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Lecture 12: Cancer and the Immune System

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Lecture 12: Cancer and the Immune System

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Lecture 5: B cell development and differentiation

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Lecture 5: B cell development and differentiation

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2025-5 B cell development, activation and differentiation1

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Lecture 4: Antigens, antigen receptors, and diversity generation in the immune system

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Lecture 4: Antigens, antigen receptors, and diversity generation in the immune system

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Lecture 10: Infectious diseases and vaccines

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Lecture 10: Infectious diseases and vaccines

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2025-10 Infectious Diseases and Vaccines1

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Lecture 9: Autoimmunity and transplantation

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Lecture 9: Autoimmunity and transplantation

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Lecture 2: Cells and organs of the immune system

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Lecture 2: Cells and organs of the immune system

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2025-2 Cells and organs of the immune system1

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Antigen
Antigenicity
Immunogen
Immunogenicity
Adjuvant
Hapten
B-cell receptor (BCR)
Heavy chain
Light chain
Fab region
F(ab)2 region
Fc region
Hypervariable (HV) region
Complementarity-determining region (CDR)
Framework (FW) region
Variable (V) region
Constant (C) region
Epitope
Sequential epitope
Non-sequential epitope
Antibody isotype
Antibody allotype
Antibody idiotype
Joining (J) gene segment
Diversity (D) gene segment
Kappa (κ) light chains
Lambda (λ) light chains
Recombination signal sequences (RSSs)
Nonamer
Heptamer
RAG1 (recombination activating gene 1)
RAG2 (recombination activating gene 2)
Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)
Coding joints
Signal joints
Palindromic (P) nucleotides
Nontemplated (N) nucleotides
T-cell receptor (TCR)

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Lecture 6: MHC and antigen presentation to T cells

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Lecture 6: MHC and antigen presentation to T cells

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2025-6 MHC and Ag presentation to T cells1

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Lymphatic System: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #44

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Lecture 1: Overview of the Immune system

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Lecture 1: Overview of the Immune system

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Immunity
Immunoglobulin
Antibodies
Humoral immunity
Passive immunity
Active immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes (T cells)
B lymphocytes (B cells)
Antigen
Clonal selection
Pathogens
B-cell receptors
T-cell receptors
Tolerance
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Inflammatory response
Primary response
Secondary response

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Hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Myeloid lineage cells
Lymphoid lineage cells
Primary lymphoid organs

Bone marrow

Thymus

Secondary lymphoid organs

Lymph nodes

Spleen

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

Lymphatic system
Tertiary lymphoid tissue
Paracortex
B-cell follicle
Germinal centers
High endothelial venules (HEVs)
White pulp
Red pulp
Marginal zone
Peyer's patches
Isolated lymphoid follicles
Lamina propria lymphocytes
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
M cells
Secretory IgA

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Lecture 7: T cell development, activation and differentiation

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Lecture 7: T cell development, activation and differentiation

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2025-7 T cell development, activation and differentiation1

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Lecture 8: Allegry, hypersensitivity and chronic inflammation

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Lecture 8: Allegry, hypersensitivity and chronic inflammation

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2025-8 Allergy, Hypersensitivity and chronic inflammation1

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Would you explain this question in detail?

Q: How many different MHC II molecules does each one of you have (assuming you are heterozygous for each MHC allele and your parents have different MHC alleles)?

A: 12 MHC II molecules

Thank You!

Answer:

The reason why there are so many more combinations for MHC 2 is because each MHC2 molecule has two chains (alpha and beta) encoded by two separate genes in the MHC locus, and new combinations can be made between the alpha chain from one parent and the beta chain from the other parent. Please, see the following example:

MHC2 genes from the father:

DP1a, DP1b, DQ1a, DQ1b, DR1a, DR1b

MHC2 genes from the mother:

DP2a, DP2b, DQ2a, DQ2b, DR2a, DR2b

Molecules expressed on the surface of the APCs in the offspring:

From the father –

DP1 (DP1a + DP1b),

DQ1 (DQ1a + DQ1b),

DR1 (DR1a + DR1b)

From the mother –

DP2 (DP2a + DP2b),

DQ2 (DQ2a + DQ2b),

DR2 (DR2a + DR2b)

Newly formed

DP1a + DP2b

DP2a + DP1b

DQ1a + DQ2b

DQ2a + DQ1b

DR1a + DR2b

DR2a + DR1b

Altogether 12 different MHC2 molecules.

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Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Cellular innate immune responses
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides
Defensins
Cathelicidin
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
Autophagy
Inflammasomes
Pyroptosis
AIM2-like receptors (ALRs)
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)
cGAS
STING
Type I interferons
Opsonins
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)

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Immediate hypersensitivity

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)

Types I, II, III, and IV hypersensitivity

Allergy

Chronic inflammation

Atopy

FcεRI receptor

FcεRII receptor

Degranulation

Histamine

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins

Atopic (allergic) march

Anaphylaxis

Hygiene hypothesis

Desensitization

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B-2 B cells
B-1 B cells
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells
Pre-pro-B cell
Pro-B cell (progenitor B cell)
VpreB
λ5
Surrogate light chain (SLC)
Pre-B cell (precursor B cell)
Pre-B-cell receptor
Immature B cell
Anergic
Transitional B cells (T1, T2)
Clonal selection hypothesis
T-dependent (TD) antigens
T-independent (TI) antigens
Primary foci
Plasmablasts
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells
Dark zone
Light zone
Centroblasts
Centrocytes
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)
Switch (S) regions
Memory B cells

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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule

MHC locus

MHC class I molecules

MHC class II molecules

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Antigen processing

Antigen presentation

β2-Microglobulin

Anchor residues

Histocompatibility antigens

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex

H2 complex

Polymorphic

Haplotype

Codominant

Polygenic

Professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs)

Endogenous pathway (of antigen processing/presentation)

Exogenous pathway (of antigen processing/presentation)

Immunoproteasome

TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing)

Invariant chain (Ii)

Cross-presentation

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Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Degranulation

Neutralization

Agglutination

Opsonization

Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP)

Poly-Ig receptor (polyIgR)

Fc receptors (FcRs)

Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (TC cell or CTLs)

CTL precursors (CTL-Ps)

MHC tetramers

Perforin

Granzymes

Natural killer (NK) cell

Missing self model

Balanced signals model

NK receptors

KIR

Ly49

NKT cell

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Thymocytes

Thymic cortex

Thymic medulla

Double-negative (DN) thymocytes

Pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR)

Double-positive (DP) thymocytes

MHC restriction

Self-tolerance

Positive selection

Negative selection

Apoptosis

Affinity model of selection

Single-positive (SP) thymocytes

Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs)

Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs)

Lineage commitment

Regulatory T cells (TREG cells)

Naïve T cells

Two-signal hypothesis

Avidity

Anergy

Costimulatory receptors

Coinhibitory receptors

CD28

Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1 or CD279)

Polarizing cytokines

Type 1 responses

Type 2 responses

Adjuvants

Master gene regulator

Effector cytokines

T helper type 1 (TH1) cells

T helper type 2 (TH2) cells

T helper type 17 (TH17) cells

Peripheral TREG (pTREG) cells

T follicular helper (TFH) cells

T helper type 9 (TH9) cells

Central memory T cells (TCM)

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Neoplasm

Malignant

Metastasis

Transformation

Proto-oncogene

Oncogenes

Tumor-suppressor genes

Tumor-specific antigens (TSAs)

Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)

Immunoediting

Immunotherapy

Adjuvant cancer therapy

Neoadjuvant cancer therapies

Neoantigens

Checkpoint blockade

CARs (CAR T cells)

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Autoimmunity

Tolerance

Negative selection

Regulatory T (TREG) cells

Tolerogens

Immunogens

Anergy

Immunomodulatory

Molecular mimicry

Alloreactivity

Autograft

Isograft

Allograft

Xenograft

Histocompatible

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD)

Tissue typing

Cross-matching

Hyperacute rejection

Acute rejection

Chronic rejection

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Immunodeficiency

Primary immunodeficiency

Secondary immunodeficiency

Combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs)

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Agammaglobulinemia

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Retrovirus

Reverse transcriptase (RT)

Seroconversion

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

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Immunization

Vaccination

Vector-borne infections

Original antigenic sin

Immunogens

Correlates of immune protection

Vaccine

Active immunity

Herd immunity

Sterilizing immunity

Toxoids

Adjuvant

Antigenic drift

Antigenic shift