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“Laws, Governance & Social Structure - Hawai’i (U.S. National Park Service).” Nps.gov, 19 Aug. 2019, www.nps.gov/locations/hawaii/social-structure.htm. Accessed 28 Sept. 2023.

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Rust, Owen. “The History of Native Hawaiians.” TheCollector, 14 Aug. 2023, www.thecollector.com/history-of-native-hawaii/.

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"Until European contact, Hawai`i was a highly stratified society with strictly maintained castes. The ali`i (chiefs) headed the social pyramid and ruled over the land. Highly regarded and sometimes feared, the kahuna (professionals) were experts on religious ritual or specialists in canoe-building, herbal medicine, and healing. The maka`ainana (commoners) farmed and fished; built walls, houses, and fishponds; and paid taxes to the paramount chiefs and his chiefs. Kauwa, the lowest class, were outcasts or slaves." all info in the quote cahttps://www.nps.gov/locations/hawaii/social-structure.htm

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After the arrival of Cook, 1 in 17 Hawaiians die from disease within 2 years.

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the image came from https://www.thecollector.com/history-of-native-hawaii/ A traditional Polynesian sailing vessel, via the Polynesian Voyaging Society

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before being discovered by the Europeans the Hawaiian islands had multiple chiefs and didn't purchase their land to live on.

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before the Europeans arrived the Hawaiian islands where ruled by chiefs that fought for control over there territories. after James Cook landed on the shores of Hawaii he gave the chef of that territories a distinct advantage and essentially was united by force.

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following the legalization of owning privet land people bought all the fertile land for ranches. "After the legal reform to allow private land ownership, known as the Great Mahele of 1848, westerners quickly took advantage of the new system. Many Native Hawaiians did not successfully convert their feudal holdings to the new legal holdings, allowing white settlers to purchase much of the best land. This allowed wealthy settlers to create large plantations for cash crops like coffee and sugar."

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image came from https://www.thecollector.com/history-of-native-hawaii/ Chinese laborers on a sugar plantation in Hawaii, via the Ohio State University, Columbus

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the image came from https://www.thecollector.com/history-of-native-hawaii/ King Kamehameha I of Hawaii, early 1800s, via the National Park Service