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According to Mill, if something is natural, is it just? What differs him from Rousseau?

Mill, who advocates individualistic liberalism, has consistently defended freedom of belief and conscience. Mill's concept of fairness is evaluated depending on whether the action provides equality and freedom between individuals. According to Rousseau's ideas, he imagined a strong male society, arguing that should women remain a passive and weak society.

However, in Mill's opinion, the fact that women also have equal rights and freedoms with men is considered a requirement of a just society.

As a result, Mill's perspective emphasizes the importance of women's equality and freedoms, while Rousseau's thoughts differ, arguing for women to occupy a secondary position in society. From this point of view, Mill's understanding of fairness has a more far-reaching and egalitarian perspective than Rousseau's.

Mill compares slavery and monarchy with women’s subjection. What does this comparison tell us about the arguments on ‘nature’?

This compression can be seen in the institution of slavery, where women were subjected to forced labor, sexual exploitation, and other forms of oppression. Similarly, in monarchies, women were often relegated to subordinate roles, with limited agency and autonomy. This compression tells us several things about arguments on human nature: 1. Social constructivism: The fact that men have historically dominated women suggests that gender roles and relationships are socially constructed, rather than being determined by biology or nature. This challenges essentialist arguments that men and women have inherent, natural differences that determine their roles in society. 2. Power dynamics: Male compression highlights the importance of power dynamics in shaping human relationships. It suggests that those with power (in this case, men) have used it to maintain their dominance over those without power (women). This challenges arguments that human nature is inherently cooperative or egalitarian. 3. Gender as a tool of oppression: Male compression demonstrates how gender has been used as a tool of oppression, with men using their power to control and exploit women. This challenges arguments that gender is a natural or biological category, rather than a social construct used to maintain power imbalances. 4. Human nature as malleable: The fact that male compression has been used to justify and maintain oppressive systems suggests that human nature is malleable and can be shaped by social and cultural forces. This challenges arguments that human nature is fixed or essential. .

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Mills, John Stuart (1999[1869]). "The Subjection of Women". 

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Mills, John Stuart (1999[1869]). "The Subjection of Women". 

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In it, Mill argues that women are oppressed and denied equal rights and opportunities in society. He believes that women should have the same freedom and autonomy as men and that their subjection is a result of societal norms and expectations, rather than any natural inferiority. Here are the main points of the essay: 1. Women's oppression is a result of socialization: Mill argues that women are socialized to be submissive and obedient, and that this limits their potential and perpetuates their oppression. 2. Women are denied equal rights and opportunities: Mill believes that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men, including the right to vote, own property, and participate in politics. 3. Marriage is a form of slavery: Mill argues that marriage is often a form of slavery for women, where they are forced to obey their husbands and surrender their autonomy. 4. Women's education is key to liberation: Mill believes that education is essential for women's liberation, as it allows them to develop their own thoughts and opinions, and to participate fully in society. 5. The subjection of women is a result of male dominance: Mill argues that the subjection of women is a result of male dominance and privilege, and that men must recognize and challenge their own biases and prejudices in order to create a more equal society.

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What is public and private spheres? And how are they related to gender inequality?

The public and private spheres refer to the way society is divided into two separate domains. The Public Sphere: The public sphere encompasses the state, politics, economy, and public institutions. It's the realm of citizenship, where individuals engage in political activities, participate in decision-making processes, and have access to resources and opportunities. Traditionally, this sphere has been dominated by men, who have held power and made decisions that shape society. The Private Sphere: The private sphere, on the other hand, is associated with the family, domesticity, and personal life. It's the realm of intimacy, where individuals engage in domestic and caregiving activities, such as childcare and household chores. Historically, women have been relegated to this sphere, expected to take care of domestic duties and prioritize family responsibilities over their own interests and aspirations. The Problem: The issue lies in the fact that this separation is not neutral. The public sphere is often valued more than the private sphere, and the activities performed in each sphere are not equally recognized or rewarded. The public sphere is seen as the realm of "real" politics and decision-making, while the private sphere is viewed as a secondary, less important domain. Gender Inequality: This division perpetuates gender inequality in several ways: 1. Limited Access to Resources: Women's confinement to the private sphere limits their access to resources, education, and job opportunities, making it difficult for them to participate in the public sphere. 2. Unequal Distribution of Labor: The burden of domestic and caregiving responsibilities falls disproportionately on women, leaving them with less time and energy to engage in public activities. 3. Lack of Representation: The dominance of men in the public sphere means that women's voices, interests, and perspectives are underrepresented in decision-making processes. 4. Devaluation of Care Work: The private sphere is often devalued, and the care work performed by women is seen as less important than the work performed by men in the public sphere. Implications: This division has significant implications for women's autonomy, agency, and equality. It perpetuates gender stereotypes, limits women's opportunities, and reinforces patriarchal structures.

According to Pateman, what is the biggest failure of liberal writers with respect to gender equality?

According to Pateman, the biggest failure of liberal writers with respect to gender equality is their assumption that the social contract is based on a universal, gender-neutral individual. Pateman argues that liberal theorists, such as John Locke and John Rawls, have traditionally assumed that individuals are autonomous, rational, and equal, and that they enter into the social contract voluntarily. However, she contends that this assumption is flawed because it ignores the fact that women have historically been excluded from the public sphere and have been subject to patriarchal power relations. In particular, Pateman argues that liberal writers have failed to recognize that the social contract is based on a masculine, patriarchal model that excludes women and reinforces their subordination. She claims that this failure has led to a lack of attention to the ways in which gender inequality is built into the very foundations of liberal democracy. By ignoring the gendered nature of the social contract, liberal writers have perpetuated a myth of universal citizenship that is, in reality, only available to men. This has resulted in a failure to address the specific needs and interests of women, and has limited their ability to participate fully in the political sphere.

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Walby, S. (2004) ‘The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Regime’

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Walby, S. (2004) ‘The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Regime’

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Walby argues that the European Union (EU) has played a significant role in promoting gender equality across its member states. However, Walby research reveals that the EU's approach to gender equality has resulted in emergent varieties of gender regimes. Here's a breakdown of Walby argument: 1. EU's gender equality policy: The EU has established a range of policies and directives aimed at promoting gender equality, including equal pay, equal treatment, and work-life balance. 2. Varieties of gender regimes: Despite the EU's efforts, Walby finds that different member states have developed distinct gender regimes, which are shaped by their unique cultural, historical, and institutional contexts. 3. Emergent varieties: Bay identifies three emergent varieties of gender regimes: *-Liberal gender regime: Characterized by a focus on individual rights, equal opportunities, and market-based solutions. Examples include the UK and Ireland. Social democratic gender regime: Emphasizes social welfare, collective bargaining, and state intervention. Examples include Sweden and Denmark. Familialist gender regime: Prioritizes family and care work, often at the expense of women's employment and autonomy. Examples include Italy and Spain. 4. Intersectionality and diversity: Walby highlights the importance of considering intersectionality and diversity in understanding gender regimes. She argues that the EU's approach to gender equality often neglects the experiences of marginalized groups, such as migrant women, women of color, and LGBTQ+ individuals. 5. Challenges and limitations: Walby research reveals that the EU's gender equality policies face challenges and limitations, including inadequate implementation, lack of resources, and resistance from member states. Overall, Walby work provides a nuanced understanding of the EU's role in promoting gender equality and the emergent varieties of gender regimes across member states.

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Blanchard, Eric M. (2003). "Gender, International Relations, and the Development of Feminist Security Theory". 

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Blanchard, Eric M. (2003). "Gender, International Relations, and the Development of Feminist Security Theory". 

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Blanchard argues that traditional international relations (IR) theory has been gender-blind, neglecting the role of gender in shaping global politics. He contends that gender is not just a domestic issue, but a crucial aspect of international relations. Gender-internationalism seeks to integrate gender analysis into IR theory, recognizing that gender shapes the way we understand and practice international relations. Feminist Security Theory: Feminist security theory, as developed by Blanchard and other scholars, challenges traditional security studies by highlighting the gendered nature of security. This approach argues that security is not just about state security or military power, but also about human security, including the security of women, children, and marginalized groups. Blanchard's work emphasizes that feminist security theory is not just about adding women to existing security frameworks, but about transforming the way we think about security. It involves recognizing the ways in which gender shapes our understanding of security, including: 1. Gendered experiences of insecurity: Women and marginalized groups often face different security threats, such as gender-based violence, sexual exploitation, and discrimination. 2. Gendered power dynamics: Gender shapes the distribution of power and resources, influencing who gets to define security and whose security concerns are prioritized. 3. Gendered security practices: Feminist security theory highlights the need for more inclusive and participatory security practices that take into account the experiences and perspectives of women and marginalized groups. Development of Feminist Security Theory: Blanchard's work traces the development of feminist security theory, from its roots in feminist IR theory to its current applications in global politics. He examines how feminist scholars have challenged traditional security studies, arguing that security is not just a masculine concern, but a feminist one as well. Blanchard's work also explores the ways in which feminist security theory has been applied in various contexts, including: 1. Human security: Feminist security theory emphasizes the importance of human security, including the protection of civilians, particularly women and children, in conflict zones. 2. Peacebuilding: Feminist security theory informs peacebuilding efforts, recognizing the need for inclusive and participatory processes that involve women and marginalized groups. 3. Global governance: Blanchard's work examines how feminist security theory can shape global governance, including the development of more inclusive and gender-sensitive international institutions.

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Fiona Robinson. “Rethinking Human Security”. 

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Fiona Robinson. “Rethinking Human Security”. 

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Robinson argues that traditional security studies have focused too much on state security and military power, neglecting the everyday security concerns of individuals and communities. She contends that human security should be rethought to prioritize the well-being and dignity of all people, particularly the most vulnerable. Here are some key points from Robinson's work: 1. Critique of traditional security studies: Robinson critiques traditional security studies for being overly focused on state security, military power, and national interests. She argues that this narrow approach neglects the security concerns of individuals, communities, and the environment. 2. Human-centered approach: Robinson advocates for a human-centered approach to security, which prioritizes the well-being, dignity, and agency of all people. This approach recognizes that security is not just about protecting states, but about ensuring the safety and well-being of individuals and communities. 3. Broadening the security agenda: Robinson argues that the security agenda should be broadened to include issues like poverty, inequality, environmental degradation, and social injustice. These issues are critical to human security, but have often been neglected in traditional security studies. 4. Feminist and critical perspectives: Robinson draws on feminist and critical perspectives to challenge dominant security discourses. She argues that these perspectives offer a more nuanced understanding of power, inequality, and security, and can help to create a more inclusive and equitable security agenda. 5. Emphasis on human dignity: Robinson emphasizes the importance of human dignity in security studies. She argues that security should be about protecting and promoting human dignity, rather than just protecting states or national interests.

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Defining Feminist Foreign Policy: A 2021 Update By Lyric Thompson, Spogmay Ahmed and Tanya Khokhar

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Defining Feminist Foreign Policy: A 2021 Update By Lyric Thompson, Spogmay Ahmed and Tanya Khokhar

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The article defines feminist foreign policy as an approach that prioritizes gender equality, human rights, and sustainable development in international relations. The authors identify three core principles of feminist foreign policy: *Gender equality:** Promoting equal rights, opportunities, and representation for women and girls. *Human rights:** Upholding human rights, including reproductive rights, and combating gender-based violence. *Sustainable development:** Fostering sustainable and inclusive development, with a focus on social and environmental justice. the countries mentioned as examples of those that have adopted feminist foreign policies are: 1. Sweden: Known for its pioneering work in feminist foreign policy, Sweden has made gender equality a central aspect of its international relations. 2. Canada: Canada has also been a leader in feminist foreign policy, with a focus on promoting gender equality, women's empowerment, and human rights. 3. Mexico: Mexico has been recognized for its efforts to integrate a gender perspective into its foreign policy, including through its participation in international forums and agreements. These countries are highlighted as examples of how feminist foreign policy can be implemented in practice, with a focus on promoting gender equality, human rights, and sustainable development.

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Krook, Mona Lena. 2017. "Violence Against Women in Politics." 

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Krook, Mona Lena. 2017. "Violence Against Women in Politics." 

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Krog-Mona Dana's research explores the ways in which women in politics are often subjected to gendered stereotypes, biases, and attacks that can undermine their credibility and effectiveness. Key points from Dana's work: 1. Gendered stereotypes: Dana argues that women in politics are often stereotyped as being emotional, weak, or incompetent, which can lead to them being perceived as less capable leaders. 2. Villainization: Women politicians are often villainized or portrayed as villains in the media and public discourse, which can further erode their credibility and legitimacy. 3. Sexism and misogyny: Dana's research highlights the ways in which sexism and misogyny can manifest in political discourse, including through the use of gendered insults, sexualized attacks, and other forms of harassment. 4. Impact on political participation: The villainization of women in politics can have a chilling effect on their participation in political life, as they may face significant barriers to entry, including discrimination, harassment, and violence. 5. Importance of representation: Dana emphasizes the importance of representation and diversity in politics, arguing that having more women in political office can help to challenge and change these harmful stereotypes and biases.