a real, potential, or imaginary addressee can learn from it. This includes students creating content as a learning task.

Student generated content: a concept where students not only attend class and participate in group activities as a way of demonstrating their own learning, but actively create content of their own. Content in the form of videos, memes, podcasts or a host of other options–not only becomes a lesson in its creation, but serves as additional course materials for the rest of the class to benefit from.

Some clear examples are:

Student-Generated Study Questions

Student-Generated Discussion Podcasts

Others aforementioned.

Reference: Student-generated teaching materials: A scoping review mapping the research field. (n.d.). Usal.Es. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://revistas.usal.es/tres/index.php/eks/article/download/27443/28462?inline=1

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Manipulatives are physical items such as gummy bears, blocks, marbles, or even small cookies, that assist student learning. Manipulatives are especially helpful in the younger primary grades, where students can use them to help solve subtraction and addition problems.

For more kinaesthetic learners, manipulatives can be a great way to hold their focus and keep them engaged in the learning process. Physical objects can be a great way to tackle problem-solving in subjects.

Reference:Lewis, B. (2010, June 27). TLM: Teaching/Learning Materials. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/tlm-teaching-learning-materials-2081658

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It refers to any written or visual content that provides information or knowledge about a particular topic.

Example: The university's website contains a wealth of informative material on various academic programs, making it a valuable resource for prospective students.

These are some types:

newspapers

encyclopedias

brochures

biographies

textbooks

These serve primarily to convey information provided for the purpose of assisting the student in their performance in the class.

Reference: (N.d.). Ludwig.Guru. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://ludwig.guru/s/informative+material#:~:text=%22informative%20material%22%20is%20a%20correct,knowledge%20about%20a%20particular%20topic.

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Instructional materials refer to the materials and facilities that can be used to ease, encourage, improved and promote teaching and learning activities. They are whatever materials used in the process of instruction. They are a broad range of resource which can be used to facilitate effective instruction.

They indicate a systematic way of designing, carrying out and employing the total process of learning and communication and employing human and non-human resources to bring out a more meaningful and effective instruction. They are the materials that a teacher uses to pass information to the learner in his/her class.

Are a vital component of the teaching and learning process. When used well, they can support learning and aid a learner in concretizing a learning experience and make learning more exciting, interesting and interactive.

Instructional materials can be classified by type; including audio, visual and audio-visual resources.

Audio media

These are teaching and learning materials that appeal to the auditory sense. For example: podcasts, telephones, radios, records and record players, storytelling, etc.

Visual media

These are materials that appeal to the sense of sight (eyes). For example: images, real objects, charts, flip charts, chalk boards and whiteboard, projected aids, etc.

Audio-visual media These are teaching and learning materials that have the capacity to appeal to both auditory and sight senses. For example: television, educational videos, etc

Reference:

(N.d.-b). Open.edu. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/bb/1b/bb1be721179fe86bb20bc743f92c8823f5907660?response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%22Topic%205%20Instructional%20Materials.pdf%22&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&Expires=1719215340&Signature=cf1K49mXz0U4OxTqrqWXKRbxVBMsAD3dm~ycv~I9IllvdBQnCtYLXlP4~gqbnyFKUJHco1WTdaOnlIovoFzqz2aKYk~hzzsMvvAn0reIR37~-~m8vVw62wcQrb4V4EUPmMl9LmEkoG4BJ7egO1RwNuChzkVfy95S4gA2DE6cCiuAZIyV7vPwgmsB78rxc9FXTCyxmaNCegzPB5hEFdyCwjLnRuQCjt8Oojxq8UjQkrXhKzbQV53BaLg8zV0r9DgsMynR1Dn0vq86QSOd8VKm5cRZEG5r6hyogj-dZIXREZfzF3HuO0dJxqf~WNuDgfE7xd2qfz2h5V2SDE511Iew-A__&Key-Pair-Id=K19YM1UI0NPZI1

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Experiential Learning is the process of learning by doing. By engaging students in hands-on experiences and reflection, they are better able to connect theories and knowledge learned in the classroom to real-world situations.

When students participate in experiential education opportunities, they gain:

A broader view of the world and an appreciation of community

Insight into their own skills, interests, passions, and values

Opportunities to collaborate with diverse organizations and people

Positive professional practices and skill sets

The gratification of assisting in meeting community needs

Self-confidence and leadership skills

The emphasis on experience in experiential learning means that there are a diverse number of ways that students can be taught.

The emphasis needs to be on creating lessons in which students get hands on with their materials. At the most basic, such lessons include creating with their own hands, but teachers can take lessons one step further and get students out into the environment whenever possible.

At the elementary or middle school level, for example, students can be encouraged in their learning by simply taking them outside. In the outdoors, students can examine different plants, soil and seeds

Cartoons are an easy way of appealing to middle schoolers, who often lack an interest in learning and are easily distracted. Political cartoons are visually stimulating and transmit a large amount of information within a small space.

At the high school level, for example, to help students visualize the microscopic elements of life, teachers can instruct students to make cell or DNA models. However, instead of having students create these models out of toothpicks or paper, they can instead make them out of food like desserts and sweets.

Reference: Loveless, B. (2024, January 13). Experiential learning: The complete guide. Education Corner. https://www.educationcorner.com/experiential-learning-guide/

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When it’s used in relation to teaching, ‘eliciting’ (or elicitation) simply refers to a group of techniques that teachers use to get their students to provide information. So, instead of providing the information all the time, the teacher would give some kind of stimulus or prompt in order to draw out a response from the student/motivate them to provide the answer. E.g. If the teacher wants the student to say the word “aeroplane” they might say “this flies in the air….a pilot uses it to take us from country to country….it has metal wings” etc. to prompt the correct response.

The most used materials for eliciting are:

Synonyms. Making a statement and then asking students to paraphrase using synonyms of the words you used.

Flashcards or Pictures.

Mind Maps or Word Clusters.

Modelling.

Multiple Choice.

Stories.

Reference: Brennan, R. (2022, November 8). What is Eliciting? And Why is it Important? I-to-i TEFL. https://www.i-to-i.com/tefl-blog/expert-tefl-advice/what-is-eliciting/

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Exploratory materials are physical resources that can be easily manipulated by children. Effective use of exploratory materials encourages and enhances children's learning and development.

Exploratory materials are varied in nature and can be categorized as follows:

Traditional educational resources (e.g. wooden blocks, threading equipment and picture books)

Household and reclaimed materials (e.g. plastic bottles and wooden objects)

Outside exploration/natural materials (e.g. sand and water).

Exploratory play involves the child using all their Senses. They will examine objects by looking, touching (with hands and mouths), listening and moving it to learn about how they can influence the world around them.

Reference: Explorative play. (2017, December 17). NHS GGC. https://www.nhsggc.org.uk/kids/life-skills/play-leisure/explorative-play/

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Administration for Children and Families (ACF)