# data[].attributes.body
The study of living organisms

# data[].attributes.body
Homeostasis & cells

# data[].attributes.body
Control

# data[].attributes.body
Circulation & respiration

# data[].attributes.body
Movement

# data[].attributes.body
→ external

→ endogenous (self-imposed)

# data[].attributes.body
active regulation /maintenance of a stable internal

Physiological state in the face of changing environmental conditions

# data[].attributes.body
Skin temperature, breathing/ heart rate, sweating, heat production

EWWWWW SWEATING YOU’RE STINKY🤢🥴

# data[].attributes.body
→ sensors ( pH, touch, receptors for temp)

→ effectors (muscles, sweat glands )

-> response (heat production)

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP BITCHES

# data[].attributes.body
→conformers (you just don't like to conform huh?)

→ regulators ( y'all actually like helping unlike conformers)

# data[].attributes.body
wks to months→acclimatization

Altidude Slower

Day length Reversible

# data[].attributes.body
Geological time→evolutionary change

New habits Selection on

new traits

Climate change Non-reversible

# data[].attributes.body
Mins to hrs→physiological adjust

Exercise Instantaneous

Temp Easily reversible

Sun

# data[].attributes.body
→ separate the inside of the cell from the outside

→surround internal structures

→ lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

# data[].attributes.body
→ hydrophilic head (yay water! = NO HEADACHES)

-> hydrophobic tails ( we don't like to hydrate )

# data[].attributes.body
These bitches can't choose what man they want

# data[].attributes.body
→ phosophlipids can move in the membrane cuz its fluid like your gender

→ individual fatty acid chains can bend or flex aka bi-curious

→ fluidity depends on the fatty acids present (double bonds, length of the tails ) aka the roster of tinder people

# data[].attributes.body
→ lack double bonds

→phospholipids have a straight structure much like your sexualityyyyyyy

# data[].attributes.body
→ 1 or more double bonds (hooker)

→ kinks (get it? Cuz they're a hooker?😏 )

# data[].attributes.body
Cold water species have more double bonds to maintain fluid membranes! (I guess the saying is true... There are millions of fish in the sea)

# data[].attributes.body
→ all cells

→ defines cell boundaries (you set those boundaries girl!)

→ separates internal from external

# data[].attributes.body
→ lipid bilayer is hydrophobic- prevent ion movement (they don't like you)

→macromolecules are too large (i wonder why?)

gasses, lipids and small polar molecules can cross

Selective permeability

# data[].attributes.body
Higher solute → lower solute = yay everyone shares

# data[].attributes.body
Higher solute + lower water concentration → lower solute+ higher water concentration= same concentration

# data[].attributes.body
Yay water!

# data[].attributes.body
higher on the outside → lower on the inside (nutrients)

Higher on the inside → lower on the outside (waste)

# data[].attributes.body
Uses energy of ATP

(Sodium-potassium pump→ Na+/K+ ATPase)

# data[].attributes.body
Uses ATP indirectly

# data[].attributes.body
Ions moving in opposite directions (much like your crush)

# data[].attributes.body
Ions move in same direction (it's a simp)

# data[].attributes.body
composed to multinucleated muscle cells= fibers

uses ATP through cell respiration

uses contractile proteins to generate force

# data[].attributes.body
actin and myosin are arranged in a repeating pattern, look striped duh

# data[].attributes.body
found in the walls of your arteries and inside intestines

# data[].attributes.body
composed of elongated cells that are embedded in surrounding connective tissue

# data[].attributes.body
→ Releases hormones

→slow & widespread

# data[].attributes.body
→ composed of neurons

→ neurons make contact with target cell

→ fast & targeted

# data[].attributes.body
→endocrine glands (thyroid gland )

→glands are ductless

target cells possess receptor molecules that recognize the hormone and can bind

Only cells & tissues with the receptor can bind

# data[].attributes.body
This occurs when myosin attached VIA the cross bridge amd moves the actin closer together

# data[].attributes.body
Open ion channel

# data[].attributes.body
Alter transcription

# data[].attributes.body
Thin filaments

made of two strands

# data[].attributes.headline
4. Activated receptor interacts with a gene to alter transcription

# data[].attributes.subject
4. Activated receptor interacts with a gene to alter transcription

# data[].attributes.body
When an action potential is added to another previous action potential

# data[].attributes.body
→ cell is depolarized

-> Opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels

# data[].attributes.body
→ it becomes this when membrane potential is - 55

# data[].attributes.body
→ cell is hyperpolarized

→opening ligand-gated CI or K+ channels

# data[].attributes.body
→ a neuron cannot fire a second action potential because:

*voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed

*voltage-gated K+ channels are open

# data[].attributes.body
→opening & closing voltage-gated Na+ & K+ channels

->travel in one direction

# data[].attributes.body
Electrical impulse plays hop scotch with the nodes down the axon

# data[].attributes.body
→become more negative

# data[].attributes.body
→ becomes less negative

# data[].attributes.body
→ large animals rely on a combo of diffusion & bulk flow for gas exchange

# data[].attributes.body
Movement of bodily fluids containing dissolved gasses

# data[].attributes.body
Movement of air in or out of the lungs to provide oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide

# data[].attributes.body
→ no use of metabolic energy

-> you're not doing anything to bring in oxygen, you're just exchanging it with the environment

# data[].attributes.body
→ expends metabolic energy

→ think a fish sucking in water to retrieve the oxygen from it

# data[].attributes.body
We kinda die without it

# data[].attributes.body
Tidal ventilation of lungs

# data[].attributes.body
→ negative pressure draws air into lungs

# data[].attributes.body
→ positive pressure expels air from lungs

# data[].attributes.body
→oxygen needs to be transported to the tissues & cells

# data[].attributes.body
protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen to it

# data[].attributes.body
O2 & CO2 both dissolve in plasma

solubility of O2< CO2

# data[].attributes.body
in red blood cells of vertebrates

in hemoglpyh of invertebrates

# data[].attributes.body
sigmodal like a hill

# data[].attributes.body
blood flows through connected blood vessels pumped by muscular hearts

to supply tissues wiuth nutrients

# data[].attributes.body
blood flows through a vessel with muscular thickenings that act like a pump

empties into an open body cavity to supply nutrients

returned to the circulation

# data[].attributes.body
carry blood towards the heart

# data[].attributes.body
carries blood away from heart

# data[].attributes.body
more efficient gas exchange

increased 02 delivery

higher metabolic rates

greater activity

# data[].attributes.body
deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the inferior/ superior venae cavae

# data[].attributes.body
deoxygenated blood passes through the right AV vale

enters through the right ventricle

# data[].attributes.body
deoxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary arteries through the pulmonary valve

# data[].attributes.body
oxygenated blood wooohooo!!!

retuerns from the lungs to the left atrium

# data[].attributes.body
oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle through the left AV valve

# data[].attributes.body
oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle

pumped through the aortic valve

finally into the systemic circulation