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Following the end of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, Southern states began implementing the Black Codes. These were laws aimed at restricting African Americans' freedom and compelling them to work in a labor economy based on debt. Under black codes, Black people were forced to sign annual labour contracts or risked getting arrested, fined or forced into free labour. The Black Codes were precursors to Jim Crow laws, illustrating early attempts to suppress black suffrage and liberties.

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1867-1877: The Start and End of Reconstruction

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1867-1877: The Start and End of Reconstruction

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This year marked the end of the Reconstruction era in the United States, leading to the withdrawal of federal troops from the South. The absence of federal oversight allowed Southern states to enact further repressive laws against African Americans. States were required to adhere to the abolition of slavery laws (the 13th amendment to the constitution), but had full liberty in determining how they wanted to build their governments. This lack of national accountability set the stage for the establishment of Jim Crow laws.

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The Plessy v. Ferguson case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for Black people. The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal.' Southern Black people saw the promise of equality under the law embodied by the 13th Amendment, 14th Amendment and 15th Amendment to the Constitution receding quickly, and a return to disenfranchisement and other disadvantages as white supremacy reasserted itself across the South. This landmark case legitimized the segregation that would be characteristic of Jim Crow laws, drastically affecting the lives of African Americans by institutionalizing racial discrimination.

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During the early 20th century, Southern states formally enacted a series of segregationist laws known as Jim Crow laws. These laws mandated the separation of African Americans from whites in public places, schools, transportation, restrooms, and restaurants, among others, reinforcing racial stigmas and inequalities.

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In a unanimous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson. This landmark case marked the beginning of the end for Jim Crow laws, setting a legal precedent for further civil rights advancements.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a pivotal piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It effectively marked the end of the Jim Crow era by prohibiting racial segregation in schools, workplaces, and public accommodations.

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This act was crucial in dismantling Jim Crow laws and practices that disenfranchised African Americans.