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"Setting in a castle or old mansion. The action takes place in and around an old castle or an old mansion... sometimes it's not clear whether the building has occupants (human or otherwise)." Going along with this element of a gothic novel, in the novel Wuthering Heights, the action takes place in or around two old mansions: Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Wuthering Heights is especially old and creepy, with an inscription on the front door reading "Hareton Earnshaw, 1500," and sightings of the ghost of Catherine. This mysterious and gloomy setting of the mansions creates an atmosphere of suspense, a very crucial element of a gothic novel.

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"The action takes place in an old castle or an old mansion," (Harris).

This quote can be used to describe the main residence of Wuthering Heights, where it is dark, gloomy, and often scary. This setting can be suspense-inducing.

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"Frame narratives add complexity and depth to the storytelling by providing different perspectives or layers of storytelling within the overarching framework."

Frame narrative is used continuously throughout Wuthering Heights by Nelly the maid to recall the main love story of Heathcliff and Catherine, and their ultimate fates, to the new tenant Mr. Lockwood. The frame narrative gives Mr. Lockwood detailed information as to why Heathcliff acts cold and closed off towards him and the other members of Wuthering Heights, Cathy Linton and Hareton Earnshaw. Frame narrative is an important factor as it connects the story as a whole, filling in the missing pieces of Wuthering Heights Mr. Lockwood was previously there to witness.

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"A character may have a disturbing dream vision, or some phenomenon may be seen as a portent of coming events."

In Wuthering Heights, Lockwood experiences a dream that relates to mystery and suspense as well as supernatural ideas. In the dream Lockwood tries to open the window and as he does, he breaks the glass, and later finds the cold hands of Catherine Linton grasping on to him. Catherine then begs to be let in stating she had been waiting for many years. This foreshadows the deep and complex relationship between Catherine Linton and Heathcliff existing at Wuthering Heights.

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"A frame story is a narrative structure where a story within a story is told. It acts as a framework that surrounds and supports the main narrative."

The "story within a story" structure was used in Wuthering Heights. Emily Bronte used this device to contextualize Lockwood in the previous tenants of his new manor, Thrushcross Grange. When he wanders into Wuthering Heights uninvited, Nelly informs him of the story of Heathcliff, Catherine, and everyone in between. Lockwood serves as a frame, serving reason as to why the main story is being told. The majority of the novel is actually Nelly's storytelling of the Earnshaw and Linton families to Lockwood.

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One article talks about how one common feature of Gothic novels is women in distress. The author writes, "A lonely, pensive, and oppressed heroine is often the central figure of the novel", a statement that rings true when discussing Wuthering Heights. Catherine is, throughout the novel, tortured by her love/hate relationship with Heathcliff. This angst comes to a point when Catherine is engaged to Edgar, but is extremely distraught and exclaims how her and Heathcliff are meant for each other and that their souls are made of the same thing.

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"The female characters often face events that leave them fainting, terrified, screaming, and/or sobbing". In the novel Wuthering Heights, the gothic element of women in distress can be seen multiple times. The action of fainting can be seen when Catherine was attacked by the guard dogs on the Linton's property when her and Heathcliff were sneaking around the Linton's house, spying on them. Catherine's taken into the Linton's home, where she is taken care of for 5 weeks. This is a prime example of women in distress in gothic novels.

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"A frame narrative is a storytelling narrative in which a main narrative... serves as a framework for one or more secondary narratives."

In Wuthering Heights, Lockwood arrives at Wuthering Heights twenty-five years after the "secondary narrative"-- Heathcliff's strife with the Earnshaws and Lintons. When Lockwood becomes ill, Nelly takes over as the story's "secondary narrator", as she details the extensive history of Wuthering Heights.

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"Women threatened by a powerful, impulsive, tyrannical male. one or more male characters has the power, as a king, lord of the manor, father, or guardian, to demand that one or more female characters do something intolerable."

This element of a Gothic Novel, where a powerful, tyrannical male demands a female character to do something intolerable is displayed in Wuthering Heights whenever Heathcliff coerces Catherine Linton to marry his son, Linton Heathcliff, so that he is entitled to her estate. Catherine makes it clear through her distress that she does not want to do this, but he imposes his control over her by locking her up in Wuthering Heights until she agrees.

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"Omens, portents, visions. A character may have a disturbing dream vision, or some phenomenon may be seen as a portent of coming events." (Harris)

In the novel Wuthering Heights, Mr. Lockwood experiences an eerie dream about the passed Catherine Earnshaw begging to be let in through the bedroom window. In his dream, he describes her as a ghostly figure that grabbed his hand from the window seal. This dream that occurred early on in the novel was a foreshadowing of the tragic love story between Heathcliff and Catherine. Catherine's reaching through the window symbolizes the distance her and Heathcliff maintained between Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange with the window as their separation. Her ghostly appearance in Lockwood's dream foreshadowed her death before ever being happily in love with Heathcliff and how they can never be with each other again.

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The Wuthering Heights' residence has a dark, abandoned atmosphere. As described in the first article, "the darkness also allows those sudden and frightening appearances of people, animals, ghosts, apparent ghosts, or monsters" (Harris). In the beginning of the novel, Mr. Lockwood comes into contact with Catherine's ghost. She appears to him during a storm and frightens him. This event establishes the Gothic tone that prevails throughout the rest of the book.

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"One or more male characters has the power...to demand that one or more of the female characters do something intolerable"

Towards the end of the novel, Heathcliff tricks young Cathy to visit Wuthering heights by taking advantage of her relationship with Linton. Once she arrives with Nelly, he locks them in a room until she unwillingly marries his son. It is Heathcliff's way to gain control and power not only over Catherine's home, but also over the one thing she left in the world.

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"A frame story is a narrative structure where a story within a story is told." The frame story structure is present in Wuthering Heights because there is a story being told throughout the book within another outside story. Lockwood is curious about the story behind Wuthering Heights and the people there, so he asks his servant, Nelly to tell him what happened. Most of the book is then narrated by Nelly's telling of the History of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Her narration of the story makes it a frame story because she is telling a story within the actual story itself. Another element of frame stories present in Wuthering Heights is the use of letters and diaries to convey a story from another perspective. Lockwood finds old entries from Catherines diary, which allowed him and the reader to get that perspective from her. There were also other letters written that the reader got to read, which adds other depths and layers to the story as well.

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"The narration may be highly sentimental, and the characters are often overcome by anger, sorrow, surprise, fear, and especially, terror."

In Wuthering Heights, many of the characters in the story experience extreme emotions. For example, Heathcliff's love for Catherine and his anger toward Hindley Earnshaw and Edgar Linton are so extreme that it drives him spend his life slowly taking revenge on them and their families and waiting in agony for death, so he can be reunited with Catherine. There are also many scenes of high, dramatic emotions throughout the story like when Edgar and Healthcliff argue in the kitchen after Catherine locked them in there together, and Catherine is so distressed that she locks herself in her room and doesn't eat to the point that it makes her sick. Another example is when Healthcliff is returning late one night after Hindley had been drinking. Hindley had locked Heathcliff out of the house and was threatening to shoot him upon entry. Out of anger, Heathcliff made it in the door and attacked Hindley, while Isabella Heathcliff stood there distressed. High and overwrought emotions are a common theme throughout the novel Wuthering Heights.

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"A character may have a disturbing dream vision, or some phenomenon may be seen as a portent of coming events, (Harris)".

This element is present in Wuthering Heights when Lockwood has a disturbing dream of Catherine while staying at the mansion. In the dream, the ghost of Catherine desperately tries to gain entrance into the home but cannot, causing Lockwood great distress. This mysterious and alarming encounter with Catherine's ghost sets the tone for the destruction that Lockwood will later learn was Heathcliff and Catherine's tumultuous relationship.

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"A frame narrative is a storytelling technique in which a main narrative or story serves as a framework for one or more secondary narratives or stories...Frame narratives add complexity and depth to the storytelling providing different perspectives or layer of storytelling within the overarching framework.

In Wuthering Heights, this technique is used all throughout the novel through Nelly. Nelly is the servant to both the Earnshaw and Linton families. On the night that Lockwood arrives to the Earnshaw mansion, Nelly uses "secondary narrative" to retell the story of Wuthering Heights with immense details.

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"The narration may be highly sentimental, and the characters are often overcome by anger, sorrow, suprise, fear, and especially, terror." Throughout Wuthering Heights, the chaos between Heathcliff and the Earnshaw family creates tension and emotional arousal. Catherine is deciding whether or not to marry Edgar Linton or Heathcliff. She is extremely conflicted and states that she could never marry Heathcliff because of his social status. Heathcliff overhears Catherines conversation and loses it. This creates a huge plot of revenge and anger that overcomes Heathcliff. This demonstrates a huge overwrought of emotion, which continues throughout the rest of the novel.

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"The goal of the dark and mysterious setting is to create a sense of unease and foreboding, contributing toward the atmospheric element of fear and dread. Darkness also allows those sudden and frightening appearances of people, animals, ghost, apparent ghost, or monsters." In Wuthering Heights, the old house and the wild moors create a dark, scary feeling just like the Gothic setting described. The house feels lonely and mysterious, and there are even ghost stories about Heath Cliff and Catherine. This makes the story spooky and full of tension.

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"The connection: The link between the frame and the inner story; This can be a common theme, a character, or a plot device that ties everything together and adds coherence to the narrative" (Feccomandi).

An example of this connection between a frame narrative and the inner story in Wuthering Heights would be Nelly Dean. By being the source of Mr. Longwood's story and a central player in the events she describes, Mrs. Dean serves as a cohesive character throughout both narratives. At the conclusion of the novel, Mrs. Dean is especially important as she is returned to her role at Wuthering Heights before settling with another Catherine Earnshaw at Thrushcross Grange. This not only gives Nelly's character a poetically just ending but also gives the story a more tied-off ending in that Longwood is able to see the new inhabitants of Wuthering Heights through her lens for a final time before leaving the moors for good.

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"This framing device involves a frame narrator retelling a story they have heard from someone else (Feccomandi)."

In Wuthering Heights, one main narrator is the servant, Nelly. Nelly is explaining to Mr. Lockwood the events that have happened in the past with the other characters like Catherine, Heathcliff, and Edgar. This exemplifies the framing device of retelling the story and adds complexity to the novel by allowing for a unique dual narration. Nelly would be considered the frame narrator. By explaining the past events, Nelly reveals backstory information to Mr. Lockwood and the reader that we were missing at the beginning of the book.

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"Characters suffer from raw nerves and a feeling of impending doom. Crying and emotional speeches are frequent."

In Wuthering Heights, this can be seen throughout the novel, specifically when Catherine becomes hysterical while being sick when Heathcliff was trying to talk to her. She began screaming at him and claiming that he is causing her to die. Edgar also asked her to choose between him and Heathcliff and she started acting like she was being possessed and acting crazy. Catherine was often seen acting out against the people around her and this was accounted by Nelly as normal occurrences that could be overlooked because it happened so often.

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One element of a Gothic Novel is high or even overwrought emotion. Harris writes, "Crying and emotional speeches are frequent. Breathlessness and panic are common." In Wuthering Heights, many of the characters often have extreme emotions and reactions. One character that we see this often in is Catherine Earnshaw. Catherine is bold, loud, and overreactive--she demands to have her way, and if she isn't given it she often punishes the people around her or herself. We see this case of her extreme emotions especially near the end of her life. When abandoned by Heathcliff and feeling abandoned by Edgar, she becomes so extremely distraught that she locks herself away in her room and starves herself to the point of near insanity.

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"The action takes place in and around an old castle or an old mansion, or the ruins of an old castle or mansion."

Wuthering Heights incorporates this gothic element by setting the book in two old mansions, Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. In the book, Mr. Lockwood describes Heathcliff's mansion saying, "Above the chimney were sundry villainous old guns, and a couple of horse-pistols: and, by way of ornament, three gaudily-painted canisters disposed along its ledge. The floor was of smooth, white stone; the chairs, high-backed, primitive structures, painted green: one or two heavy black ones lurking in the shade. In an arch under the dresser reposed a huge, liver-coloured bitch pointer, surrounded by a swarm of squealing puppies; and other dogs haunted other recesses." The villainous old guns and pistols create a dark and eerie type of atmosphere which is a crucial element to a gothic novel.

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"Dramatic, amazing event occur, such as ghosts or giants walking, or inanimate objects (such as a suit of armor or painting) coming to life." In Wuthering Heights, supernatural events are seen whenever Catherine's ghost is seen tapping on the window as Mr. Lockwood is reading through her old diary. While initially Mr. Lockwood does not know it is a ghost, Mr. Heathcliff's reaction to this event lead Mr. Lockwood and the reader to realize that the woman at the window was Catherine's ghost.