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Attan is the national dance in Afghanistan that is performed during weddings and special events, and it is deeply rooted in the country's history and heritage. "A drum announcement marks the start of Attan, and dancers circle the drummers slowly. The dancers transition between different forms and positions as the speed eventually picks up and becomes frantic. They spin and swirl, frequently holding handkerchiefs, and may sing, shout, clap, or snap their fingers" ( St. John, 1989. para., 16). The dance is a representation of solidarity, power, and cultural pride that captures the resilience and spirit of all Afghan tribes and regions.

Katherine, J (1989). The Society of Folk Dance Historians (SFDH). Afghan Dance https://sfdh.us/encyclopedia/afghan_dance_st_john.html

Kholmi, Keuken (2021). Crazy Afghan Traditional Dance 'Attan'. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAnNG0cYluk&t=4s

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WHO. (n.d.) Social Determinants of Health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS. (2019, January). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice. https://moodleprod.murdoch.edu.au/pluginfile.php/4119639/mod_resource/content/3/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Alemi, Q., Panter-Brick, C., Oriya, S., Ahmady, M., Alimi, A. Q., Faiz, H., Hakim, N., Sami Hashemi, S. A., Manaly, M. A., Naseri, R., Parwiz, K., Sadat, S. J., Sharifi, M. Z., Shinwari, Z., Ahmadi, S. J., Amin, R., Azimi, S., Hewad, A., Musavi, Z., … Ventevogel, P. (2023). Afghan mental health and psychosocial well-being: thematic review of four decades of research and interventions. BJPsych Open, 9(4), e125–e125. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.502

Refugee Health. (n.d.). The Australian Refugee Health Practise Guide https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/mental-health/

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Kabuli Pulao is the national dish of Afghanistan, a staple food symbol of festive and important occasions like birthdays and family gatherings, making it a cherished part of Afghan gatherings. According to Seddiq (2011), " It is made with rice, lamb, sweet raisins, and carrots and immersed in spices like cumin, cardamom, and cinnamon with an intoxicating rich and smoky aroma". This cuisine plays an important role in the country’s cuisine legacy. It serves as a representation of Afghani culture and tradition, as the country is intertwined with hospitality, celebrations and community.

Mirriam Seddiq. (2021). Kabuli pulao recipe – Afghan National Dish. Afghan Cooks. https://afghancooks.com/kabuli-pulao-recipe/

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Afghan Dopiaza is a meat dish close to the hearts of all Afghans. It is my favorite Afghan meat dish. My mom will always use lamb when she can, but this can be made with beef or goat. picture of Afghan Dopiaza Dopiaza means Onions Two Ways The signature flavor of this...

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Kabuli pulao recipe - Afghan National Dish

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Afghan Dopiaza is a meat dish close to the hearts of all Afghans. It is my favorite Afghan meat dish. My mom will always use lamb when she can, but this can be made with beef or goat. picture of Afghan Dopiaza Dopiaza means Onions Two Ways The signature flavor of this...

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The medical belief in Afghanistan and many other Muslim countries, is that spiritual and demonic powers, such as evil eyes and possessions by beings like jinns, can be the cause of certain illnesses. Since they do not believe that Western medicine cannot cure these unnatural illnesses, they adopt spiritual remedies to help cure the illnesses, like reciting Quranic verses, prayers, and blessings from religious leaders. " Afghan refugees may believe Western medicine to be ineffective against these unnatural illnesses, treating them instead with prayer and Koranic verses" (ADHS, n.d.). To ensure holistic care, this health practice should be respected while providing medical care to Afghan refugees and other various cultures.

Arizona Department of Health Services. (n.d). Community Profile: Afghan. Retrieved from https://www.azdhs.gov/documents/preparedness/epidemiology-disease-control/disease-integrated-services/refugee-health/providers/community-profile-afghan.pdf

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Afghan carpets have a long and rich history embedded in their country's culture and heritage. The centuries-old carpet weaving in Afghanistan is recognised for its exquisite designs, vivid hues, and superb artistry. The tribal and regional identities of Afghan artisans are reflected in this practice, which has been passed down through the years. These carpets are pieces of art that represent the history, culture, and resiliency of Afghanistan. ( Miller, 2022; The Rug Mine, 2024). Many families in the area, especially those living in rural areas, depend on Afghan carpets for their financial stability. In addition to maintaining cultural customs and boosting household income, women frequently weave carpets at home.

Miller, A. (2022). The Afghan rug. James Barclay. https://jamesbarclay.co.uk/the-afghan-rug/#:~:text=Today%2C%20Afghan%20carpets%20are%20once,pride%20for%20the%20Afghan%20people.

The Rug Mine. (2024). The History of Afghan Rugs. https://therugmine.com/blogs/afghan-rugs-history-facts/the-history-of-afghan-rugs?srsltid=AfmBOooxCrfYUe-f_cdTUhClV7WO54JpmM6mk5NtYoL3rdrGU8vTjKsX