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Literacy rates were low.

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Books were taking a very long time to be copied and distributed.

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Ideas spread slowly from person to person.

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The printing press made a huge increase in urban literacy, the development of primary schools, and the opening of more universities had created an expanding market for reading materials.

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Thousands of copies were being made in a short amount of time.

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Printing stimulated the literacy of laypeople and came to have a deep effect on their private lives

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Print bridged the gap between the written and oral cultures.

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Printing materials reached an invisible public, allowing silent individuals to join causes and groups of individuals widely separated by geography to form a common identity