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Capital city: Madrid

Population: 47.78 M (2022)

Size: 506,030 km²

Year of Independence: 1884

Goverment system: Constitutional Monarchy

Current Head of state/Leader: King Felipe VI

European Union Economic Ranking: 4th

Biggest export/revenue: Vehicles, mineral fuels, pharmaceuticals, Machinery including computers, electrical machinery, plastics, iron and steel, fruits and nuts, and meats.

Sosio-Economic issues: Unemployment, income inequality, regional disparities, housing crisis, youth emigration and immigration.

Name: DORA JUSLI (BA22110479)

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Capital City : Rome

Population : 58.94 million (2022)

Size : 302,073 km²

Year Of Independence : 1861

Government System : Democratic Republic

Current Head Of State/Leader : Sergio Mattarella

European Union Economic Ranking : 3rd

Biggest Export/Revenue : Packaged Medicaments, Refined Petroleum, Cars, Vaccines, blood, antisera, toxins and cultures.

Socio-Economic Issues : High Unemployment, Economic Stagnation, Political Instability, Immigration and Integration, Demographic Challenges.

Nur Syazwani Binti Jasmi (BA22110341)

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1. Capital City: Zagreb

2. Population: Approximately 4 million (as of 2022)

3. Size: 56,594 km²

4. Year of Independence: 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

5. Government System: Parliamentary Republic

6. Current Head of State/Leader: President Zoran Milanović (as of 2022)

7. European Union Economic Ranking : 17th

8. Biggest Exports/Revenue:
• Machinery and transport equipment
• Manufactured goods
• Chemicals and plastics

9. Socio economic issues :
• Demographic Challenges: Croatia faces demographic challenges due to an aging population and emigration of younger citizens seeking better opportunities abroad.
• Economic Disparities: There are significant economic disparities between regions, with coastal areas being more prosperous than inland regions.

Nuraqilah Binti Yassin (BA22110293)

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Capital city: Berlin

Population: 83.28 million (Per January 2024)

Size: 357,386 km2

Year of Independence: 3 October 1990 (West and East Germany was Unified)

Goverment system: federal parliamentary democratic republic system

Current Head of state/Leader: Olaf Scholz

European Union Economic Ranking: 1st

Biggest export/revenue (minimum 3): Automobiles and Automotive Parts, Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, Machinery and Equipment

Sosio-Economic issues: Income inequality, demographic change, Integration of Migrants, Education and Skills Development

FRANKYLIN DELL (BA22110534)

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Capital City: Prague

Population: 10.53million (2022)

Size: 78,867 km²

Year of Independence: 1918

Government System: Unitary Parliamentary Republic

Current Head of State/Leader: President Petr Pavel

European Union Economic Ranking: 9th

Biggest Export/Revenue: Cars, Broadcasting equipment, Motor vehicles, Computers, Office machine parts

Socio-Economic Issues: Inflation and unemployment, regional inequality, corruption

Law Lens BA22110367

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capital city: Brussels

population: 11.69 MILLION ( 2022)

size: 30,688 km2

year of independence: 1830

government system: constitutional monarchy

current head of state/leader: King Philippe

european union economic raking: 25th

biggest export / revenue: Petroluem gas

socio-economic issues: regional disparities, welfare and social protection, education and healthcare.

Nur Awanis Binti Roslan (BA22110062)

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Capital city : Copenhagen

Population: 5,939,695 (2024)

Size : 42,952 km2

Year of independence : 1945

Government system : parliamentary democracy

Current head of state/ leader: Mette Frederiksen

European Union economic ranking: 15th

Biggest Export/ Revenue: Packaged Medicaments ($15.9B), Electricity ($3.66B), Refined Petroleum ($3.01B)

Sosio-economic issues : inflation, demographic headwinds, unemployment

Anne Yap Ann Yee BA22110582

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Capital city: Amsterdam

Population: 17.5 million people (2022)

Size: The Netherlands covers an area of about 41,543 square kilometers.

Year of Independence: The Netherlands gained independence from Spain in 1648, following the Eighty Years' War (also known as the Dutch War of Independence).

Government system: The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy.

Current Head of state/Leader: King Willem-Alexander is the reigning monarch, and the Prime Minister is the head of government.

European Uniom Economic Ranking: 5th

Biggest export/revenue (minimum 3):
Machinery and equipment ; Chemicals ; Mineral fuels (including petroleum and natural gas)

MURNIE YAMIT BA22160801

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"According to Shauna Sharkey, if you vote yes, you're allowed to swing both ways, [...] Well, you can be Irish, you can be British, or you can be bi." - Aunt Sarah, Derry Girls on the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.

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Capital city : Dublin

Population : 7 million approx. as of 2023

Size : 84,421 km²

Year of Independence : 1922 (as Irish Free State); but in 1949, Ireland transitioned into a republic, as Ireland ceased to be part of His Majesty's dominions, therefore fully manifests as a self-governing state without the King as its head of state.

Government System : Republic; parliamentary democracy

Current Head of State/Leader : Michael D. Higgins (president of Ireland), Leo Varadkar (the prime minister of Ireland or Taoiseach)

European Union Economic Ranking : 9th as of 2023

Biggest Exports/Revenue :

1. Medical & pharmaceutical products

2. Organic chemicals

3. Professional, scientific & controlling apparatus

Socio-Economic Issues :

1. Increase in unemployment & emmigration

2. A fall in tax revenue

3. High level of public debt

4. Property crash

5. Banking system problems

HANI BATRISYIA BINTI ABDUL MALEK [BA22160815]

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Capital city: Stockholm

Population: Approximately 10.5 million (2024)

Size: 450,000 km²

Year of Independence: Sweden has never been occupied by a foreign power since the Middle Ages, so it doesn't have a specific year of independence in the same sense as countries that gained independence from colonial rule. However, it has been an independent kingdom since ancient times.

Government system: Parliamentary democracy, constitutional monarchy

Current Head of state/Leader: King Carl XVI Gustaf (as the ceremonial head of state) and Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson

European Union Economic Ranking : 6th

Biggest export/revenue:

Machinery and equipment

Motor vehicles

Pharmaceuticals

Sosio-Economic Issues :

Income inequality

Integration of immigrants

Housing affordability

Education disparities

Aging population

Climate change and sustainability

Basil Bee Bin Baszley Bee (BA22160764)

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Capital city: Valletta

Population: 536,361 (2024)

Size: 320 km²

Year of Independence: 1964

Government system: Parliamentary republic

Current Head of State/Leader: President Myriam Spiteri Debono

European Union Economic Ranking: 27th

Biggest export/revenue (minimum 3):

- pharmaceuticals

- machinery and transport equipment

- refined petroleum products

Socio-economic issues:

- housing affordability income inequality

- environmental sustainability

- managing migration flows

NUR SHAZLIANA BINTI MOHD SHAFUWAN BA22160857

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Capital city: Lisbon

Population: 10.41 M (2022)

Size: 92 152 km2

Year of Independence: 5 Oktober 1143

Goverment system: semi-presidential representative democratic republic system

Current Head of state/Leader: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa

European Union Economic Ranking: 21

Biggest export/revenue (minimum 3): Vehicles, Electrical machinery equipment and machinery including computers

Sosio-Economic issues: unemployment, income inequality, aging population, brain drain.

Ahmad Umar Rasydan bin Ahmad Zaim Faisal

BA22160810

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Capital city: Monte Carlo

Population: 36, 469 (2022)

Size: 916 445 km2

Year of Independence: 1793

Goverment system: Constitional Monarchy

Current Head of state/Leader: Nicolas Maduro

European Union Economic Ranking: 45th

Biggest export/revenue (minimum 3): Lack of employment was beginning to create discontent in Monegasque society. Fighting to preserve their national identity. Particularly through protecting their local dialect.

DAYANG KU SITI MASHITAH AK SULAIMAN

(BA21110057)

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Capital city: Nicosia

Population: 1.2 million people in 2023 mid year.

Size: 9251 km2

Year of Independence:  1960

Goverment system:  Presidential system of government.

Current Head of state/Leader: Nikos Christodoulides

European Union Economic Ranking: 104th

Biggest export/revenue (minimum 3): Ships, Mineral fuels including oil, and pharmaceuticals.

Sosio-Economic issues: Macroeconomic imbalances, high unemployed rate.

Affendy Mike (BA22110535)

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1. Capital city: Helsinki

2. Population: 5.6 M (2022)

3. Size: 338, 145 km2

4. Year of Independence: 6 December 1917

5. Government system: Parliamentary republic

6. Current Head of State/Leader: Alexander Stubb

7. European Union Economic Ranking: 14th

8. Biggest exports/Revenue: Refined Petroleum, Kaolin Coated Paper, Large Flat-Rolled Stainless Steel, Sulfate Chemical Woodpulp, and Cars.

9. Sosio-Economic issues: Ageing, unemployment, regional development, transformation of family structure, and high inflation and policy tightening.

ANGELOU YONG YUN ANN

BA22110022

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Capital City: Ljubljana

Population: 2.11 M (2022)

Size: 20,271 km2

Year of Independence: 26 June 1991

Goverment system: Unitary Parliamentary Republic

Current Head of state/Leader: Natasa Pirc Musar

Europe Union Economic Ranking: 88th

Biggest export/revenue: Pharmaceuticals, electrical machinery/ equipment, vehicles & machinery including computer

Sosio-Economic issues: Unemployment, social inequality, healthcare & demographic challenges

NURHANIS SOFEA BINTI ROSMAN (BA22110604)

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Capital city : Riga

Population: 1.8 million people in April 13 2024

Size: 64 559 km²

Year of Independence: 21 August 1991

Government System: Parliamentary Republic

Current head of state/Leader: Edgars Rinkēvičs

European Union Economic Ranking: 25th

Biggest export/revenue (minimum 3): Sawn Wood, Wheat, Petroleum Gas, Electricity and Fuel Wood

Sosio-economic issues: Low birth rate and decreasing population.Income inequality, poverty, uneven development.

(Yvette Grace Valentina Matthias [BA22110138])

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Capital city: Budapest

Population: 10.07 miliion

Size: 93,030 km² (35,919 mi²)

Year of Independence: 1️⃣8️⃣4️⃣9️⃣

Goverment system: parliamentary republic

Current Head of state/Leader: Tamás Sulyok

European conomic Ranking: 21

Biggest export/revenue (minimum 3): electronics, pharmaceuticals, and motor vehicles

Sosio-Economic issues: labor shortages, severe poverty in rural regions, reliance on Russian energy imports and pervasive corruption

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Capital city: Vilnius

Population: 2.832 million (2022)

Size: 65,300 km²

Year of Independence: 16 February 1918

Goverment system: A parliamentary democracy

Current Head of state/Leader: Gitanas Nausėda

Latin America Economic Ranking: 20th

Biggest export/revenue (minimum 3):Mineral fuels and mineral oils, Furniture and stuffed furnishings ranked second.

Sosio-Economic issues: demographic Challenges, economy in equality, regional disparaties.

NOR AZA SOLEHA BINTI MAT

BA22160782

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Capital city: Luxembourg

Population: 661, 594 (2024)

Size: 2,586 km²

Year of Independence: 1867

Government System: Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy

Current Head of State/ Leader: Luc Frieden

European Union Economic Ranking: 21st

Biggest Export/Revenue:

1. Industrial Machinery. (12.8%)

2. Iron and steel. (11.6%)

3. Plastics. (11.1%)

4. Motor Vehicle and parts. (8.51%)

5. Iron and steel articles. (5.86%)

Socio - Economic Issues: Inflation, High unemployment, Housing affordability, Income inequality, Transportation Infrastructure, Healthcare costs, Education access.

References:

GDP of EU member states 2022. (n.d.). Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1373346/eu-gdp-member-states-2022/

Luxembourg Population (2024) - Worldometers. (2024). Worldometers.info. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/luxembourg-population/

‌

Luxembourg - Countries - Office of the Historian. (2024). State.gov. https://history.state.gov/countries/luxembourg#:~:text=Summary

Luxembourg: Trade Statistics. (n.d.). Globaledge.msu.edu. https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/luxembourg/tradestats

The Luxembourg Government. (2018). Political system. Gouvernement.lu. https://gouvernement.lu/en/systeme-politique.html

Nur Amanina binti Othman (BA22110151)

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Capital City: Paris

Population: 64 881 830 (2024)

Size: 551 500 km2

Year of Independence: 22 September 1792

Government system: Semi-presidential system

Current Head of state/Leader: Gabriel Attal

European Union Economic Ranking: 2nd

Biggest export/revenue (minimum 3): Machinery, Vehicles, Pharmaceuticals

Sosio-Economic Issues: business investment, inflation, unemployment

SYAMIL AIRUL BIN SHAMSUL HAZLI (BA22110317)

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Capital City : Lisbon

Population : 10.5 million (2022)

size : 92,090 km2

Year of independence : Portugal wasn't a colony, but it did become a unified kingdom in 1139.

Government system : Semi-presidential republic with a Prime Minister and President.

Current Head of State : President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (as of April 2024)

Latin America Economic Ranking : Portugal doesn't have a ranking in Latin America's economy as its located in Southwestern Europe.

Biggest Export/Revenue :

·   Vehicles

·   Tourism

·   Machinery and Electrical Equipment

Sosio-Economic Issues :

1. High Public Debt

2. Income inequality

3. Brain Drain

4. Reliance on tourism

5. Austerity measures

Nur Aisyah Binti Mohd Juari

(BA22160839)