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The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued after the British defeated the French at Québec City in 1759 and Montreal in 1760 (see Battle of the Plains of Abraham and Seven Years’ War). After those defeats, New France (1608-1763) was taken over by the British. The Proclamation brought the new Province of Quebec under British control

The Royal Proclamation weakened French power in many ways. First, it made sure that all the governors of Quebec would be British. The governors were chosen by the British Parliament. Secondly, it did not allow Catholics to work for the government unless they pledged (promised) to be loyal to Britain. The French were Catholic and most of them did not want to pledge loyalty to the Protestant British. Therefore, the government would be controlled by the British. Thirdly, the Proclamation did not allow the French to use the type of law they used before.

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Parliament Hill, Wellington Street, Ottawa, ON

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Parliament Hill, Wellington Street, Ottawa, ON

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Parliament Hill, Wellington Street, Ottawa, ON

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The Constitutional Act, 1791 was an act of the British Parliament. Also known as the Canada Act, it divided the Province of Quebec into  Upper Canada and Lower Canada. The Act was a first step on the long path to Confederation, but its rigid colonial structures also set the stage for rebellion in the Canadas. (See Rebellions of 1837–38.) The Act was also notable for giving women who owned property in Lower Canada the right to vote — a high level of inclusion by the standards of the time.

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Glasgow is a place of birth of John.A. Macdonald, first prime minister of Canada, acting 1867–73 and 1878–91. He set wide-ranging policies that continue to influence the country today. Macdonald helped unite the British North American colonies in Confederation and was a key figure in the writing of the British North America Act — the foundation of Canada’s Constitution. He oversaw the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and the addition of Manitoba, the North-West Territories, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island to Confederation. However, his legacy also includes the creation of the residential school system for Indigenous children, the policies that contributed to the starvation of Plains Indigenous peoples, and the “head tax” on Chinese immigrants.

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House Of Commons, Wellington Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada

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House Of Commons, Wellington Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada

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House Of Commons, Wellington Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada

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The House of Commons came into existence in 1867, when the British Parliament passed the British North America Act 1867, uniting the Province of Canada (which was divided into Quebec and Ontario), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into a single federation called Canada. The new Parliament of Canada consisted of the monarch (represented by the governor general, who also represented the Colonial Office), the Senate and the House of Commons. The Parliament of Canada was based on the Westminster model (that is, the model of the Parliament of the United Kingdom).

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Nova Scotia, Canadian province located on the eastern seaboard of North America, one of the four original provinces (along with New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec) that constituted the Dominion of Canada in 1867.

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New Brunswick, Canadian province located on the eastern seaboard of the North American continent. It is Canada’s only officially bilingual province, French and English having equal status. It was one of the four original provinces making up the national confederation in 1867. Together with Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, it forms the regional grouping known as the Maritime Provinces.

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The Battle of the Scheldt was a military operation in northern Belgium and the southwestern Netherlands that took place during the Second World War. On September 12, 1944, the First Canadian Army was given the task of clearing the Scheldt of German occupiers. The first attacks began on September 13, with little success. By late November 1944, all mines had been cleared from the Scheldt river. On November 28, the first Allied convoy entered the port of Antwerp. The port was crucial to the Allies as they continued their European campaign. By the end of April, the Netherlands had been liberated, and on 5 May 1945, German forces in the country officially surrendered. The war in Europe ended two days later. (See Canadian Soldiers and the Liberation of the Netherlands and V-E Day.)

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Hill 70 Memorial, Loos-en-Gohelle, France

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Hill 70 Memorial, Loos-en-Gohelle, France

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Hill 70 Memorial, Loos-en-Gohelle, France

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The capture of Hill 70 in France was an important Canadian victory during the First World War, and the first major action fought by the Canadian Corps under a Canadian commander. The battle, in August 1917, gave the Allied forces a crucial strategic position overlooking the occupied city of Lens. The capture of Hill 70 in France was an important Canadian victory during the First World War, and the first major action fought by the Canadian Corps under a Canadian commander. The battle, in August 1917, gave the Allied forces a crucial strategic position overlooking the occupied city of Lens.

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The Battle of the Somme, also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and the French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of the upper reaches of the river Somme in France. The Canadians entered the battle on 30 August, taking part in a number of bloody attacks from September through November, supported by the first tanks used in action on the Western Front (see Armaments). The corps captured a series of strategic objectives including Courcelette, Thiepval and Ancre Heights.

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Operation Overlord was only one step of a global strategic plan for the complete defeat of Nazi Germany. The Normandy landing was designed to establish a bridgehead from which two armies, the First US Army on the west flank and the Second British Army to the east could be supplied by sea. With the bridgehead firmly secured, the armies were to move on to liberate France and the neighbouring countries. Germany, attacked on three separate fronts, in Northwest Europe, in Russia, and in the Mediterranean, would soon be exhausted and defeated.

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The Allied forces now faced a well-entrenched enemy with virtually all of the continent under German occupation. A method had to be found to create a foothold in Europe. The Raid on Dieppe would offer invaluable lessons that ultimately led to the successful D-Day invasion in 1944.

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The Canadians arrived in Hong Kong on November 16. They joined the 14,000-strong Hong Kong defence force, made up of troops from Britain, India, Singapore and Hong Kong. Although sent to a part of the world still at peace, they quickly began training and prepared for active defence of the colony under the command of Brigadier J.K. Lawson.On the morning of December 8, Japan attacked Hong Kong. Japanese warplanes pounded the airport and their ground forces poured across the frontier from China and into the mainland portion of the colony. Demonstrating an unexpected skill at night fighting, the Japanese kept advancing. After three days of combat, the defenders had been pushed from the mainland and back to Hong Kong. It was during this time that Canadian soldiers from D Company of the Winnipeg Grenadiers engaged the enemy, becoming one of the first Canadian Army units to fight in the Second World War.

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After weathering fierce enemy counterattacks, the last phase of the battle saw the Canadians attack on November 10 and clear the Germans from the eastern edge of Passchendaele Ridge before the campaign finally ground to a halt. Canadian soldiers had succeeded in the face of almost unbelievable challenges. he Canadian victory at Passchendaele was truly impressive and added to our nation's growing reputation as having the best offensive fighting force on the Western Front. This status meant that our forces would be at the forefront of the series of advances that eventually won the war for the Allies a year later.

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Vimy Ridge Visitor Education Centre, Route des Canadiens, Vimy, France

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Vimy became a symbol for the sacrifice of the young Dominion. In 1922, the French government ceded to Canada in perpetuity Vimy Ridge, and the land surrounding it. The gleaming white marble and haunting sculptures of the Vimy Memorial, unveiled in 1936, stand as a terrible and poignant reminder of the 11,285 Canadian soldiers killed in France who have no known graves.

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Parliament of Canada is a place where Indian Act was signed. The Indian Act is a Canadian federal law that governs in matters pertaining to Indian status, bands, and Indian reserves.  Throughout history it has been highly invasive and paternalistic, as it authorizes the Canadian federal government to regulate and administer in the affairs and day-to-day lives of registered Indians and reserve communities. This authority has ranged from overarching political control, such as imposing governing structures on Aboriginal communities in the form of band councils, to control over the rights of Indians to practice their culture and traditions. The Indian Act has also enabled the government to determine the land base of these groups in the form of reserves, and even to define who qualifies as Indian in the form of Indian status

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The SS Komagata Maru was a chartered ship featured in a dramatic challenge to Canada’s former practice of excluding immigrants from India. This challenge took place in the spring and summer of 1914, on the eve of the First World War. It proved to be a bitter and tragic experience for the passengers, first in an unsuccessful and eventually physical confrontation with officials, police and the military at the Port of Vancouver, and then in a deadly encounter with police and troops near Kolkata on the passengers’ return to India. This memorial shows that Canada holds this as a great lesson for our present and future

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Whereas, on September 1, 1864, leaders of the governments and legislatures of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Province of Canada met in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and created a shared vision of a union of the British North American colonies and the creation of a new country;

Whereas the ambitions and ideals that flourished at and grew out of the Charlottetown Conference form part of the basis for the nation of Canada;

Whereas the rich heritage of Charlottetown is reflected in the recognition of Province House, where the discussions took place, as a national historic site and in the recognition of other national historic sites in Charlottetown in view of their strong association with the birth of this country;

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK, Canada

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK, Canada

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Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, SK, Canada

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The Battle of Batoche, 9–12 May 1885, was the last major action of the North-West Resistance. Under the leadership of Louis Riel, Métis and their First Nations allies were defeated by government troops.

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Red River Settlement Poles 1817 Memorial, West Pine Ridge, MB, Canada

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The place where Louis Riel was born. Louis Riel, Métis leader, founder of Manitoba, central figure in the Red River and North-West resistance (born 22 October 1844 in Saint-Boniface, Red River Settlement; died 16 November 1885 in Regina, SK). Riel led two popular Métis governments, was central in bringing Manitoba into Confederation, and was executed for high treason for his role in the 1885 resistance to Canadian encroachment on Métis lands. Riel was initially dismissed as a rebel by Canadian historians, although many now sympathize with Riel as a Métis leader who fought to protect his people from the Canadian government.

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The Treaty of Utrecht was an agreement between Britain and France, concluded on 11 April 1713 at Utrecht in the Netherlands, as part of the series of treaties ending the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Fort Beauséjour, on the west bank of the Missaguash River near present-day Sackville, New Brunswick was built 1751-55 by the French as a counter to nearby British Fort Lawrence (near Amherst, NS). Fort Beauséjour was in poor condition in June 1755 when an attacking force of Massachusetts volunteers and British regulars laid siege.

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In the 18th century, Louisbourg was a fortified town and an important strategic capital in the French colony of Île Royale (Cape Breton Island). It was the scene of two major military sieges in the Anglo-French wars for supremacy in North America. The fall of Louisbourg to the British in 1758 paved the way for the capture of Québec and the end of French rule in North America. Today, Louisbourg is a national historic site and a popular tourist destination in Cape Breton.

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They established a small, vibrant colony around the Bay of Fundy, building dykes to tame the high tides and to irrigate the rich fields of hay. Largely ignored by France, the Acadians grew independent minded.

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Treaty 11 is the last of the Numbered Treaties signed on 22 August 1921 between First Nations and the Canadian government following Confederation, as Canada expanded its borders north and west. It covers more than 950,000 km² of present-day Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. The First Nations involved were predominately Dene, and include the Gwich’in, Tlicho (Dogrib) and Sahtu. As with other Numbered Treaties, the government did not want to enter into treaty until its interests would be served by doing so; accordingly, Treaty 11 was only created in 1921, after oil and gas prospects in the Mackenzie region sparked its interests. However, hasty negotiations combined with weak implementation of the terms — particularly with regard to reserves and land claims — have led to considerable disagreement between the parties on what was meant by the treaty and which promises have not been fulfilled. As a result, many of the signatories to Treaty 11 have also been involved in the modern treaties process ( see Indigenous Peoples: Treaties).

Similar to the other Numbered Treaties, Treaty 11 provided money, supplies, reserves and other guarantees in exchange for the land. However, the terms laid out in Treaty 11 are somewhat vaguer than others, particularly in relation to agriculture and education. They suggest that the government did not necessarily expect the signatories to adopt a sedentary (non-mobile) lifestyle.

Reserves were to be allotted in proportion to one square mile per family of five, with more or less land provided depending on the size of each family. The government could take parts of these reserves for public works such as roads if necessary, assuming compensation was provided. Signatories had the right to hunt, fish and trap, subject to government regulation and the need to use those lands for settlement or development.

Once reserves were selected, each group was to receive 10 axes, 5 hand-saws, 5 augers, 1 grindstone and files and whetstones to keep the equipment sharp. Each group would also receive $50 per family worth of equipment for fishing, trapping and hunting. They would get $3 worth of twine, ammunition and other necessary supplies annually. If anyone wanted to pursue agriculture, the government was willing to give “assistance as is deemed necessary for that purpose.”

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Treaty 10 is the 10th of the 11 Numbered Treaties. It was signed in 1906–07 by the Canadian government and Indigenous peoples in northern Saskatchewan and Alberta. Treaty 10 covers nearly 220,000 km2 of Saskatchewan and Alberta. The terms of Treaty 10 have had ongoing legal and socioeconomic impacts on Indigenous communities.

As in Treaty 8, signatories were offered either reserves or “land in severalty” — territory for families or individuals who wanted to live off the reserves. This concession was offered because most people in the North did not live as communally as those on the plains. Reserves were sized in proportion to one square mile per family of five, with more or less area given depending on the number and size of families. Individuals or families who preferred to live apart were granted 160 acres per person.

The rights of the signatories to hunt, fish and trap were protected, but subject to government regulation and the need to use certain areas for activities like mining or settlement.

The government offered assistance with both education and agriculture, but in terms less clear than those in some of the other treaties. It agreed to “make such provisions as may from time to time be deemed advisable for the education of the Indian children.” It also agreed to “furnish such assistance as may be found necessary or advisable to aid and assist the Indians in agriculture or stock-raising or other work.”

As was customary, the government also offered money — initially, $32 per chief, $22 per headman and $12 per individual, and a smaller payment every year after. Chiefs and headmen also received medals, flags and suits of clothing.

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Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta, Canada, Treaty 8

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Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta, Canada, Treaty 8

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Treaty 8 was signed on 21 June 1899 by the Crown and First Nations of the Lesser Slave Lake area. The treaty covers roughly 841,487.137 km2 of what was formerly the North-West Territories and British Columbia, and now includes northern Alberta, northwest Saskatchewan, and portions of the modern Northwest Territories and BC, making it the largest treaty by area in the history of Canada. The terms and implementation of Treaty 8 differ importantly from those of previous Numbered Treaties, with long-lasting consequences for the governance and peoples of that area.

Prompted by the discovery of valuable resources in Canada’s north, particularly the Klondike gold rush, the treaty involved First Nations whose social organization was different than those of the Indigenous peoples the government had previously encountered in Numbered Treaties negotiations. As a result of this and other factors endemic to the North, the terms and implementation of Treaty 8 differ importantly from those of previous Numbered Treaties, with long-lasting consequences for the governance and peoples of that area.

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Treaty 9 (also known as the James Bay Treaty) is one of the 11 post-Confederation Numbered Treaties negotiated with Indigenous peoples in Canada between 1871 and 1921. (See also Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Canada.) Signed in 1905-6, Treaty 9 covers most of present-day Ontario north of the height of land dividing the Great Lakes watershed from the Hudson and James Bay drainage basins. The purpose of Treaty 9 was to purchase the interests of the resident Cree and Ojibwe peoples to lands and resources to make way for white settlement and resource development. Treaty 9, like other Numbered Treaties, contained provisions for cash treaty payments, the creation of reserves, education and hunting, fishing and trapping rights.

In the 1880s, Cree and Ojibwe peoples in the James Bay region were increasingly concerned about presence of non-Indigenous trappers and prospectors on their traditional lands. The Cree and Ojibwe protested verbally and in petitions to Hudson’s Bay Company traders and to federal and provincial government officials. They were concerned, in particular, with the decline of the local beaver population. They wanted protection for their lands, resources and fur-bearing animals. Many Indigenous leaders and their peoples were aware of treaty activity in neighbouring territories, such as the Robinson-Huron and Robinson-Superior treaties (1850) and the Northwest Angle Treaty, also known as Treaty 3 (1873). A petition from Indigenous leaders for a similar treaty in the summer of 1901 started the treaty-making process.

Due to a precedent set after the signing of Treaty 3, Dominion and provincial officials were involved in the drafting of the terms for Treaty 9. When Treaty 3 was signed in 1873, there was a dispute over the selection, size and location of the reserves. The landmark St. Catherine’s Milling and Lumber case (1887) led to an agreement between Ontario and the Dominion in 1894 that specified, among other matters, “that any future treaties with the Indians in respect of territory in Ontario…shall be deemed to require the concurrence of the Government of Ontario.”

The terms of Treaty 9 were finalized in advance by the Dominion and Ontario governments and then presented to Indigenous leaders as a done deal. Treaty 9 followed the format of the earlier Numbered Treaties; in fact, the provision on hunting and fishing rights was copied verbatim from Treaty 8 (1899). The Province of Ontario, for its part, made four demands. First, one of the three treaty commissioners was to be a provincial appointee. Second, instead of allowing the Indigenous peoples to select their own reserves, those sites were to be determined by the three commissioners. Third, annuity payments and related treaty costs were the responsibility of the Dominion. Finally, no site suitable for the development of water power exceeding 500 horsepower was to be included within the boundaries of any reserve.

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Treaty 7 was made between the Government of Canada and the Plains First Nations (see Indigenous Peoples: Plains). It was signed on 22 September 1877 by five First Nations: the Siksika (Blackfoot), Kainai (Blood), Piikani (Peigan), Stoney-Nakoda, and Tsuut’ina (Sarcee). Different understandings of the treaty’s purpose, combined with significant culture and language barriers and what some have argued were deliberate attempts to mislead the First Nations on the part of the government negotiators, have led to ongoing conflicts and claims.

In 1870, the newly created nation of Canada acquired Rupert’s Land from the Hudson’s Bay Company. Rupert’s Land was an enormous area of land stretching north and west. One year later, British Columbia entered Confederation based in part on the promise that a transcontinental railway would connect it to the rest of Canada within 10 years. In order to construct the railway and encourage future settlement, the government considered it necessary to extinguish Aboriginal title to the land (see Indigenous Territory). Bound by the terms of the Royal Proclamation, Canada was responsible for the protection of its Indigenous people and promised to preserve their rights to unceded (unsurrendered) traditional territories.

The mid-19th century was a time of upheaval for the Indigenous nations that eventually signed Treaty 7. There had been repeated outbreaks of smallpox, and the buffalo herds upon which they had relied began to diminish, in part due to increased competition from Cree and Métis hunters (see Buffalo Hunt). At the same time, settlers from the United States set up trading forts and introduced whiskey into communities, causing significant chaos at trading forts. In 1874, the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) arrived under Colonel James Macleod and put an end to the trade. The First Nations were thankful and, by many accounts, came to trust Macleod. However, the extent to which this trust determined their willingness to sign a treaty has been disputed.

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Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan 212, Duck Lake, SK, Canada

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Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan 212, Duck Lake, SK, Canada, Treaty 6

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Fort Carlton Provincial Park, Saskatchewan 212, Duck Lake, SK, Canada, Treaty 6

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Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwe leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan.

When Canada acquired the lands of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) in 1869 (see Rupert’s Land), the Plains Indigenous peoples of present-day central Saskatchewan, including the Cree, Ojibwe and Assiniboine, became concerned about the federal government’s intentions with this land and with the Indigenous peoples who lived on it. As early as 1871, Plains Indigenous peoples expressed interest in negotiating a treaty with the Crown that would protect them from the settlement of outsiders on their lands, including the Métis, white settlers and surveyors. They were also concerned about starvation due to the diminishing supply of bison and other large game on which their economy depended.

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Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Treaty 5

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Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Treaty 5

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Treaty 5 — also known as the Winnipeg Treaty — was signed in 1875–76 by the federal government, Ojibwa peoples and the Swampy Cree of Lake Winnipeg. Treaty 5 covers much of present-day central and northern Manitoba, as well as portions of Saskatchewan and Ontario. The terms of Treaty 5 have had ongoing legal and socioeconomic impacts on Indigenous communities.

In the mid-1870s, the Indigenous peoples of the Lake Winnipeg area were interested in making a treaty with the Government of Canada. They had heard about the concessions offered to the Indigenous nations of Treaties 1 to 4 (see Numbered Treaties), and subsequently demanded the government provide similar economic assistance, provisions of tools and protection against the encroachment of outsiders (such as surveyors and settlers) on their territories. The people of the Norway House (located about 30 km north of Lake Winnipeg) were also suffering from starvation, as the lands there were not suitable for farming. This community was looking to relocate from north of the lake to an area in the south that had more suitable agricultural lands.

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Under the terms of the treaty, the Government of Canada promised to set aside reserves for the Saulteaux (Ojibwe) and to provide them with various monetary awards, including a one-time cash payment of $12 per family of five and a yearly payment of $5 per person. They also agreed to provide funds for the purchase of farming equipment and other tools.

In exchange, the Saulteaux would “cede, release, surrender and yield” all rights and title to their land to the Government of Canada. This included an area measuring 14,245,000 hectares (ha). The Saulteaux would still be permitted to hunt and fish on this land until the government required it for other purposes, including settlement, public works and resource extraction. Many Treaty 3 peoples maintain, however, that the signatories only intended to share their land with the government, rather than to surrender it completely.

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Lake Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada, Treaty 2

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Lake Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada, Treaty 2

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Treaty 2 was signed on behalf of the Anishinaabe by Mekis, Sou-sonce, Ma-sah-kee-yash, François (Broken Fingers), and Richard Woodhouse. In the written text of the treaty, the Anishinaabe agreed to “cede, release, surrender and yield up to Her Majesty the Queen, and Her successors forever” a large tract of very valuable land to the west and north of Manitoba as it existed in 1871, and three times as large as the province. It was all the land that was likely to be required by settlers for some time to come. In return, each band would receive a reserve large enough to provide 160 acres for each family of five.

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Treaty 4 — also known as the Qu'Appelle Treaty — was signed on 15 September 1874 at Fort Qu’Appelle, Saskatchewan. In exchange for payments, provisions and rights to reserve lands, Treaty 4 ceded Indigenous territory to the federal government. The majority of Treaty 4 lands are in present-day southern Saskatchewan. Small portions are in western Manitoba and southern Alberta. (See Numbered Treaties.)

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Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, Provincial Trunk Highway 9, Saint Andrews, MB

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Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, Provincial Trunk Highway 9, Saint Andrews, MB Treaty 1

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Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, Provincial Trunk Highway 9, Saint Andrews, MB Treaty 1

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First Nations receive: Limited reserve land and monetary compensation, farming tools, education.

Canada obtains: Land rights; promise of peace, law, and order, and restricted alcohol use on reserves

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This was a major location in which beaver wars took place, event that shifted a relationship between French and First Nation and also changed fur trade.

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On 3 September 1783, Britain acknowledged American independence. This treaty recognized a boundary between British North America and the United States. The boundary went along the centre of the four Great Lakes (Ontario, Erie, Huron and Superior). The boundary ran from Lake of the Woods "due west" to what they imagined was the Mississippi's headwaters. It then went south along the Mississippi River. The Americans negotiated through Charles Gravier, the French comte de Vergennes. These negotiations obtained fishing rights off Newfoundland and access to the eastern banks of the Mississippi. In turn, they promised restitution and compensation to British Loyalists.

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A place where Britain and First Nations had traded furs. This was significant for establishing British and First Nations relationships, leading to future partnership and alliances

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Le Brouage, Rue du Québec, Marennes-Hiers-Brouage, France

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Le Brouage, Rue du Québec, Marennes-Hiers-Brouage, France

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Le Brouage, Rue du Québec, Marennes-Hiers-Brouage, France

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A place where Samuel de Champlain, one of the founders of the first French colonies-Quebec city and New France in general was born

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Independence Hall, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA

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Independence Hall, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA

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Independence Hall, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA

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The independence of the USA was signed here, which started a wave of immigrants coming from the states to the territory of Canada. This led to the formation of cities and even provinces, gave a huge boom in population and brought British language and culture in Canada

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The start of French and Indian war, which followed the British conquest of North America and the following consequences of Canada territories under a British rule

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Canada sends its first-ever national team to the 1904 summer Olympics

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The Red River Rebellion ( also known as the Red River Resistance, Red River uprising, or First Riel Rebellion, was the sequence of events that led up to the 1869 establishment of a provisional government by Métis leader Louis Riel and his followers at the Red River Colony, in the early stages of establishing today's Canadian province of Manitoba. It had earlier been a territory called Rupert's Land and been under control of the Hudson's Bay Company before it was sold.

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The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec , was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War (referred to as the French and Indian War to describe the North American theatre). The battle, which began on 13 September 1759, was fought on a plateau by the British Army and Royal Navy against the French Army, just outside the walls of Quebec City on land that was originally owned by a farmer named Abraham Martin, hence the name of the battle

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Signing location of Treaty 4

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Komagata Maru ship turned away in 1914 because it was carrying people from British India, many died inhabitants died when they were forced to return to India