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Meet Maria, from the United States of America!

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1.1 Demographics of the native speaker 1

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1.1 Demographics of the native speaker 1

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Audio recording of a Welsh English accent

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Audio recording of a Welsh English accent

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1. / deɪvɪd beɪks greɪt keɪks. /

2. /aɪ æksɪˈdɛntli kʌt maɪ fʊt./

3. /maɪ feɪvərɪt muːvi ɪz ˈhærɪ ˈpɒtə./

4. /aɪ lʌv tə drɪŋk ˈkɒfi ɪn ðə ˈmɔːnɪŋ./

5. / ðə treɪn liːvz ɪn ˈtɛn ˈmɪnɪts. /

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Phonetic chart to interpret the pronunciation. 

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- DEFINITION

Phonemic variation encompasses the various manners in which phonemes, which are the tiniest sound units that give words distinct meanings in a language, can be uttered. It involves differences in the way speech sounds are produced without altering a word's meaning.

For example: The vowel sound in the word "cat" can be pronounced differently by the same speaker, such as by exploding or not exploding the final /t/ sound

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1. /deɪvɪd beɪks ɡreɪt keɪks/

2. /aɪ æksədɛnəli kət maɪ fʊt/

3. /maɪ feɪvrət muvi ɪz ˈhærɪ ˈpɑːtər./

4. /aɪ ləv tu drɪŋk kɔfi ɪn ðə ˈmɔːrnɪŋ./

5. /ðə treɪn livz ɪn tɛn mɪnəts/

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Analysis of Phonemic Variation in Welsh English. ⬇️⬇️⬇️

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Analysis of Phonemic Variation in Welsh English. ⬇️⬇️⬇️

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Non-rhotic

According to (WELSH ENGLISH: A 'MYSTERY' FOR THE KINGDOM, n.d.) , in Welsh English, it is typical for the letter "r" to be left unpronounced. Wells (1982:380) explains that this pronunciation pattern is mainly due to the influence of English taught by schoolteachers in Wales throughout history.

For example, examples of words in given sentences like “Potter”

/ ˈpɒtə / in “My favourite movie is Harry Potter”, the “r” pronunciation are left unpronounced by Leah.

Another example is that the word “morning” in the sentence “I love to drink coffee in the morning” are also left unpronounced and hence the pronunciation would be

/ˈmɔːnɪŋ/

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Siti Nordinah binti Hasla

LG2432D

2023444082

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2.1 History of English in United States of America.

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2.1 History of English in United States of America.

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The history of the English language in the United States is closely connected to the colonization of the Americas by the British. According to Sinusoid (2021), here is a brief overview of the background of the English language's history in the United States:

1. Early Settlement: In the early 17th century, the first English-speaking settlers arrived in North America. They encountered a new environment with unfamiliar plants, animals, and landscapes. To describe these new discoveries, they created new words and borrowed from the languages of Native Americans, earlier Spanish settlers, and the French.

2. Linguistic Influences: Over time, English-speaking Americans developed their own distinct vocabulary and pronunciations. Many of these words and pronunciations were adopted in England and other languages. For example, the word "ok" originated from American jokesters in the early 19th century and has since spread to languages worldwide.

3. Dialects: The United States is a diverse and geographically vast country, which has resulted in a variety of regional accents and dialects. Linguists have identified four main speech groups: Southern, New England, Northern, and Midland. Although regional accents exist, American English is largely standardized, with speakers on the East and West Coasts speaking with similar accents.

4. Linguistic Mixing: The movement of people within the United States, including immigrants from different countries, has created a melting pot of languages. As people interacted and assimilated, speech patterns in American English became more similar rather than divergent. Social pressures also influenced individuals, particularly children of immigrants, to adopt "normal" American speech.

5. Evolution and Standardization: American English has become globally dominant, reinforced by mass media exposure. This dominance has led to the standardization of the English language, as it tends to conform to how it is spoken in the United States. However, this also means that the language's variety and distinctiveness may be diminished.

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The relationship between the Welsh and English people plays a significant role in the history of the English language in North Wales, United Kingdom. Let's explore the background of English in North Wales, as reported by Martin (n.d.).

1. Acts of Union: The English language began to spread in Wales following the Acts of Union in 1536 and 1542. These acts acknowledged Wales as a principality of England and its people as British subjects.

2. Bilingualism: Initially, bilingualism was mainly observed in cities, border towns, and coastal villages, where interactions with English-speaking communities through business and trade were frequent.

3. Influence of Welsh Grammar: Welsh English, also known as "Wenglish," refers to the English dialects spoken by Welsh individuals. These dialects are notably influenced by Welsh grammar and often incorporate words derived from the Welsh language.

4. Regional Accents: Wales, including North Wales, encompasses a variety of accents. Western Wales has been more strongly influenced by the Welsh language, while eastern dialects have been shaped by English dialects. In North Wales, the accent has been influenced by Merseyside English.

5. Pronunciation: Welsh English exhibits distinct patterns of pronunciation. For instance, the vowel sound in "cat" /æ/ can be pronounced as an open front unrounded vowel [a] or a more central near-open front unrounded vowel [æ̈]. The vowel sound in "end" /ɛ/ is pronounced similar to the modern RP as a close cardinal vowel [ɛ]. These pronunciation patterns can vary across different regions of Wales.

6. Distinctive Vocabulary and Grammar: Welsh English employs unique vocabulary and grammar influenced by the Welsh language. Examples include the use of tag questions like "isn't it?" regardless of the preceding statement's form and the placement of the subject and verb after the predicate for emphasis.

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Vowels (usage of /ʌ/ instead of /ə/ or shwa.)

In comparison with American English, Welsh English tends to use /ʌ/ sound (as in "strut") more often than American English, which uses schwa sound /ə/ (as in "about").

For example: In the recording, you can hear Leah pronounce the word “love” in “I love to drink coffee in the morning” with /ʌ/ hence, the pronunciation would be /lʌv/

Another example:

British English: "butter" is pronounced with /ʌ/ as in "strut”

American English: “butter" is pronounced with /ə/ as in "about.".

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According to Naveed (2023), Wales is one of the nations that use British English as their official language.

My favorite movie is Harry Potter.

Thus, the term "film" may be used more commonly among the Welsh people. So, instead of saying, "My favorite movie is Harry Potter," A Welsh person might say, "My favorite film is Harry Potter," since the term "film" is commonly used, although the word "movie" is still widely understood.

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Analysis of Phonemic Variation in American English⬇️⬇️⬇️

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Analysis of Phonemic Variation in American English⬇️⬇️⬇️

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Rhoticity

(Refers to the pronunciation of the "r" sound.)

In some American accents, such as those in the South, the "r" sound is pronounced strongly, while in other accents, like those in the Northeast, the "r" sound is often dropped.

For example: the pronunciation of “r” sound by Maria is pronounced “strongly” or “fully” in / ˈpɑːtər / and /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

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Vowels (short vowels)

American English tend to use or have more short vowels.

For example:

1. David bakes great cakes.

"David": The "a" in "David" is a short "a," similar to the sound in "cat" or "hat." It's a quick, crisp vowel that doesn't linger.

"bakes”: The "a" in "bakes" is also a short "a," with a similar sound to the "a" in "bake" or "take."

“great”: The "e" in "great" is a short "e," like the sound in "bed" or "head." It's a quick and clear vowel, not drawn out.

"cakes": The "e" in "cakes" is another example of a short "e," similar to the sound in "check" or "neck."

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According to Ahmad (2023), lexical variation refers to the different ways that language changes depending on the context in which it is spoken, the time, and the geographical region.

For example, the word "book" is used in English. However, in Malay, "buku" is used.

This is simply because different locations may have their own unique terms or phrases to convey the same concepts.

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The train leaves in 10 minutes.

Another expression that Welsh people use to indicate time expression of "soon" is "now in a minute". So instead of saying "The train leaves soon", a Welsh person might say "The train leaves now in a minute"

David bakes great cakes.

The word "tidy" has an informal meaning in Welsh English, meaning "good," "great," or "excellent." It's frequently used to convey contentment or acceptance of something. Therefore, instead of saying "David bakes great cakes", A welsh person can say "David bakes tidy cakes."

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Kayla Safia Mumtaz binti Azhar

LG2432D

2023690028

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Analysis of Lexical Variation In American English ⬇️⬇️⬇️

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Analysis of Lexical Variation In American English ⬇️⬇️⬇️

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In American English, "cakes" is referred to as a variety of baked goods; however, "cakes" is also commonly used as slang referring to someone's buttocks. "Cakes" is often used as a compliment if someone has beautifully shaped buttocks, as cake's size is normally round.

Thus, there might be a difference in meaning when the term "cake" is used in casual conversation.

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Another example :

5. The train leaves in 10 minutes.

This sentence uses the standard American English verb "leave" to indicate departure. However, in some informal contexts, you might hear "depart" or "pull out" as synonyms.

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Beige, Yellow and Green Minimalist Coffee VS Tea Comparison Instagram Post

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English in the USA by Dinah Hasla 20240502 122551 0000

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Too tired to read? No worries, we got you! (History of USA in pictures)

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Youtube video of the English History in USA

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Youtube video of the English History in USA

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(and in Videos too!)

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The History of English - American English (8/10)

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The beginning of England Colonization in America.

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The beginning of England Colonization in America.

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Welsh English has a unique lexicon shaped by the Welsh language, regional dialects, historical influences, and cultural norms.

For example, the word "tidy" in standard English can be referred to as neat and organized. However, in Welsh English, tidy means good or great (Sumner, 2021).

Another example is the word "butty," which means "friends" in Welsh English (Sumner, 2021). However, in standard English, "buddy" is used for a close friend.

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American English grammar can vary greatly due to the country's size, regional variety, historical influences, and cultural variables.

Both British and American English comply with the same basic grammar rules, though there are some remarkable differences between American English grammar and other English varieties.

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The term "grammar variation" describes how words and sentences are arranged differently within a language. These differences may arise from socioeconomic origins, historical contexts, cultural influences, regional dialects, or personal preferences (Grammatical Variations – A Level English Language AQA Revision – Study Rocket, n.d.).

Although Welsh people use British English as their official language, the grammatical characteristics of Welsh English differ from those of ordinary British English in a number of ways.

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Analysis of Grammar Variation in American English ⬇️⬇️⬇️

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Analysis of Grammar Variation in American English ⬇️⬇️⬇️

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How to Speak WELSH ENGLISH: The Accent the Vocabulary and the History

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Ten Minute English and British History #12 - The Conquest of Wales and the Birth of Parliament

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Ten Minute English and British History #12 - The Conquest of Wales and the Birth of Parliament

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Some of the distinctive grammatical features in Welsh English are:

1. The placement of the verb phrase is sometimes at the end of the sentence to emphasize (How to Understand the English of Wales, 2019). This can also be proven from the Youtube video below, where a Welsh person uses the subject and the verb at the end of the sentence in minute 9:06 to 9:17.

For example, "Always drink coffee in the morning, I am".

Another example is, "Fed up, I am"

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2. In the Welsh English-speaking community, it is normal to use rhetorical questions at the end of sentences that do not need them (How to Understand the English of Wales, 2019).

For example, "I like the colour pink, innit?".

The use of rhetorical questions in this context is unnecessary if we were to see it from a standard English perspective. This is because people often use that type of rhetorical question to invite agreement or confirmation from the listener. Thus, one does not need to use such rhetorical questions when talking about personal preferences.

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1. Usage of verb forms.

According to Turner (2023), Americans often use the simple past tense to express a recently completed action. As compared to British English, which prefers to use the present perfect tense to describe completed action.

American English: He ate his dinner. (simple past)

British English: He has eaten his dinner. (present perfect tense)

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2. Verb in the simple past tense ends with -ed.

There are many irregular verbs in the English language; most American English verbs just end with -ed to make them past tense verbs. However, British English often adds -t instead of -ed at the end of the sentence (Turner, 2023).

American English: Burned

British English: Burnt

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Bits of Background history of colonization in America. 

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Bits of Background history of colonization in America. 

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3. Modal verbs

American and British English use modal verbs differently (Turner, 2023). This is because both American and British English use the modal verbs "will" and "won't." However, British English also uses "shall" and "shan't."

The difference is that American English uses "will" and "won't" all the time.

American English: I will eat.

British English: I shall eat.

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REFLECTION (SITI NORDINAH BINTI HASLA __ 2023444082)

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Meet Leah Paice, from the North Wales of United Kingdom!

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1.2 Demographics of the native speaker 2

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1.2 Demographics of the native speaker 2

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-DEFINITION

Phonemic variation is when people use different sounds to express the same meaning in a language. It can occur within a single language or across different dialects or accents of a language. (Bacon, 2023)

Factors:

i) regional dialects

ii) social class

iii) age

iv) individual speech patterns

For example: in English, the /t/ sound in the word "top" can be pronounced as an aspirated /tʰ/ sound in some dialects, while in other dialects it may be pronounced as a non-aspirated /t/ sound. These different pronunciations of the /t/ sound do not change the meaning of the word "top" in English.

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Demographics of native speaker 1

1.2 Demographics of native speaker 2

2.0 Background History of the English

2.1 United States of America

2.2 North Wales of United Kingdom

3.0 Analysis of American English

Audio Recording & IPA Transcription

3.1 Phonemic variation

3.2 Lexical variation

3.3 Grammar/syntactic variation

4.0 Analysis of Welsh English

Audio Recording & IPA Transcription

4.1 Phonemic variation

4.2 Lexical variation

4.3 Grammar/syntactic variation

5.0 Reflection and Conclusion

6.0 References