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The Galup multi-artform project is guided by a team of supportive Noongar Elders and produced by not-for-profit production company Same Drum. The project’s performance and virtual reality productions were created by Noongar theatre-maker Ian Wilkes and artist/filmmaker Poppy van Oorde-Grainger with an oral history from Noongar Elder Doolann-Leisha Eatts. The information in this timeline was compiled by Cambridge Library Local Studies and City of Vincent Local History Center, and research support was provided by volunteers Annette Green and Liz Millward.

Reference:
Same Drum Galup Project
https://www.samedrum.com/galup

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Content in externally sourced articles is included for reference and historical context only and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of those who developed this timeline.

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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander audiences are advised that this timeline contains names and images of people who have died.

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Galup is an ancient wetland in the heart of suburban Perth in Western Australia. It's Noongar name (Galup, Kalup or Kaarlup) means a place of fires, and for tens of thousands of years it was a traditional camping and meeting place. In 1830, it was also the site of a colonial massacre of Noongar people. This timeline has been developed to increase understanding of how the violence of settler colonisation continues to impact Australia today. The timeline was produced as part of a multi-artform project called 'Galup' which explores untold histories of the lake through performance, virtual reality and online educational resources.

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Report on an Investigation into Aboriginal Significance of Wetlands and Rivers in the Perth-Bunbury Region (O’Connor et. al., 1989, pp 31-32).

Study of Groundwater-Related Aboriginal Cultural Values of the Gnangara Mound, Western Australia (Report by Estill & Associates for the Department of Environment, 2005 pp 23-32).

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The Waugal (Wagyl/Waakal/Waugyl) is a snake or rainbow serpent recognised by Noongar people as the giver of life maintaining all fresh water sources.  In the course of the journey to the sea, the Waugal deviated from its route and rose from the ground thereby forming the lake Galup and other waterways. On re-entering the ground, it cut a subterranean tunnel from Galup to Melville Water.

Reference:

Kaartdijin Noongar - Noongar Knowledge

https://www.noongarculture.org.au/spirituality/

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John Henry Monger’s Aboriginal son, Jack Monger Bennell, is born in Brookton/Pingelly district in Western Australia.

Reference:
Storylines - Family Tree of John Jack Bennell. NR-0002525

https://storylines.slwa.wa.gov.au/archive-store/view/8/70
[Click "Access Storylines" to view page]

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Reference to Aboriginal people camping at Galup during the measles outbreak of 1833.

In the same year [1833] both Migo and Dommera became ill. This was the first serious outbreak of measles in the colony. Medical treatment was sent to Migo where he was camped at Lake Monger with his mother and her husband, Marungo. His illness worsened, and he was brought into the Perth settlement on horseback for further medical attention, at that time including bleeding and cupping as standard medical practice. [p 20]

Reference:

Tilbrook, L., Nyungar Tradition. Glimpses of Aborigines of South-Western Australia 1829-1914, UWA Press, p 20.

https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/catalogue_resources/m0022954_a.pdf

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July 1833 : Yagan is murdered and his head is sent to London as an 'anthropological curiosity'

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July 1833 : Yagan is murdered and his head is sent to London as an 'anthropological curiosity'

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Yagan was born circa 1795 and died July 1833. He was the son of the influential elder Midgegooroo and one of his three wives, but it is not clear whether he himself had a wife and children. Yagan was a Noongar leader and resistance fighter during the early years of the Swan River Colony. His quick intellect, powerful physique and agility with the spear made him a figure inspiring awe among his people, and fear among the colonists.  The three major events which brought Yagan notoriety and led to his death were the killing of Enion Entwhistle near Point Walter on 3 August 1831, the fatal wounding of William Gaze at Kelmscott on 14 June 1832, and the killing of Thomas and John Velvick at Bull’s Creek on 30 April 1833. A bounty was placed on Yagan and he was killed on 11 July 1833. His head was preserved and taken back to England to Ensign Robert Dale where it was exhibited as an ‘anthropological curiosity’. In 1984, a statue of Yagan was erected at Heirisson Island and the repatriation of Yagan’s head became a symbolic cause among Perth Noongars.  Yagan’s head was returned to Perth and reburied in Upper Swan in 2010.  In today’s Noongar community, Yagan is an iconic figure in the fight for Noongar rights and recognition.

References:
Australian Dictionary of Biography (entry on Yagan by R.H.W. Reece) https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/yagan-2826

Kaartdijin Noongar - Noongar Knowledge
https://www.noongarculture.org.au/yagan/

Yagan shot by Keats. The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 24 Aug 1833, p 134.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article641907

‘A Black Napoleon’, The Sunday Times, 2 February 1947, p 8.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59471356

‘A "Wallace" among Swan River Natives’, The West Australian, 27 December 1947, p 5.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46827780

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May 1833 : Midgegooroo captured by Captain Ellis and executed

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May 1833 : Midgegooroo captured by Captain Ellis and executed

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References:
“The Natives Again! Pursuit of the Natives”

The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 18 May 1833, pp 77-78. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article642069

"Execution", The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 25 May 1833, p 84.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article642064

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1907 - 1909 : Drain built to Swan River 

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1907 - 1909 : Drain built to Swan River 

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The Mounts Bay Drain, draining the lake into the Swan River, was built in three sections: from the river to Wellington Street in 1907; Wellington Street to Sutherland Street in 1908; and Sutherland Street to Galup in 1909.

Reference:
Hugo Bekle, "The Wetlands Lost: Drainage of the Perth Lake systems", Western Geographer 5 (102), June 1981, p 31.

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1905 : The Aborigines Protection Act, 1905

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1905 : The Aborigines Protection Act, 1905

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Under the Act the Governor had power to declare or confine Aboriginal people on reserves, or remove them.

References:
Native Welfare Act 1905
https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law_a6286.html

Impacts of Law Post 1905
https://www.noongarculture.org.au/impacts-of-law-post-1905/

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"... but the fisherman of little experience rejoiced equally with the angler to whom the ways of the wary bream or the wily schnapper are as an open book, when it became known that Lake Monger was to be thrown open for fishing purposes."

Reference:
Photographs Western Mail, 15 October 1904.
"An anglers outing", Western Mail, 5 November 1904, p 30 & p 43.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38691136

"Sport for Anglers", Daily News, 28 October 1904, p 3.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84570895

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Yachting on Monger's Lake, Leederville, 1904.

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Under the direction of the Monger's Lake Board, the work of clearing and beautifying the lake is being pushed on as rapidly as the funds at their command will allow. Already a great alteration in the appearance of the lake is noticeable. The amount of clear water has been largely increased, and has been taken due advantage of by yachtsmen, who may be seen sailing their craft wherever the clear water exists.

Reference:
Photographs, Western Mail, 15 October 1904, p 25.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38690088

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1904 : Galup becomes a recreational area for bathing, sailing and fishing. 

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1904 : Galup becomes a recreational area for bathing, sailing and fishing. 

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The Foreshore is partially fenced.

The southern shore had a boat shed, yacht club, kiosk and bandstand. Cheaply priced concerts were held on Saturday evenings.  Yachting regattas and swimming carnivals were also held at the lake.

During the holidays, a number of sailing and rowing boats were launched on the lake, and the bathing houses, recently erected, were largely availed of.

Reference:

"General News", Daily News, 11 January 1904, p 1.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84766589

"Monger's Lake", Western Mail, 15 October 1904, p 25.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38690088

"Sport for Anglers", Daily News, 28 October 1904, p 3.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84570895

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1903 : ‘Suburban Scenery’ images of Galup

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1903 : ‘Suburban Scenery’ images of Galup

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Monger's Lake at Leederville is 270 acres in extent, the edges being rich and fertile swamps.

Reference:
The Western Mail, 19 December 1903, p 70. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37379813

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1903 : Convent of Good Shepherd established near Galup

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1903 : Convent of Good Shepherd established near Galup

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Good Shepherd convent and asylum (for ‘fallen women’) established in November 1903 between Ruislip and Kavanagh Streets.  There is record of the sisters of the Good Shepherd providing food and clothing to Aboriginal people in the early 20th Century.

Reference:
The Sisters of the Good Shepherd, The W.A. Record, 21 November 1903, p 6.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article212352344

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1836 : Henry Leeder cautioned for 'taking liberties' with native women

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1836 : Henry Leeder cautioned for 'taking liberties' with native women

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Report of a confrontation between Boogaberry (whose sister Yangan was one of Yellagonga’s two wives) and Henry Leeder (including an instruction to Leeder to avoid being on too familiar terms with the natives:

INSTITUTION FOR NATIVES, ELIZA BAY. Report, of the proceedings at this Institution during the month of January, 1836.  “The others stated that the white lad, Henry Leeder, was always threatening them ; that he would get the soldiers and police to come and shoot them ; and, moreover, he was in the habit of being on too familiar terms with the natives, and hoped that I would speak to him earnestly on the subject….  I spoke to him, as they had requested me, and, after telling him of the folly of taking the least liberty with them, and particularly with their women and girls, and advising him on no account to do it again or allow them to him, and that if he would send me word of anything that might occur, however trifling, I would immediately go out and look into it, and if necessary complain to the proper authorities, I left them, the natives promising to get their frogs, lower down the lake, away from Mr. Leeder's house and garden.

The harvesting of root tubers in this area was probably the birthright of Yangan and her female kin.. who likely looked upon the potatoes as any other root tuber in the area (Hallam 1992: 8).

Reference:
The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 13 February 1836, pp 650-651.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article640552

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INSTITUTION FOR NATIVES, ELIZA BAY. - Report of the proceedings at this Institution during the month of January, 1836. - The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal (WA : 1833 - 1847) - 13 Feb 1836

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In 1837, Francis Armstrong compiled a name census recording a total of 28 people in Yellagonga’s group. Introduced European sickness and change of lifestyle had already made a mark on the population.

Reference:
Armstrong, F. 1836b. Natives of Oor-dal-kalla commonly called Yalagonga’s Tribe. Colonial Secretary’s Office 58.163 Battye Library. (Green 1984, p 51).

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Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 18 April 1835, p 447. 

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In late 1835 Monger offered his Lakes District land around Galup for sale or lease around the time that the family relocated to York:

TO BE LET OR SOLD, VALUABLE GRANT of 200 Acres of well-timbered LAND, situate on Monger's Lake, which, from its contiguity to Perth, is well adapted for a Dairy or Stock Farm, and particularly eligible for the Timber and Sawyer's Business, for which every facility exists in covered Pits, Stores, &c. A comfortable Dwelling House, Stock Yard, and enclosed Garden.  Apply to J. H. Monger, Mount Eliza.

Reference:
The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 18 April 1835, p 447.

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/640978

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Register of Heritage Places, Pinjarra Massacre Site.

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The actual number of Nyungars killed has been the most contested ‘fact’ relating to the massacre. As we have seen, Stirling’s official report to Britain stated that 15 Nyungar men were killed in the ‘exchange’. This contrasted with Roe’s estimate of between 15 and 20 dead (based on the reports of others in the midst of the action), and the eyewitness account that more than 30 people had died.

Reports indicate that Noongar men, women and at least one child were among the dead.

Captain Ellis died of head injuries and one other soldier was wounded by a spear.

Reference:
Register of Heritage Places, Pinjarra Massacre Site. http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Admin/api/file/a32f1bff-4af9-564a-68ce-8409d0c9f3cc

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January 1833 : Murder at Galup / Monger's Lake 

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January 1833 : Murder at Galup / Monger's Lake 

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"Ellis said he had been out towards Mr. Monger's Lake, where he met a party of Natives, and two or three approached him within about 30 yards, he then fired towards them, and ran away.
Mr. Monger here stated that he remembered the Natives being in his neighbourhood about the time mentioned.  Although the Magistrates admitted there was no evidence against Ellis, still they considered it of importance to have him brought before them in order to instruct him that fireing at the Natives without any apparent provocation was an act not to be tolerated."

Reference:
Investigation relative to the discovery of the body of Halliday at Mongers Lake, The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 26 Jan 1833, p 15.

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/642249

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Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 19 January 1833, p 10. 

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January 1833 : Manyat and Gyallipert from Menang boodjar (King George Sound / Albany) meet Yagan at Galup / Monger's Lake

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January 1833 : Manyat and Gyallipert from Menang boodjar (King George Sound / Albany) meet Yagan at Galup / Monger's Lake

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Perth Gazette, 26 January 1833

“On Thursday last Mr. Dale proceeded to Monger's Lake, in company with Mr. Smythe and the two Natives of King George’s Sound, Manyat and Gyallepert, in consequence of a wish to see the latter understood to have been expressed by Yegan and others of his tribe. Shortly after arriving at the Lake, Yegan and about ten of his tribe, made their appearance well armed, and welcomed their visitors in an apparently cordial manner. A Corrobbary was danced; followed by an interchange of names and spears —the Dialects of either party was perfectly unintelligible to the others, and they seemed to apprehend each others meaning in some few instances rather from gestures than language : however their mutual attempts at conversation were persevered in throught the interview. Something like a trial of skill in throwing the spear took place between Galleypert and Yegan; No woman was visible on this occasion. The interview continued for about four hours, and on departing, Manyat and Gyallepert received an invitation from Yegan to meet him again in the same spot on the following morning; which however circumstances prevented. The purport of their conversation, if so it may be termed, is understood to have been (chiefly on the side of Manyat and his companion) a description of their native District, a detail of the kind treatment and benefit they had received from the "White people," and an exhortation to Yegan and his followers to conduct themselves in a peaceable and friendly manner towards their white neighbours. (On the side of Yegan) a seeming adoption of his visitors into his own tribe, by exchange of names, description of his late imprisonment and escape, and the nature of their connection with their white associates.”

References:
The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 19 January 1833, p 10.

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/642257

The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 26 January 1833, p 15.

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/642250

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Robert Menli Lyon publicly questioned the way the food depot was being managed in the Perth Gazette, 2 March 1833:

"Having occasion to be in Perth a few day's on business, and influenced by that feeling, which has ever prompted me to take an interest in the welfare of the Natives, I wished to employ as many leisurely mornings as I had to spare, in going out to Monger's lake to see the bread distributed and to embrace the opportunity of conversing with them... No one, be his prejudices and antipathies what they may, can if he pause to think, object to the humane act of giving a few rations for a time, to a people whom we have despoiled of their country ; and every virtuous mind will approve of discouraging their coming into the towns, where in addition to their native vices, their intercourse with the lower orders of society, will impart to them all the moral deformity of the vices which have been imported from Europe….I would take the liberty of suggesting to Capt. Ellis, if report speaks truly, the impropriety of allowing Yagan to distribute the bread. The propriety of allowing any of the natives to do this at present is perhaps questionable. But the conferring this honor upon Yagan is a gross insult to Yellowgonga, who is the leading Chief on this side of the water. By the by it is reported that the distribution of rations to the natives is to be shortly stopped. I trust the local Government will not again endanger the properties and lives of settlers by discontinuing this just and humane practice."

Reference:
‘To the Editor’, Perth Gazette, 2 March 1833, p 35.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article642196

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Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, Saturday 9 February 1833, p 23

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1830 - 1833 : Land grants made to British colonists around Galup

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1830 - 1833 : Land grants made to British colonists around Galup

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Grants taken up by William Henry Leeder (Perthshire Locations Ac and Ad)

Land around Galup is granted to John Henry Monger and William Henry Leeder.

William Henry Leeder (c.1797-1845) and his wife Hannah (c.1797-1889) arrived in WA in 1830 and over the next 2-3 years William obtained grants for 288 acres (117ha) of land on the eastern side of the lake at Galup, comprising Perthshire Location Ac (200 acres/81ha) and Ad (88 acres/36ha).   The section of Leeder’s property adjacent to Galup was variously known as Lake Farm (c.1830s and early 1840s); Mrs Leeder’s farm (Ac and Ax, c.1848); Leeder’s Paddock (Ac and Ax, c.1870s); and the Leeder Estate (Locations 1, Ac, Ad, Ax and Ay, 1888).

The Leeder family retained ownership of this property until the early 1890s.

Grant taken up by John Henry Monger (Perthshire Location Ae)

John Henry Monger (c.1802-1867) and his wife Mary arrived in WA in 1829.  In the early 1830s John took up a grant of Perthshire Location Ae, comprising 200 acres (81ha) on the southern side of the lake, and by 1833 the wetland had become known as Monger’s Lake.

Monger established a sawmill in this location and lived here until March 1833, when he announced that he had relocated to another property at Mt Eliza.  The relocation may have been in part due to concerns about the number of Aboriginal people gathering in the area. [see reference]

Grant taken up by Henry Burgess (Perthshire Location Ag)

Henry Burgess had been granted Perthshire Location Ag by 1833, when part of the boundary of the town site of Perth was described as extending from the south-west corner of Monger’s 200 acres on Galup and then along the south boundary of H Burgess’s 200 acres.

Henry Burgess, snr (c.1801-1859) had arrived in Western Australia on the Britannia in 1830, travelling with his wife, Mary, and their children.

References:
"Local Heritage Survey", Town of Cambridge, 15 December 2020, pp 22-23.
https://bit.ly/3zEfBhd

Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, Saturday 9 February 1833, p 23. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/642230

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1833 : Rations depot set up for 'natives' at Galup

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1833 : Rations depot set up for 'natives' at Galup

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GOVERNMENT NOTICE. COLONIAL SECRETARY'S OFFICE. PERTH FEBRUARY 18th, 1833. THE NATIVES.

THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT having made arrangements, through the Superintendent of Native Tribes, for bringing about a friendly understanding with the natives, and supplying them with presents, (bread and rice) at Monger's Lake : the inhabitants of Perth are here-by cautioned from encouraging their coming into the Town, or giving them food, &c.; as such kindness will in a great measure retard, if not wholly frustrate, the objects contemplated.
PETER BROWN, Colonial Secretary.

Reference:
The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 23 February 1833, p 9.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article642212

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Portrait of John Henry Monger from slwa_b6356999_2

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The lake was initially known as ‘Large Lake’ or ‘Triangle Lake’ by British colonists. It was renamed ‘Monger’s Lake’ in 1831 after John Henry Monger who was given a Crown Land grant of 200 acres on its southern shore.

Reference:
Lake Monger - The Story of a Lake, 12 May 2014
https://cambridgelocalstudies.wordpress.com/2014/05/12/lake-monger-the-story-of-a-lake/

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 Capt Stirling appointed Lieutenant Governor of WA

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 Capt Stirling appointed Lieutenant Governor of WA

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In 1828 Captain James Stirling was appointed Lieutenant Governor of WA and free British settlers were encouraged to come to the new colony with the promise of land grants.

Reference:
Land of Vision & Mirage: Western Australia since 1826, (Bolton, 2008, pp 5-25).

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W.H. Mackie to Colonial Secretary, 6 May 1830

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W.H. Mackie to Colonial Secretary, 6 May 1830

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W.H. Mackie to Colonial Secretary, ‘Report of an Affray with the Natives on 3 May 1830’, SRO, CSR, ACC 608/1, 6 May 1830.

https://librarycatalogue.vincent.wa.gov.au/client/en_GB/search/asset/3422/0

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BARRIERS OF SPEARS. The Ousting Of The Bibbulmun. The West Australian, 5 January 1933, p 29.

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Newspaper Articles:
'Barrier of Spears. The Ousting of the Bibbulmun’ The West Australian, 5 January 1933, p 29.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32585326

The Literary Gazette and Journal of the Belles Lettres, 11 December 1830, provided at The London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, Etc - Google Books

Robert Menli Lyon’s Account, Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 20 Apr 1833, p 63.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article642121

‘A Battle near Perth’ The Western Mail, 9 January 1914, p 38. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/44879885/3479435

Early Aboriginal Troubles. Noteworthy Incidents of the Thirties by C.B. Western Mail, 16 January 1914, p 53.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44881496

Early Aboriginal Troubles. The War of Retaliation. Western Mail, 20 March 1914, p 52. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37967507.

Early Aboriginal Troubles. The Attack at Mill Point. Western Mail, 8 May 1914, p 53. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37964509

Institution for Natives. Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, Saturday 13 February 1836, pp 650-651. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article640552

Secondary Sources:
A different kind of ‘subject’: Aboriginal legal status and colonial law in Western Australia, 1829-1861 (Hunter, PhD Thesis, 2006, pp 28-29).

https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/732/2/02Whole.pdf

Broken Spears (Green, 1984, p 51).

Nyungah Land, Records of Invasion and Theft of Aboriginal Land on the Swan River (Carter, 2005, pp 67-75).

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Letter written by John Morgan dated 14 July 1830 (Carter, 2005, p 73)

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Morgan's letter to Stirling, 14 July 1830

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Morgan's letter to Stirling, 14 July 1830

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Reflecting on the attack of May 1830, colonist John Morgan wrote in a letter dated 14 July 1830:

‘The Natives – have been very troublesome in Perth since I wrote and in a skirmish with a strong party, who were evidently determined upon mischief – several of the detachment 63rd Regt were wounded with spears – the report says – (for it was impossible to ascertain the fact) that thirty or forty of the natives were kill’d or wounded. (John Morgan, Swan River Papers, Vol 6, p 73 cited in Carter, 2005, p 69.)

Reference:
Nyungah Land, Records of Invasion and Theft of Aboriginal Land on the Swan River (Carter, 2005, pp 67 – 75).
https://librarycatalogue.vincent.wa.gov.au/client/en_GB/search/asset/3423/0

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Doolann-Leisha Eatts: Contemporary oral history of the massacre

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Doolann-Leisha Eatts: Contemporary oral history of the massacre

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"They all ran into the bush to hide. The young men, women and teenagers ran into the thick bush of Lake Monger. The Red Coats chased them and gunned some of them down. There were sounds of gunfire, bang-bang-bang, screams, cries, and shouts. Some got away, some were shot. It started to get dark, and the troopers got reinforcements surrounding the lake, and setting up camp in the hope of shooting all my grandmother's people on daybreak. But next morning, when the Red Coats raided the lake, no one was there. They had crept out in the early hours of the morning unseen by the troopers."

References:
Doolann: Ngullah Boodjah Ngaadj Nyungah Myah, Our Country, My Nyungah Home (Doolann-Leisha Eatts, 2014).

See Also:
Interview with Doolann-Leisha Eatts (COV OH0098)
https://librarycatalogue.vincent.wa.gov.au/client/en_GB/search/asset/382/0

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Nidja Beeliar Boodjar Noonookurt Nyininy

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Fred Collard: Contemporary oral history of the massacre

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Fred Collard: Contemporary oral history of the massacre

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The Bennell family came from Lake Monger and they were driven out by the Red Coats in the early 1800s [1830s]... They were driven out one night when the Red Coats came across on the boat from Fremantle. There was a lot of war among Nyungar people who were stealing the flour, tea and sugar [and] some of the early settlers were shooting some of them, so they (Nyungar) retaliated. A lot of the Nyungar were shot by the Red Coats in the days of Yagan’s time and were rounded up... and so the Bennell family was cornered up at Lake Monger. The Red Coats were going to shoot them in the morning at daylight, but in the night-time, the Nyungar went down through the middle Swan... [and escaped]. (Collard, 2004, p 36).

Reference:
Nidja Beeliar Boodjar Noonookurt Nyininy: a Nyungar interpretive history of the use of boodjar (country) in the vicinity of Murdoch University, (Collard et.al., 2004).

https://www.derbalnara.org.au/NIDJABEELIARBOODJARNOONOOKURTNYININY.pdf

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Weeks after the attack, the commandant of the Swan River Colony’s 63rd regiment Frederick Irwin, made it clear to his superiors that he had a ‘duty’ to make the local Whadjuk Noongars subservient to British authority.
"This daring and hostile conduct of the natives induced me to seize the opportunity to make them sensible of our superiority by shewing how severely we could retaliate their aggression."

References:
Irwin’s statement, 18th May 1830, SRO, CSR, ACC 36, Vol 6, p 146. Copy of document and transcript available at: https://librarycatalogue.vincent.wa.gov.au/client/en_GB/search/asset/3405/0

Nyungah Land, Records of Invasion and Theft of Aboriginal Land on the Swan River (Carter, 2005, pp 67-75).

Swan River Papers Series 111, Vol 5, pp 120-121.

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On the 3 May 1830, two parties of colonists, one lead by Ensign Dale and the other by Frederick Irwin, commandant of the Swan River Colony's 63rd regiment, tracked down a group of over 40 Noongar people who were considered aggressive. After a twenty minute ‘parley’ an undetermined number of Noongar were killed and wounded.
Reference:

Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia, 1788-1930

https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=885

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Reference:
City of Vincent Local History Collection image:
COV PH00100
https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/

# data[].attributes.body
Works on the Aranmore school oval in 1978 found human and animal skeletal remains.  It is thought this may be the area referred to by Jesse Hammond as the burial place of Johnny Corrall. Aboriginal oral history suggests that the burial ground is located on the hill occupied by the Home of the Good Shepherd although it has not been precisely located.  The site of Yellagonga and Johnny Corrall’s burials are poorly described, but are in the vicinity of Galup.

“One young man, Johnny Corrall – a name my grandfather gave him – used to come regularly to chop wood for my mother, and he helped me by telling me lots of things about wild animals and the bush. He died in the seventies (1870s) and was buried in the native burying ground in a sandhill on the northwest side of Leederville. I am unable to locate this burying ground exactly today the whole suburb is now thickly built over”

(Hammond 1933: 11)

Reference:

Department of Planning, Aboriginal Heritage Inquiry System,  Site S00787 (File 04322 Franklin Street)

Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Inquiry System (dplh.wa.gov.au)

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Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage

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Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act 1975

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1975 : Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act 

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1975 : Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act 

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Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act guarantees the right of every Australian, regardless of race, to equal treatment before the law.

Reference:
Australian Human Rights Commission, Racial Discrimination Act 1975

https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00089

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1972 : The Aboriginal Heritage Act, 1972

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1972 : The Aboriginal Heritage Act, 1972

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First Act that focused on Aboriginal cultural heritage. Aim is protection of Heritage sites of significance to persons of Aboriginal descent.

Reference:
Western Australian Legislation

https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/main_mrtitle_3_homepage.html

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1972 : The Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act, 1972

# data[].attributes.subject
1972 : The Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act, 1972

# data[].attributes.body
Legal definition of ‘Aboriginal’ extended to someone who identifies as Aboriginal and is accepted by the community as such. Establishment of Aboriginal Lands Trust and Advisory Council. Provided for the establishment of an Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority, a Commissioner for Aboriginal Planning and an Aboriginal Affairs Advisory Council to provide consultative and other services and for the economic, social and cultural advancement of persons of Aboriginal descent in Western Australia. This act repealed the Native Welfare Act 1963.

Reference:
Western Australian Legislation

https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/main_mrtitle_1_homepage.html

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Construction of the Mitchell Freeway, 1975, COV PHO2577. 

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Reference:
City of Vincent Local History Collection images:
COV PHO364, COV PHO2577
https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/

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Building the Mitchell Freeway overpass in Leederville, 1974. COV PHO364

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Construction of the Mitchell Freeway cuts the lake off from Leederville and Mount Hawthorn.

Reference:
City of Vincent Local History Collection images:

COV PHO364, COV PHO2577

https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/

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Cycling at the Velodrome during the British Empire & Commonwealth Games, 1962. 

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Velodrome built for the 1962 British Empire & Commonwealth Games on the eastern side of Galup (present day Litis Stadium).  The area was previously a Perth City Council Depot site used to stable night cart horses.

Reference:
City of Vincent Local History Collection images:

COV PHO4276,  COV PHO895

https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/

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View from Brittania Road to the end of Buxton Street towards Lake Monger, 1959. 

# data[].attributes.headline
1959 : Velodrome constructed on north eastern side of Galup

# data[].attributes.subject
1959 : Velodrome constructed on north eastern side of Galup

# data[].attributes.body
Reference:
City of Vincent Local History Collection images:
COV PHO4276,  COV PHO895
https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/

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Putting in drainage pipes at Lake Monger, 8-9 September 1959.

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Reference:
Putting in drainage pipes at Lake Monger, 8-9 September 1959.
slwa_b3522020_6 slwa_b3522020_8 slwa_b3522020_7

https://purl.slwa.wa.gov.au/slwa_b3522020_7

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Putting in drainage pipes at Lake Monger, 8-9 September 1959

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1958 / 1959 : Road constructed around the lake and drainage pipes installed

# data[].attributes.subject
1958 / 1959 : Road constructed around the lake and drainage pipes installed

# data[].attributes.body
Reference:
Putting in drainage pipes at Lake Monger, 8-9 September 1959.
slwa_b3522020_6 slwa_b3522020_8 slwa_b3522020_7

https://purl.slwa.wa.gov.au/slwa_b3522020_7

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Some people who had been called ‘natives’ were now exempt from being called ‘native’ under the Act.Under the Native Welfare Act 1954, The Commissioner could 'from time to time direct what person is to have the custody of a native child of whom he is the legal guardian, and his direction shall have effect according to its tenor'.

Reference:
Find & Connect, Native Welfare Act 1954 (1955-1964)

https://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/wa/biogs/WE00419b.htm#:~:text=64)%20was%20passed%20on%2030,and%20Department%20of%20Native%20Welfare

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Between 1927 and 1954,  under the 1905 Act, the Governor could declare any place a prohibited area for Aboriginal people.  In 1927, the WA Governor declared the City of Perth a prohibited area for Aboriginal people.  A pass for work or entering town was required and it was illegal for Aboriginal people to be in town after the 6pm curfew.

Reference:
State Records Office & WA Museum: Perth’s Prohibited Area
SROWA, Cons 993, Item 1927/0038

https://culture.wa.gov.au/feature/perths-prohibited-area#:~:text=The%20Perth%20Prohibited%20Area%20was,stated%20in%20the%201927%20proclamation.

Prohibited Area Map

https://www.noongarculture.org.au/prohibited-area-map/

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1967 : The Commonwealth Constitution, Amendment Act, 1967

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1967 : The Commonwealth Constitution, Amendment Act, 1967

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Referendum to change section 51(29) authorising the Commonwealth parliament to make special laws relating to Aboriginal people and remove s127 of the Constitution so that Aboriginal people could be counted in the census.

Reference:
The 1967 Referendum, AIATSIS

https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/1967-referendum#:~:text=On%2027%20May%201967%2C%20Australians,to%20make%20laws%20for%20them.

The 1967 Referendum, Parliament of Australia

https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2017/May/The_1967_Referendum

Federal Register of Legislation

https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013Q00005

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The Native Welfare Act 1963 repealed Aborigines Act 1905 and all the Acts that amended the 1905 Act. Under the 1963 Act the Commissioner of Native Welfare ceased to be the guardian of Aboriginal children, but was responsible for the 'custody, maintenance and education of the children of natives'. The Native Welfare Act 1963 was repealed by the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972. The Act Classified a person with one-fourth or less blood as not being Aboriginal.

Reference:
Find & Connect, Native Welfare Act 1963 (1963-1972)

https://www.findandconnect.gov.au/guide/wa/WE00423#:~:text=The%20Native%20Welfare%20Act%201963,of%20the%20children%20of%20natives

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Aboriginal people over 21 achieved the right to enrol (not compulsory) and vote at Federal elections. Western Australia passed laws that meant that Aboriginal people could vote for the first time.

References:
The Right to Vote:  AIATSIS

https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/right-vote

Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962 (No. 31, 1962)

http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/cea1962311962260/

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2021 : South West Native Title Settlement 

# data[].attributes.subject
2021 : South West Native Title Settlement 

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This Settlement formally recognises that, since time immemorial, the Noongar people have maintained a living cultural, spiritual, familial and social relationship with Noongar boodja. The South West Native Title Settlement (the Settlement) is the largest native title settlement in Australian history. The Settlement will affect an estimated 30,000 Noongar People and encompasses approximately 200,000 square kilometres in the South West. The Settlement will resolve the Noongar native title claims in the South West of Western Australia in exchange for a package of benefits. The Settlement is made up of six (6) individual Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs) including one for the Whadjuk People of the Perth Metropolitan Area.

Reference:
South West Land and Sea Council
About the Settlement Agreement — South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council (noongar.org.au)

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South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council

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The South West Native Title Settlement (the Settlement) is the largest native title settlement in Australian history. The Settlement will affect an estimated 30,000 Noongar People and encompasses approximately 200,000 square kilometres in the South West.

Harry Hobbs and George Williams of the Faculty of Law at the University of New South Wales have described the Settlement as 'Australia's First Treaty'.

The Settlement will resolve the Noongar native title claims in the South West of Western Australia in exchange for a package of benefits that includes:

Recognition through an Act of Parliament - the Noongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) (Past, Present, Future) Recognition Act 2016.

Noongar Boodja Trust - a perpetual trust, receiving yearly instalments of $50 million for 12 years.

Noongar Corporations - the establishment of six Noongar Regional Corporations and one Central Services Corporation, with funding support of $10 million a year for 12 years, and $6.5m to establish the offices.

Noongar Land Estate - up to 320,000 hectares of development and cultural land to be held by the Noongar Boodja Trust.

Co-operative and joint management - of National Parks and the South West Conservation Estate.

Land Access - to certain crown lands for customary activities.

Noongar Heritage Partnership Agreement - collaboration framework for identifying, recording, protecting and managing Noongar Heritage values and sites.

Noongar Housing Program - transfer and refurbishment of 121 properties to the Noongar Boodja Trust and $10m to develop and refurbish the properties.

Economic and Community Development - through development frameworks to assist Noongar businesses and improve Government service delivery to the Noongar community.

Capital Works Program - funding to contribute to the establishment of a Noongar Cultural Centre and office space for Noongar Corporations.

Noongar Land Fund - up to $46,850,000 over ten years for land-related projects

Noongar Cultural Centre - $5.3m and up to two hectares of land towards the development of a Noongar Cultural Centre.

The Settlement is made up of six (6) individual Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs). Each of the following areas has a corresponding ILUA:

Authorisation Meetings were held for each of the six ILUA Agreement Areas in early 2015. All six (6) ILUAs were authorised by the native title holders for each area, meaning the Noongar People effectively resolved to enter into the Settlement.

On Wednesday, the 17th of October 2018, the Registrar of the National Native Title Tribunal announced that she had registered all six ILUAs.*

The Registrar spent over a year studying the Agreements and considering objections that were made by people against the ILUAs being registered.

In registering the ILUAs, the Registrar was satisfied that all of the paperwork was in order, and that the conduct of the six Authorisation Meetings met the requirements of the Native Title Act.

In December 2018, applications for judicial review of the Registrar's decision were lodged in the Federal Court.

In May 2019, two days of hearings were held to hear oral submissions on the first four grounds of review. In November 2019, a third day of hearings was held to hear oral submissions on the fifth ground of review.

On Thursday, 19 December 2019, the Full Bench of the Federal Court handed down its decision, rejecting the applications for judicial review and awarded costs against the Applicants.

Applications were then lodged with the High Court of Australia seeking special leave to appeal the decision of the Full Bench of the Federal Court.

On 26 November 2020, the High Court rejected the special leave applications. This decision cleared the way for the implementation of the negotiated agreement between the State of Western Australia and the Noongar people.

The six Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs) comprising the Settlement were conclusively registered 27 January 2021. The Settlement then formally commence 25 February 2021.

Following the commencement, the trustee company to manage the Noongar Boodja Trust was formally appointed 29 March 2021.

The WA Government made the first financial payment into the Noongar Boodja Trust on 22 April 2021 and the second payment on 26 April 2022.

The first transfer of land assets to the Noongar Land Estate was signed on 14 July 2021.

Other significant commitments under the Settlement will commence once the seven Noongar corporations are established later in 2022.

This negotiated agreement is a great opportunity for our Noongar people to come together, to control our own destiny, and to build a solid future for generations to come.

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About the Settlement Agreement - South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The South West Native Title Settlement (the Settlement) is the largest native title settlement in Australian history. The Settlement will affect an estimated 30,000 Noongar People and encompasses approximately 200,000 square kilometres in the South West. Harry Hobbs and George Williams of the Faculty of Law at the University of New South Wales have described the Settlement as 'Australia's First Treaty'.

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2015 : Constitution Amendment (Recognition of Aboriginal People) Bill 2015

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2015 : Constitution Amendment (Recognition of Aboriginal People) Bill 2015

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The Constitution Amendment (Recognition of Aboriginal People) Bill 2015 passed through Western Australian Parliament, amending the constitution to officially recognise Western Australia’s Aboriginal people as the First People of this land, and to seek to effect reconciliation.

Reference:
Western Australian Legislation

https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/BillProgressPopup?openForm&ParentUNID=08CEDFB61948DAEB48257E67000A0DA4

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Western Australia renames the Foundation Day public holiday as WA Day and, for the first time in legislation, recognises Aboriginal people as the original inhabitants and traditional custodians of the land.

Reference:
Western Australian Legislation

https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law_a146877.html

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2006 : Single Noongar Native Title Claim 

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2006 : Single Noongar Native Title Claim 

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The Single Noongar Native Title Claim, covering the whole of the south-west of Western Australia, determines that Noongar people have, since colonisation, maintained continuous connection with the land and the customs, traditions and laws of their ancestors. The determination gives Noongar people the right to live or benefit from unallocated crown land in and around Perth, however the State and Commonwealth appeal some aspects of the decision.

Reference:
“It’s Still In My Heart, This Is My Country” The Single Noongar Claim History, (SWLASC John Host with Chris Owen, 2009).

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Bringing Them Home report from the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) documents the findings and recommendations of the National Inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families.

WA is the first state to deliver a parliamentary apology for Aboriginal people affected by past Government policies and practices for the removal of Aboriginal children from their families and communities. Members stand for one minute silence. Sorry Day is held one year after the tabling in Parliament of the Bringing Them Home report.

Reference:
Australian Human Rights Commission

https://bth.humanrights.gov.au/healing/reconciliation

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The head of Nyoongar leader and warrior Yagan, discovered in a Liverpool cemetery in 1994, was reburied in the Swan Valley after its return in September 1997.

Reference:
Kaartdijin Noongar, South West Land and Sea Council

https://www.noongarculture.org.au/yagan/

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1996 : First celebration of National Reconciliation Week

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1996 : First celebration of National Reconciliation Week

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Inaugural National Reconciliation Week to celebrate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history and culture. The week is bookended by the anniversaries of the 1967 Referendum and the 1992 Mabo judgement.

Reference:
Hansard Vote & Proceedings, 12-27 May 1996 https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fvotes%2F1996-05-27%2F0003%22;src1=sm1

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Enacted following the Mabo decision in 1992, which recognised that Aboriginal people had native title rights that survived the assertion of British sovereignty. Federal Parliament passes the Native Title Act 1993 as part of a response to the High Court’s Mabo decision. The legislation establishes the National Native Title Tribunal and governs how native title is dealt with across Australia. Western Australian Government challenges the constitutional validity of the legislation.

Reference:
Federal Register of Legislation

https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00178

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The High Court hands down its decision in the Mabo v. Queensland No. 2 case, rejecting the doctrine that Australia was 'terra nullius' (land belonging to no-one) at the time of settlement and holding that the common law of Australia recognises a form of traditional native title.

Reference:
The MABO Case, AIATSIS

https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/mabo-case

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1991 : Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation established 

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1991 : Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation established 

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Commonwealth Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation Act establishes a Council of 25 members to promote a process of reconciliation between Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders and the wider Australian community.

Reference:
Federal Register of Legislation

https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2004C03090

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1991 : Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody 

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1991 : Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody 

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The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, which published its final report in April 1991, had recommended the initiation of a process of reconciliation between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians. On 2 September 1991, the Australian Parliament voted unanimously to establish the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation (CAR) and a formal reconciliation process.

References:
Australian Human Rights Commission

https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/indigenous-deaths-custody-report-summary

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Aboriginal protest camp opposite the Swan Brewery, February 1989. slwa_b3799959_2

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Nyoongar people establish a ten-month long camp at the site of the Old Swan Brewery in protest against proposed redevelopment on a place of special cultural significance.

Reference:
Senate Hansard, 9 September 1992, p 661.

https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F1992-09-09%2F0106%22;src1=sm1

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1986 : Stone artefacts found around Galup

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1986 : Stone artefacts found around Galup

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Archeologist Sylvia Hallam recorded a number of scatters of stone artefacts around Galup including one near the Velodrome listed in the Aboriginal Site Register (S00167). These are now held by the WA Museum.  Collections of worked artefacts from this site had also been made as early as the 1950s (Butler, 1958). The site originally covered an area of 120 x 16 metres and contained a large proportion of fossil chert artefacts, a stone type of which there is currently no source available on the Swan River Plain. The site containing artefacts made of this stone are believed to date sometime before 4000 years ago. The site also contained worked glass suggesting it had been used until recent times.

Reference:

Sylvia Hallam, Prehistoric Aboriginal Populations on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, Final Report of Australian Research Grants Scheme Project, July 1986.

Department of Planning,

Aboriginal Heritage Inquiry System, File 104379

https://www.wa.gov.au/service/aboriginal-affairs/aboriginal-cultural-heritage/search-aboriginal-sites-or-heritage-places-ahis

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1946 : Catholic Church sells part of land north of Galup to Workers Homes Board 

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1946 : Catholic Church sells part of land north of Galup to Workers Homes Board 

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Land on the northern end of Galup was sold to the Roman Catholic Bishop in 1885. Part of this land was sold to the Workers Homes Board in 1946.

Reference:

"Town planning North of Lake Monger", The West Australian, 15 November 1946, p 13.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46183963

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The Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act, 1944.

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1944 : The Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act, 1944

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1944 : The Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act, 1944

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This law made it possible for Aboriginal people to make an application to a magistrate for citizenship, as long as they met a range of conditions. Once citizenship was granted, the person was no longer considered a 'native or aborigine'. Citizenship was conditional and required proof that a person was ‘civilised’, i.e. a fit and proper person to obtain a certificate.

Reference:
Find & Connect - Native (Citizenship Rights) Act 1944 (1944-1971)

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Postcard of men and motorcycle at 228 Anzac Road, Mount Hawthorn, 1940s. 

# data[].attributes.body
Reference:
City of Vincent Local History Collection images:
COV PHO2050
https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me

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1940s - 1950s : Water Hyacinth expands on lake

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1940s - 1950s : Water Hyacinth expands on lake

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During the 1930s and ‘40s, the lake became increasingly strangled by water hyacinth, an introduced species. This was poisoned via aerial spraying, which in turn impacted other vegetation, such as paperbarks and reeds. Since then, there have been continued problems with the water quality due to drainage, use of fertilizers and the clearing of native plants.​ The photo from the 1940s shows the plant mass in the lake.

Reference:

‘Water Hyacinth on Lake Monger’, The West Australian, 31 October 1951, p 4.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page3790827

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Young person drowns while yachting and boating becomes prohibited.
Inquest into the death of Reginald Rowles (16) of Wembley on 27 August 1939, recommends an emergency life boat and closer supervision of small tin boats and children playing near the lake.

Reference:
‘Rescue boat likely for Lake Monger’, The Daily News, 30 September 1939.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78978198

‘Lake Monger Drowning: Dangers of Makeshift ‘canoes’, The West Australian, 12 October 1937.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41438458

MLA urges PCC to act at Lake Monger, Sunday Times, 14 February 1954.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59685169

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1936 : Native Administration Act, 1936 (or Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (1936-1964))

# data[].attributes.subject
1936 : Native Administration Act, 1936 (or Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1936 (1936-1964))

# data[].attributes.body
The revised Act established the Department of Native Affairs and extended the Chief Protector’s powers in the new role of Commissioner especially in relation to children.  The Commissioner became the legal guardian of all Aboriginal children to the age of 21 ‘notwithstanding that the child has a parent’.  It also defined the term ‘native’ to include all Aboriginal people being of ‘full’ descent and any descendants of ‘less than full blood’ including ‘half-caste’ and ‘quadroons’ who were under the age of 21 and who lived with other ‘natives’.   The revised Act gave Commissioner A.O. Neville control over the part-Aboriginal population of Western Australia and the power to pursue assimilationist goals which included removal of Aboriginal children from their families.

Reference:
Find & Connect:  https://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/wa/biogs/WE00411b.htm

Native Administration Act 1936

https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/digitised_collections/remove/52794.pdf

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Aerial photo of Galup in 1935, showing the water hyacinths close to shore, and lake area prior to construction of the Mitchell Freeway.

Reference:

Aerial photo of Lake Monger, 1935

slwa_b2374421_1

https://purl.slwa.wa.gov.au/slwa_b2374421_1

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“Once a waste of water and matted rushes, Lake Monger is being transformed by reclamation work into one of the beautiful places of Perth. The top view [3542B/112a] shows the pumping plant in use. Below [3542B/112b] is a northward view indicating the region redeemed by pumping operations. Here was once a large swamp.”

Reference :
Hugo Bekle, “The Wetlands Lost: Drainage of the Perth Lake Systems”, Western Geographer 5(1-2), June 1981, pp 21-41.

Dredging Lake Monger.

slwa_b2234289_3

https://purl.slwa.wa.gov.au/slwa_b2234289_4

"Lake Monger - proud civic possession", The West Australian, 14 April 1934, p 22.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33002650

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Reference :
Dredging Lake Monger.

slwa_b2234289_3 slwa_b2234289_4

https://purl.slwa.wa.gov.au/slwa_b2234289_4

Published in the West Australian 14 April 1934, p.22.

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Children playing at Monger’s Lake, 1931. COV PHO2715 

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Reference:
City of Vincent Local History Collection images of Lake Monger in the 1930s : https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/site/welcome.me?search=~text:Lake%20Monger~decade:1930s&search_str=Lake%20Monger,%20Decade%20Includes%201930s

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Child at gate at 228 Anzac Road Mount Hawthorn looking across to Lake Monger, 1930s.  COV PHO2052. 

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1932 : Galup / Monger’s Lake renamed Lake Monger 

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1932 : Galup / Monger’s Lake renamed Lake Monger 

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The area’s popularity peaked during the Depression when Lake Monger Drive was constructed, offering greater access to the lake. About the same time, native plants were replaced by lawn and pine trees.

The southern shore had lawns, a kiosk, bathing sheds, boat house and jetty.

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July 1848 : First plans to drain Lake Monger

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July 1848 : First plans to drain Lake Monger

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Perth Town Trust discussion of drainage plans for lakes including Lake Monger. The idea was that Lake Monger could be drained through Lake Herdsman. The report of the Committee appointed to inquire into the expediency of draining the Lakes, addressed to the Hon. Col. Secretary, was read to the meeting.

Reference:
The Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and News, 8 July 1848, p 3 cont'd on p 4. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3169997/717498#

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Western Australia Eighty Years Ago, Sunday Times, 10 June 1923, p 1. 

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…. The death is notified of the aboriginal king of Perth, Yella-Gonga, acknowledged by the natives as the possessor of vast tracts of land be-tween Perth and Fremantle. He fell from a rock on the river bank and was drowned.

Reference:
Western Australia Eighty Years Ago, Sunday Times, 10 June 1923, p 1.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60007500

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…. his people buried him in a spot near Herdsman Lake, for at the time of his death that was the only camp left to him. He was a Mannitelmat, and Dil-yin-gur, Mee-an-ung, and Yab-ban were the three Wordungmat women in the camp at the time of his death.

Reference:
Western Australia Eighty Years Ago, Sunday Times, 10 June 1923, p 1.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60007500

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‘The Meeting of the Races: Reminiscences of the Swan Natives’ by Daisy M Bates

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Newspaper article by Daisy Bates (1921) recounts arrival of British and Yalgunga’s (Yellagonga’s) removal from the foot of Mount Eliza to Gubabbilup (Herdsman or Monger’s Lake), another of his camping grounds.

Reference:
‘The Meeting of the Races: Reminiscences of the Swan Natives’ by Daisy M Bates, Sunday Times, 16 October 1921, p 17.

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57978021

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Monger’s Lake snippet from WA Chain Map 1926: CN77 40

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1840s : Goobabilup – wilgie (ochre) quarry and camping place 

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1840s : Goobabilup – wilgie (ochre) quarry and camping place 

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Daisy Bates records that Doolum and Balbin, nephew and niece of Yellagonga, camped at Gooabilup after his death. Goobabilup appears on maps in the northern tip of Lake Monger and is discussed as a source of red ochre (Bridge, 1992, p 57).

Reference:
Aboriginal Perth and Bibbulman biographies and legends by Daisy Bates (Bridge 1992, p 57).

West Australian Bonnes 40 chain cadastral series, Western Australian Dept. of Lands & Surveys: CN77 40 Chain Perth, 1926.

https://slwa.wa.gov.au/pdf/maps/CN7740chain.pdf

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Reference:
Inquirer, 26 April 1843, p 1.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65583038

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Reference:
The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 5 November 1842, pp 3-4.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article643932

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Reference:
Inquirer, 1 June 1842, p 2.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65582367

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1841 - 1843 : Monger’s Lake land ownership change hands

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1841 - 1843 : Monger’s Lake land ownership change hands

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Deed of grant for location ‘AZ’ (10 acres) to James Stokes.

Notice of sale by auction of grant of 200 acres location ‘Ae’ formerly the property of Mr Monger.

References:
The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 27 February 1841, p 4.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article642747

Inquirer, 13 October 1841, p 1.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65581895

Inquirer, 20 October 1841, p 1.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65581628

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Nidja Beeliar Boodjar Noonookurt Nyininy

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Robert Menli Lyon records Yellagonga’s preferred camping area was the exact area taken over by the Swan River settlement, along the Perth city ridge.

“Galup, Monger's lake, to this place, Yellowgonga removed his headquarters, after the formation of the settlement...”

His movement to Galup may represent displacement of Aboriginal people to the fringes of European settlement (Hallam & Tilbrook 1990, p 348.) Yellagonga seems to have used the area around Galup as a base for his group who were recorded as numbering around 28 in 1836.

“Ngal'goong'a placed his spring, and his favourite camp at the disposal of the jan'ga, and betook himself and his people and few household goods-comprising his spare bookas (skin cloaks), weapons, flint implements, etc.—to Wil'gee-garup (red ochre pit), somewhere near Monger's Lake. It was at Gooninin'nup, therefore, that the very first white camp was pitched in 1829.”

By June 1829, sixty-nine colonists arrived aboard the Parmelia under Captain James Stirling (later to become Governor of the small colony) and by December of the same year, there were 652 British settlers recorded in the colony (Hallam and Tilbrook 1990, p. xiv). Nyungar moort or family of boordier Midgeegoroo moved to Karlup or what is now known as Lake Monger, three kilometres to the north of their traditional beelya karla or river camping grounds around the Darbal Beelya estuary in the river... [p 31]. Nyungar believe that... territories north and east of the Swan River belonged to boordier Yellagonga and his moort, or people, who camped mainly around Karlup or Lake Monger and, to the east, the beelya or Helena River divided boordier Munday’s and boordier Weeip’s boodjar or territories... [This was] not a part of Midgegooroo’s land, although he and his son, Yagan, had access to Lake Monger and the Helena River by moortung or kinship. [Collard, 2004, p 43]

Reference:
Nidja Beeliar Boodjar Noonookurt Nyininy: a Nyungar interpretive history of the use of boodjar (country) in the vicinity of Murdoch University (Collard et.al., 2004).

https://www.derbalnara.org.au/NIDJABEELIARBOODJARNOONOOKURTNYININY.pdf

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The ‘settlement’ proceeded with the expropriation of land which Governor James Stirling later referred to as ‘invasion’. Stirling’s address to Legislative Council, June 23, 1837 as reported in the Perth Gazette:

“In the first public act of the Government, the protection of the law was extended to the Native Tribes, and they were at once recognised as British subjects. It was long before any intercourse took place between them and the settlers, but when they became emboldened by degrees, to frequent the farms and habitations of the whites, it was obvious enough, from their propensity to theft and their frequent necessities, that quarrels and hostilities would happen between the two races….the [colonists] knew that their own welfare depended on avoiding hostilities; and it is due to them to state that their conduct, as a body, has been marked throughout by an anxious desire to avoid, on their invasion of this territory, every necessary injury to its earlier inhabitants…and establish and regulate, upon general principles of mutual benefit, the future intercourse between the invaders and the invaded.”

Reference:
Stirling’s address to Legislative Council, 23 June 1837, as reported in The Perth Gazette, 1 July 1837, p 928.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article639933

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“It’s Still In My Heart, This Is My Country” The Single Noongar Claim History (SWLASC John Host with Chris Owen, 2009, pp 76-96).
Nyungah Land: Records of Invasion and Theft of Aboriginal Land on the Swan River 1829-1850 (Carter, 2005).

Land of Vision & Mirage: Western Australia since 1826 (Bolton, 2008, pp 5-25).

The topography of Derbal, The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 20 April 1833, p 64. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/642121/65

“The Days before the White Men Won” by Daisy M Bates, Western Mail, 25 December 1909, p 16.

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/37401699

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The Foundation of Perth 1829, by George Pitt Morrison. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=405508

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"I do hereby give Notice that if any Person or Persons shall be convicted of behaving in a fraudilent, cruel or felonious Manner towards the Aboriginees of the Country, such Person or Persons will be liable to be prosecuted and tried for the Offence, as if the same had been committed against any other of His Majesty’s Subjects."

Reference:
Proclamation quote shown on scanned and transcribed copies at:

Western Australia Act 1829 (UK) [transcript - pdf] (foundingdocs.gov.au) (SROWA: WAS 1243, Cons 620/1)

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West Australian Act 18 June 1829 (UK) gave effect to the

“settlement of certain wild and unoccupied lands on the western coast of New Holland and the islands adjacent which are known by the name of Western Australia”.

Reference:
West Australian Act 1829 https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-92.html

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This legislation was the formal act providing temporarily for the government of the Colony of Western Australia.

The Act was introduced into the British Parliament shortly after the first fleet had set out for the new Colony on 9 February 1829. It received the Royal Assent on 14 May 1829. The preamble to the Act stated that these were temporary arrangements until the number of settlers increased and the 'undertaking shall be further matured'.

The Act also made clear that no part of the colonies of New South Wales or Van Diemen's Land would be included within the new Colony.

This Act was extended by various other legislation from time to time until it was formally repealed by the Australian Constitutions Act 1850, [Constitutions] which dealt with the government of all of the Australian colonies.
Sources
Appleyard, RT & Manford, T, The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press, Perth, 1979.

Battye, JS, Western Australia: A History from its Discovery to the Inauguration of the Commonwealth, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1924.

Black, D, The House on the Hill: A History of the Parliament of Western Australia 1832-1990, Parliament of Western Australia, Perth 1991.

Clark, CMH, Select Documents in Australian History, 1788-1850, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1950.

Crowley, FK, Australia's Western Third: A History of Western Australia From the First Settlements to Modern Times, Macmillan, London, 1960.

Lumb, RD, The Constitutions of the Australian States, (5th edn), University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1991.

Stannage, CT, A New History of Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press, Perth, 1981.

Handwritten on membranes of vellum about 18-19 inches long and 12 inches wide, sewn end to end and then rolled up.

Detail from the last page of the Western Australia Act 1829 (UK).

Long Title:

An Act to provide until the Thirty-first Day of December One thousand eight hundred and thirty-four, for the Government of His Majesty's Settlements in Western Australia, on the Western Coast of New Holland

Measurements:

18-19 inches x 12 inches per membrane

Features:

The vellum is in creamy shades and the ink is brown

Location & Copyright:
House of Lords Record Office

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This legislation was the formal act providing temporarily for the government of the Colony of Western Australia. The Act was introduced into the British Parliament shortly after the first fleet had set out for the new Colony on 9 February 1829. It received the Royal Assent on 14 May 1829.

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Aboriginal camp at Lake Monger, north of Grantham Street, Wembley, 1923.  State Library: NR-0002957

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"Around the 1920s, Lake Monger represented a permanent, controlled body of water near which Aborigines still camped.” (Stannage, 1979, p 267).

Galup continued to be an important camping and fishing area for Noongar people well into the 1920s when a camp was photographed (see above), possibly on the north-western shore of the lake.  The gazetting of the lake as a wild fowl reserve in 1884 and its increased use as a European recreational area however, eventually forced Aboriginal people to abandon the lake. Investigations by O’Connor, Quartermaine and Bodney (1989: 32) suggest the last remembered use of the lake was in the 1940s by Bonny Layland, son of Daglish Granny who regularly travelled form his camp at Dogswamp to fish for turtles there.

References:
Camp at Lake Monger, north of Grantham Street Wembley, 1923.  State Library: NR-0002957

https://storylines.slwa.wa.gov.au/archive-store/view/6/2910

The People of Perth, (Stannage, 1979 p 267).

Hugo Bekle, The Wetlands Lost: Drainage of the Perth Lake systems, Western Geographer 5 (102) June 1981, p 35.

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Children at Monger’s Lake jetty, 1925. COV PHO 2447. 

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1925 : Images of children at Monger’s Lake, 1920s

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1925 : Images of children at Monger’s Lake, 1920s

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Reference:
City of Vincent Local History Collection images: https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/site/welcome.me?search=~text:Lake%20Monger~decade:1920s&search_str=Lake%20Monger,%20Decade%20Includes%201920s

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C 1918 : Chinese market gardeners at Galup

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C 1918 : Chinese market gardeners at Galup

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Chinese market gardeners (Ah Hoy & Ah Fie, and later Chen Long) worked gardens on the Eastern side of Galup near present day Brittannia Reserve.

References:
Atkinson, Anne, 'Chinese market gardening in the Perth metropolitan area, 1900-1920', Western Geographer, vol. 8, 1984, pp. 38-52.

"Monger's Lake", West Australian, 24 August 1909, p 6.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26235821

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East bank of Monger’s Lake near bottom of Glenelg Street, Mount Hawthorn, c 1914. COV PHO 3965. 

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Reference:
Circa WWI era images of Monger’s Lake in the City of Vincent’s Local History Collection:

https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/site/welcome.me?search=~text:Lake%20Monger~decade:1910s&search_str=Lake%20Monger,%20Decade%20Includes%201910s

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Swampy area around Monger’s Lake, c 1914. COV PHO 3966. 

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Reference:
Circa WWI era images of Monger’s Lake in the City of Vincent’s Local History Collection:

https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/site/welcome.me?search=~text:Lake%20Monger~decade:1910s&search_str=Lake%20Monger,%20Decade%20Includes%201910s

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Reference:
Postcards of Monger’s Lake c 1910 – City of Vincent Image Library

https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/site/welcome.me?search=~text:Monger%20postcard&search_str=Monger%20postcard

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Postcard of Monger’s Lake, Leederville WA, 1911 

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Reference:
Monger’s Lake, Leederville WA, 1911

slwa_b1943460_1

https://purl.slwa.wa.gov.au/slwa_b1943460_1

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Illumination and fireworks at Monger’s Lake, 1910. COV PHO6129. 

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Reference:
Postcards of Monger’s Lake c 1910 – City of Vincent Image Library

https://cityofvincent.imagegallery.me/site/welcome.me?search=~text:Monger%20postcard&search_str=Monger%20postcard

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1910-1914 : Boating and recreational activities on Galup

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1910-1914 : Boating and recreational activities on Galup

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Illuminations, fireworks, regattas and launch trips...
"Lake Monger, a broad expanse of water and hyacinth in Leederville, is expected in a few years' time to develop into one of Perth's fore-most show places."
"There were the rowing boats which old-timer Jim
Shaw used to hire out every weekend. Periodically the local

municipality used to conduct rowing contests with these boats over a 400-yard course, the prize for which was generally a bronze medal. Apart from the yachting and the rowing, there was always the offer of a launch trip around the lake for sixpence per head."

Reference:
‘Gala Occasions at Lake Monger’, The West Australian, 10 December 1949, p 23.

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47816604

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WA became self governing.  The British Government insisted that the Constitution Act include a provision (section 70) that 5000 pounds or one percent of gross revenue (whichever was greater) was paid to the Aborigines Protection Board to assist in promoting the ‘preservation and well being of the Aborigines’.

The Constitution Act was amended in 1898 and Section 70 was repealed.

Reference:
Constitution Act 1889
https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2019-08/Western%20Australian%20Constitution.pdf

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Aborigines Protection Board were authorised to cancel work contracts in certain circumstances. Governor could allow a reserve to be created on Crown land.

Reference:
Find & Connect, Western Australia - Legislation Aborigines Act 1889 (1890-1898)

https://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/wa/biogs/WE00404b.htm

https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law_a3044.html