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The Mongol Empire rules in Central and East Asia (1206)

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The Mongol Empire rules in Central and East Asia (1206)

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Mongol empire, empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. Originating from the Mongol heartland in the Steppe of central Asia, by the late 13th century it spanned from the Pacific Ocean in the east to the Danube River and the shores of the Persian Gulf in the west. The Mongol invasion of Central Asia occurred after the unification of the Mongol and Turkic tribes on the Mongolian plateau.

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King John affixed his seal to Magna Carta on June 15, 1215. He consented to the demands of 40 rebellious barons in order to avert civil war. The Magna Carta can be seen as a foundation of accountability, of popular democracy, and even of the importance of engaged citizens.

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The Renaissance started in Italy and caused an outbreak of creativity in writing, art, and thought. Renaissance means rebirth, referring to the revival of art and learning. Some causes of the Renaissance were interactions between cultures, emergence of humanism, and different artistic and technological innovations.

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The Black Plague arrives in Europe (1346)

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The Black Plague arrives in Europe (1346)

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The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Afro-Eurasia from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history. It caused the death of 75–200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa.

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The Ming Dynasty ruled China and doubled its population during 1368-1644 A.D. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority population in China. There were many achievements of the Ming Dynasty, like the majority of the existing Great Wall of China was built in this era.

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The Gutenberg Bible was the earliest major book printed using movable metal in Europe. This book is valued for its high aesthetic quality as well as its historical significance. This book is known to Christians containing the Old and New Testament.

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The Sistine Chapel is located in the Vatican City and is the official residence of the pope. It is famous for its Renaissance paintings by Michelangelo. The work was commissioned by Pope Julius ll in 1508.

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Christopher Columbus lands in the Bahamas (October 12, 1492) 

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Christopher Columbus lands in the Bahamas (October 12, 1492) 

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Columbus set sail from Spain to find an all-water route to Asia. Two months later, Columbus landed on an island in the Bahamas and called it San Salvador. He was the first European to sight the Bahamas during his voyages.

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The Treaty of Tordesillas is signed (June 7, 1494)

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The Treaty of Tordesillas is signed (June 7, 1494)

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The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the "New World" into resources, land, and people claimed by Spain and Portugal. It was signed in Spain of June 7, 1494 and was authenticated in Portugal. It was one of the first official documents for colonization and the concept of freedom of the seas.

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The Mona Lisa may be unfinished, and was once believed to be a self-portrait. It is based on the Lisa del Giocondo Theory, and comes from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari. Leonardo da Vinci undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife.

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First enslaved Africans arrive in the Americas (1511)

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First enslaved Africans arrive in the Americas (1511)

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The first slave voyage directed from Africa to the Americas probably sailed in 1526. The volume of slaves carried off the Africa reached 30,000 per year in the 1690's and 85,000 per year a century later. Some slaves, kidnapped by the Portuguese, arrived in the British Colony of Virginia and are then bought by English colonists.

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Martin Luther’s 95 Theses (October 31, 1517)

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Martin Luther’s 95 Theses (October 31, 1517)

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The 95 Theses represented a direct challenge to the authority of the Church from a respected clergyman. It later became the catalyst for reformation because they were soon translated from Latin into German. It's purpose was to get the Roman Catholic Church to stop selling indulgences or "hell free" cards.

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Hernán Cortés the Spanish conquistador conquers the Aztec empire (1521)

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Hernán Cortés the Spanish conquistador conquers the Aztec empire (1521)

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Hernán Cortés besieged Tenochtitlan for 93 days and enabled the Spanish to conquer the city. Cortes destroyed the Aztec empire and the Spanish began to consolidate control over what became the colony of New Spain. He used deadly forces to conquer Mexico.

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Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory (1543) 

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Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory (1543) 

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Nicolaus Copernicus published the heliocentric theory, leading to the advancement in astronomical tools. This theory changed people's perception of their place in the universe. This development helped us get closer to the real picture of our solar system.

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Queen Elizabeth takes the throne of England (November 17, 1558)

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Queen Elizabeth takes the throne of England (November 17, 1558)

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Queen Elizabeth II was crowned in Westminster Abbey on June 2, 1953. Her Majesty was the thirty-ninth Sovereign to be crowned at Westminster Abbey. Queen Elizabeth II is the sixth Queen to have been crowned in Westminster Abbey in her own right.

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William Shakespeare was a renowned English poet, playwright, and actor born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He borrowed from Latin and Greek authors as well as adapting stories from elsewhere in Europe.

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English settlers arrived under the authority of the Virginia Company of London. King James 1 established the first permanent English settlement in North America named Jamestown, Virginia. Jamestown was intended to become the core of a long-term settlement effort, creating wealth for the London investors and recreating English society in North America.

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Feizi was the founder of the state of Qin. The Qin dynasty was the final imperial dynasty of China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. It was an era for its prosperity and tumultuous final years, but started to struggle because population growth meant there wasn't enough farmland or jobs to support everyone.

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Isaac Newton publishes “Principia,” a landmark work that established the universal laws of motion and gravity (1687)

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Isaac Newton publishes “Principia,” a landmark work that established the universal laws of motion and gravity (1687)

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Principia is a work expounding Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation. It unlocked the universe with its discovery of gravity and laws of planetary motion, and laid out a method of inquiry that became the gold standard. In his theory, the entire universe was filled with elements of different sizes which shifted around each other.

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The Glorious Revolution took place in England, involving the overthrow of King James ll. He was later replaced on the throne by his daughter Mary ll and her husband William lll, the Prince of Orange. This led to the establishment of an English nation that limited the power of the king, providing protections for English subjects.

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George Washington struck the war's first blow. The French and Indian War was part of the first global war. It began over the issue of whether the upper Ohio River valley was a part of the British Empire, opening trade by Virginians.

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Congress approves the final text of the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)

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Congress approves the final text of the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)

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The representatives of the United States of America assembled in the Supreme Court to approve the final text of the Declaration of Independence. John Adams believed this date would be the most memorable "epocha" in the history of America. This was the final draft of the Declaration approved by the Continental Congress.

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George Washington is inaugurated as the first U.S. President. (April 30, 1789)

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George Washington is inaugurated as the first U.S. President. (April 30, 1789)

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In 1789, George Washington became the first president of the United States. His first words as President would set the tone not just for his Presidency, but the entire country. Therefore, he assured the nation and the world of his determination to make the American experiment a success.

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Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

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Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

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The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris, France, when revolutionaries stormed and took over the medieval armory, prison, and fortress known as the Bastille. This event signaled the start of the French Revolution. Bastille became a symbol of the monarchy's dictatorial rule.

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King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine (January 21, 1793)

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King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine (January 21, 1793)

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In November 1792, a secret cupboard containing proof of Louis' counter-revolutionary beliefs and correspondence with foreign powers was discovered in Tuileries Palace. Louis was convicted and condemned to death by a narrow majority. This major event of the French Revolution, took place publicly on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la Révolution.

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Maximilien Robespierre beheaded by the Guillotine (July 28, 1794)

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Maximilien Robespierre beheaded by the Guillotine (July 28, 1794)

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Maximilien Robespierre and some of his followers were arrested at the Hotel de Ville in Paris on July 27, 1794. They were then taken to the Place de la Revolution where they were executed by guillotine. He was arrested because he practiced equality and issued new rules according to which people ate plain bread.

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Thomas Jefferson took the Louisiana Territory away from Napoleon in 1803 for $27 million. The states included in this land were Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Oklahoma along with most of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and Minnesota. This land was more than 800,000 square miles large.

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Revolution and Independence in Haiti (January 1, 1804)

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Revolution and Independence in Haiti (January 1, 1804)

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Haitian people won independence from France and became the first country to be founded by former slaves. Colonial authorities surrendered with the adi of the British. The treatment of slaves and Mulattoes in Haiti was so bad that it forced violent but successful slave insurrection in history.

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Expedition of Lewis and Clark with Sacagawea May (1804)

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Expedition of Lewis and Clark with Sacagawea May (1804)

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The Shoshone woman Sacagawea accompanied Lewis and Clark from the northern plains through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and back. Her skills as a translator were very useful, as was her intimate knowledge of some difficult terrain. The purpose of this expedition was to explore the Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Northwest.

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Napoleon crowned Emperor of France (December 2, 1804)

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Napoleon crowned Emperor of France (December 2, 1804)

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On December 2nd, 1804 Napoleon crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I at Notre Dame de Paris. According to legend, during the coronation he snatched the crown from the hands of Pope Pius VII and crowned himself. Napoleon symbolically showed that he would not be controlled by Rome or submit to any power other than himself.

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The Slave Trade is abolished in the British Empire (May 25, 1807)

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The Slave Trade is abolished in the British Empire (May 25, 1807)

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The slave trade played an important role in providing British industry with access to raw material. This contributed to the increased production of manufactured goods. Some merchants became bankers and many new businesses were financed by profits made from slave-trading.

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Ludwig van Beethoven composes his famous Ninth Symphony (1822)

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Ludwig van Beethoven composes his famous Ninth Symphony (1822)

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Beethoven wanted to set the poem to music for its themes of freedom so he wrote the Ninth Symphony. He included chorus and vocal soloists in his final movement. The finale of the Ninth Symphony was based on Schiller's poem, Ode to Joy.

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Charles Darwin publishes theory of evolution (1859) 

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Charles Darwin publishes theory of evolution (1859) 

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Darwin created a theory of biological evolution called Darwinism. He waited more than 20 years to publish his groundbreaking theory on evolution. Darwin stated that all species of organisms develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

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Victor Hugo writes Les Miserables (1862)

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Victor Hugo writes Les Miserables (1862)

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Victor Hugo wrote Les Misérables to make sense of life lived during a difficult time. He was part of a generation in 19th France whose lives were battered by divisive politics, disruptive technology, and a deadly pandemic. Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables tells the story of redemption and revolution on the streets of Paris in the early 19th century.

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Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister (1862)

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Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister (1862)

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King Frederick Wilhelm appointed Otto von Bismarck as a clear reward for his loyalty to the monarchy. He was a Prussian representative to the German Confederation, and then served as an ambassador to France and Russia. Otto von Bismarck became the first Chancellor of the German Empire.

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Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)

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Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)

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As the United States approached its third year of civil war, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation of Proclamation proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten Confederate states still in rebellion. It also allowed slaves to join the war, increasing the Union's manpower.

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Thomas Edison invention of the light bulb (1878)

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Thomas Edison invention of the light bulb (1878)

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Thomas Edison had built his first high resistance, incandescent electric light. It worked by passing electricity through a thin platinum filament in the glass vacuum bulb, which delayed the filament from melting.It was designed to produce a more consistent, longer-lasting, higher quality light.

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Henry Ford's invention of the Quadricycle (1896)

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Henry Ford's invention of the Quadricycle (1896)

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The Ford Quadricycle was the first vehicle developed by Henry Ford. His first car was a simple frame with a gas-powered engine and four bicycle wheels. This 4 horsepower vehicle had no steering wheel, brakes, or a reverse gear.

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The spark that ignited World War I was struck in Sarajevo, Bosnia, where Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot to death with his wife by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. This assassination set off a chain of events that led to war in August of 1914. Over 30 nations declared war including Russia, Italy, Serbia, and the United States.

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Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

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Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

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The U.S. entered World War II on the side of the Allies following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. With the war in Europe over and U. S. forces advancing on Japan, President Harry Truman chose to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. He hoped that the destruction would prevent a greater loss of life that seemed likely with a protracted island-by-island invasion of Japan.