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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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a camera obscura is a dark room with a small hole in one wall. When it's bright outside, light enters through the hole and projects an upside down image of the outside world onto the wall opposite the hole.

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a small-format photographic film used in single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs), film cameras, rangefinders, and disposable cameras. The number 35 refers to the total width of the film, including its perforated edges.

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a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens", while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

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The gelatin silver print or gelatin developing out paper (DOP) is a monochrome imaging process based on the light sensitivity of silver halides.

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Photo curators collect, exhibit, research and maintain the photo collection at a museum. They are also responsible for the storage and presentation of photographical collections. At a museum, the curator's position is perhaps the most important position of them all.

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a public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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a room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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A photography studio is a workspace specifically designed and built for the purpose of taking photographs. In it's basic form a studio will feature a well lit space with a blank backdrop to allow the capturing of images in an environment free from obtrusive external light sources.

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is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space.
If the design was a scale, these elements should be balanced to make a design feel
stable

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is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention. Usually the artist will make one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas.

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is the path the viewer’s eye takes through the work of art, often to focal
areas.

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is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the work of art.

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What happens when you put it all together? How do all of these elements work with one another? The way elements are arranged so that the image is seen as a whole and overall, creates a visually compelling composition is unity.

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is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer’s attention and to guide the viewer’s eye through and around the work of art.

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is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes, amounts, or number) relate well with each other

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Line is a mark with more length than width, it can be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. They can be straight, curved, thick, or thin. A line creates a recognizable path by a point that is moving, it is one dimensional.

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Value describes the brightness or darkness of a color. It doesn't necessarily mean black and white.

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A closed line, it can be geometric, like squares and circles or it can be organic like free-forms or natural shapes. Shapes are flat, lack value and can express length and width. They are two dimensional.

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Three dimensional shapes expressing length, width, and depth.

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Light reflected off of objects it has three main characteristics. Hue, Value, Intensity.

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the area between and around objects. Space around objects is negative space. Positive space is the part that has the object or subject.

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Surface quality that can be seen and felt.

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symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.

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the quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.

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lack of equality or equivalence between parts or aspects of something; lack of symmetry.

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the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

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art that does not attempt to represent external reality, but seeks to achieve its effect using shapes, forms, colors, and textures.

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The phrase cool color is used to describe any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. For this reason, cool colors typically make a space seem larger. Examples of cool colors include green, blue and violet (think calming blue waters).

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Warm colors convey emotions from simple optimism to strong violence. The warmth of red, yellow, pink, or orange can create excitement or even anger. The neutrals of black and brown also carry warm attributes.

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A neutral is a color without much intensity or saturation—a color that's lacking in color, if you will, which generally goes with everything. Examples of neutral colors include: Tan. Beige. Ivory.

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Complementary colors are two colors that are on opposite sides of the color wheel.

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Monochromatic color refers to a color scheme that is comprised of variations of one color.

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Color gradients, or color transitions, are defined as a gradual blending from one color to another.

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Constructive criticism focuses on providing constructive feedback, supported by specific examples, to help you improve in some area. Constructive criticism should be offered in a friendly manner with good intentions.

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the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

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Subjective: Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions. Objective: (of a person or their judgement) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.

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Copyrights primarily protect the rights of people who create literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works (like history tests, and software code). Trademarks protect the use of a company's name and its product names, brand identity (like logos) and slogans.

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The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open.

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“Leading lines are a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image,”

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The photograph is divided into nine rectangles along two horizontal and vertical lines according to the golden ratio.

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Negative space photography is related to minimalist photography. It emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject. The viewer's eyes may be drawn to a central figure, but they can't help noticing the large section of emptiness that surrounds and defines that figure.

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Positive space refers to the subject or areas of interest in an artwork, such as a person's face or figure in a portrait, the objects in a still life painting, or the trees in a landscape painting.

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Backlighting helps separate the subject and the background. Live theatre lighting designs often use backlighting to give a more three-dimensional appearance to actors or set elements, when front lighting alone would give a flat, two-dimensional look.

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Diffused light is a soft light with neither the intensity nor the glare of direct light. It is scattered and comes from all directions.

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Also called general lighting, ambient lighting provides overall illumination for a room, and is intended to create a uniform light level throughout a space, independent of any special lighting that may be needed in targeted areas of a room.

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In photography, the chiaroscuro lighting technique can be defined simply as high contrast lighting

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Silhouette lighting is when we use a backlight to create (wait for it...) a silhouette

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Diptychs are a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasise contrast. Or you can create one composition using two entirely different images. The word itself comes from ancient Greek. Think of diptychs as collages.

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A triptych is a group of 3 separate images displayed together. But crucially, the 3 images are more than just 3 photographs set out next to each other - they work together to create something more than that.

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projection of a single view of an object (such as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface.

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Barrel distortion describes a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards

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In pincushion distortion, image magnification increases with the distance from the optical axis.

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ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity.

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The exposure index or speed rating of a film which denotes the film's sensitivity. Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's ..

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In a digital camera, the image sensor is the device that collects incoming light when the shutter opens and converts that light into an electrical signal. The camera then analyzes that signal and translates the data into colors, that match the real-life image in the camera's viewfinder.

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Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons.

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Just like with sound, where noise refers to auditory disruptions, in photography, the term digital noise refers to visual distortion. Noise looks like tiny colored pixels or specks in your photograph, and sometimes resembles the grain that you may see in film photography.

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The f-stop refers to the aperture opening of the lens through which light can pass to the sensor or film.

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Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16.

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“the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light.

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1. the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that give an image judged to be in focus in a camera.

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The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity. Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification.

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Auto Mode. Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot.

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Program mode (the "P" on the mode dial of most DSLRs) means that the camera still sets the exposure for you. It chooses the correct aperture and shutter speed for the light available, so your shot is correctly exposed. Program mode also unlocks other functions that give you more creative control over your images.

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As the name suggests, “Manual” mode stands for a full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want – the camera lets you fully take over the exposure

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shutter-priority mode when you need to control shutter speed and don't care (much) about aperture. You determine the shutter speed you want, and the camera automatically adjusts the aperture to maintain the correct exposure.

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With it, the photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects

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Shutter speed is exactly what it sounds like: It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.

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Bulb mode simply allows the photographer to take a picture for as long as the shutter is depressed (that means pushed down,

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Motion blur is a long exposure photography technique that lets you convey the feeling of movement or action in a still image.

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Both a tripod and monopod are accessories designed to support a camera — where the two differ are the legs. A tripod has three legs (that’s the “tri”). A monopod is a camera support that has one leg (that’s the “mono”).

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements.

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a cinematography method in which a photographer takes a series of still pictures of the same frame at regular intervals over some time, then plays the whole sequence back in fast succession.

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Light painting is the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.” A light painting photographer opens a camera's shutter and keeps it open as they draw in the air with a light source.

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Panning is a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object. It is a way to keep your subject in focus while blurring your background. Panning is typically done on a subject moving horizontally, such as a moving car, or a running dog.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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Spot Metering only evaluates the light around your focus point and ignores everything else

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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Center-weighted Metering evaluates the light in the middle of the frame and its surroundings and ignores the corners.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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By definition 18% gray is the “mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.” Think of it this way; it is simply halfway between black and white

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shadows are the dark parts.

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Midtones are the areas of an image that are neither bright nor dark.

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Highlights refer to the bright parts of an image,

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos.

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Sepia is a reddish-brown color, named after the rich brown pigment derived from the ink sac of the common cuttlefish Sepia.

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Autofocus (AF) points are what you use to determine where the camera will be focusing the image. When you look through your viewfinder, these are the rectangles or circles that you see. There are different types of AF points: vertical or horizontal, and cross-type.

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Bracketing is the process of shooting the same image, shot, or scene multiple times using different camera settings resulting in different exposures. Cinematographers and photographers either bracket the camera's aperture, ISO, or shutter speed for varying exposures.

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The exposure meter indicates the level of light reaching the sensor. Too much light results in over exposure which gives you a photo that is too light and lacking detail. Too little light results in under exposure which gives you a photo that is too dark and again, lacking detail.

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Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure. It lets you take control of your image's brightness by manually increasing or decreasing exposure.

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A white balance card (or gray card) helps you adjust the white balance and exposure settings of images by providing a reference point.

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Go up to the Window menu, choose Workspace, and then choose New Workspace. Or, click on the Workspace icon and choose New Workspace. In the New Workspace dialog box, enter the exact same name as the existing workspace.

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The toolbar is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with.

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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The menu bar is used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more.

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The options bar is right underneath the menu bar. It's a horizontal menu that, by default, is on the left side of the screen. Don't see the options bar? Bring it back by going to the Window drop-down menu and selecting Options (on both macOS and Windows).