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A color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph.

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A print or display (a photograph or other image) using only a small number of different tones.

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A phenomenon where a digital camera has trouble translating an intricate pattern.

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JPEG artifacts are caused by compression when an image is saved in the . jpg format.

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A type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards (like the walls of a barrel).

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Distortion (as by an optical instrument or television receiver) in which the image of a straight line appears to be curved convexly toward the axis.

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an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C format

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A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size – 36mm by 24mm – and the distinctive look it makes possible. Compared to a Super 35mm sensor, a full-frame sensor has over twice the surface area while providing a wider angle of view and shallower depth of ﬁeld.

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An image sensor is an electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used in digital cameras and imaging devices to convert the light received on the camera or imaging device lens into a digital image.

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the ratio of the sensor size to 35mm / full-frame (see below). You take the provided crop factor number, multiply it with the focal length of the lens and you get the equivalent focal length relative to 35mm film / full-frame.

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Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte)

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Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte)

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a byte is a unit of data that is eight binary digits long. A byte is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number or typographic symbol. Each byte can hold a string of bits that need to be used in a larger unit for application purposes.

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different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted.

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Minimalism most generally refers to a style or approach that uses a small number of elements.

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art based on modern popular culture and the mass media, especially as a critical or ironic comment on traditional fine art values.

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experimental or innovative art or design, or the group of people who make them and push the envelope in their field.

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a style in art and literature in which ideas, images, and objects are combined in a strange way, like in a dream.

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They are those little round, dark spots that just seem to appear out of nowhere! Perhaps you call them something else, but I call them dust bunnies. Sometimes they are soft, sometimes they are very defined. dust on the lens

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Clipping occurs when there are areas of a photo that have no information. When an area has no information, it is either pure white (clipped highlights) or pure black (clipped shadows). Photographers often refer to these as "blown out" areas.

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It is the secondary light in the traditional 3 point lighting setup. The fill light is typically positioned opposite of the key light to literally fill in the shadows that the key light creates. The strength of the fill in is a determining factor to the lighting style and mood of a shot.

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Key light is the primary light source for your scene. The strength, color, and angle of your key light is a determining factor to a cinematographer's lighting design. The key light is most often placed in front of your subject, at an angle, and thus illuminates one section of your subject.

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In photography, tethered shooting is the process of capturing images while your camera is connected to your computer, which allows your photos to instantly upload to the computer. The benefit of tethered shooting is that it allows you to check images on a large screen while you're shooting.

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Chimping is a colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display (LCD) immediately after capture.

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Tog/Photog: It's short for a photographer. A Street Tog is slang for a street photographer.

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When a photoshop file has hundreds of unnamed layers.

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Appearance of print in which tone reproduction is low in contrast, lacking deep blacks or brilliant whites.

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When talking about photography the term 'kelvin' refers to the unit of measurement of color temperature. Every source of light emits light at a specific color temperature which can be measured in degrees kelvin or 'K'.

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Subtractive lighting simply involves the blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside. The tools used to block unwanted light are called gobos or flags.

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Lighting ratio in photography refers to the comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). The higher the lighting ratio, the higher the contrast of the image; the lower the ratio, the lower the contrast.

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What is an ICC profile? An ICC profile is a set of data that characterizes a color input or output device (or a color space) according to standards promulgated by the International Color Consortium (ICC).

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Flat lighting is a style of even lighting that produces very little depth and contrast. Flat lighting is generally not considered a good thing but there are reasons why it may be preferable in a specific context. A scene can wind up with flat light intentionally or by accident.

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vortograph, the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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the process of capturing digitized images of objects for the purpose of creating printable art using a flatbed "photo" scanner with a CCD (charge-coupled device) array capturing device.

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A photographic typology is a single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency. This consistency is usually found within the subjects, environment, photographic process, and presentation or direction of the subject.

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a term coined by William Jenkins in 1975 to describe a group of American photographers (such as Robert Adams and Lewis Baltz) whose pictures had a similar banal aesthetic, in that they were formal, mostly black and white prints of the urban landscape.

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a type of camera that develops an image when placed in one spot for a long period of time.

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also known as melainotype or ferrotype, is an old style of photograph that creates a photographic image on a thin sheet of metal or iron that has been coated with a dark lacquer or enamel.

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Static shots are a type of camera angle that is always filmed from the same spot in a scene. They can be used as an establishing shot or to show the action from one side. Static shots are often created by locking off the camera on a tripod and using either a zoom lens or dolly for movement.

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The visual weight in an image is defined as the visual force that appears due to the contrast of light among the visual elements that compound it. The visual weight is a visual force which prevails in the image balance.

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When talking about photography, specifically post-processing and image editing the term 'render' or the process of 'rendering' refers to the application of algorithms to a digital image file which convert the image information contained within the file into a viewable format on a viewing device.

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When an artist creates an impression of space within a painting the picture plane is the transparent division between this fictive internal space and the real space outside, in which the viewer is placed.

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lights up half of a subject's face while leaving the other half in a shadow, essentially “splitting” the face.

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a single light source placed on a 45 degree offset from the subject, about 5 feet away.

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a lighting pattern that creates a circular shadow on the subject's face just under the nose.

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used in portrait photography where the key light is placed above and pointing down on the subject's face.

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a type of lighting setup where the area of a subject's face that is facing the camera is lit more brightly

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a lighting technique used primarily in portrait photography in which the far side of a subject's face is lit relative to the camera.

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A positive photograph on glass made using the wet-collodion process, often hand-tinted and mounted in a hinged case.

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a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper.

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an intaglio print process that was sometimes used to produce high-quality reproductions of photographs in ink.

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a photographic printing process that produces blue prints using coated paper and light.

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an alternative photographic process where photographic images are developed on natural leaves through the action of photosynthesis.

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the bright, specular highlights found in a subject's eyes that are reflections of the light source or sources. They will appear the same shape of the light modifier used.

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The Curves tool is similar to levels, but it gives you more power to control shadows, highlights, and midtones separately. Because it's a more advanced tool, you'll need to be careful when using it to adjust your images.

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a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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a circular light or flash with a hole in the center for a lens or phone. Ring lights are often used by vloggers to create flattering, even lighting, by fashion photographers for beauty shots, and by macro photographers for even lighting while close up.

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a creative and unique type of photography in which the camera is manipulated so that a life-sized location or subject looks like a miniature-scale model.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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a tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It's affixed to the front of a studio strobe. Or it can be fixed to an off-camera flash. The light shines through the grid and creates a tight beam of light. The aim is to create a focused beam with little diffusion.

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a metal reflector that can be attached to a studio light or speedlite. Light fired into the dish hits a reflector directly in front, bounces back and then off the curved metal surface towards the subject.

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a tool placed over the strobe head. The snoot controls and directs your strobe flash by creating a narrow or broad light beam in its cast, depending on the effect the shooter desires. Snoots do not create the flash – they are merely a tool used with your existing strobe to direct the light.

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A softbox is a light modifier that confines light from an artificial source into a wire framed box and releases it through a layer of diffusion. Softboxes are commonly used in photography as a soft source of light that minimizes harsh shadows.

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a self-contained studio flash, typically but not always powered by an AC power source, which allows the fitting of light modification attachments such as umbrellas.

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a graph that measures the brightness of an image by representing the frequency of each tone as a value on a bar chart.

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a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general.

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art that is made by assembling disparate elements – often everyday objects – scavenged by the artist or bought specially.

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a filter that is used to darken or lower the amount of light that passes through the lens by a specified number of stops, ranging from a fraction of a stop to 10 stops or more.

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intentionally processing film in the wrong chemicals, creating interesting and unpredictable color shifts and increased contrast.

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the intentional borrowing, copying, and alteration of existing images and objects.

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a photographic technique that mainly involves combining two exposures to create a single image

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a collection of inanimate objects arranged as the subject of a composition.

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photographing a particular product, or someone supplying or receiving a particular service, in a way that showcases that product or service's best features and entices the viewer to want to buy.

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the process of taking photographs of an area from above, for example from an airplane or mast.

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Infrared photography refers to a special type of photography using films or sensors that have infrared light sensitivity. By using infrared light in a photograph one can add special effects, like false colors, to photographs.

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Composite photography is the use or combination of two or more different images to create a new one. Although it sounds simple, the creation of a new image using the composite method is a process that can take hours — it's something that requires constant practice in order to create believable compositions.

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According to wikipedia, the definition of lifestyle photography is “a style of portrait/people photography which aims to capture and document real-life events, situations, or milestones in an artistic manner and the art of the everyday”

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Urban Exploration Photography (urbanex for short) is the art of finding old and abandoned buildings and locations, exploring them, and taking photos as you go. It's exciting, potentially dangerous, legally ambiguous, and a lot of fun.

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photography involving astronomical objects and events.

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a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition. It can be a colorless or grey filter

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which stands for circular polarizer/linear – is a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces.

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a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same point. It is caused by dispersion: the refractive index of the lens elements varies with the wavelength of light.

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a photo camera featuring a single, removable lens and a digital display. The camera does not have a reflex mirror or optical viewfinder like a digital single-lens reflex camera, but may have an electronic viewfinder. Many mirrorless cameras retain a mechanical shutter.

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a logo, piece of text or signature superimposed onto a photograph. Watermarks are typically transparent, so those viewing the image can still admire it. You can usually identify the photographer through the watermark, too.

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Clamshell lighting is when the photographer uses two frontal light sources to illuminate the subject, helping to minimize shadows and often giving a glowing effect.

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Doubleback lighting, which I also found to be called as “badger” lighting is a creative two-light setup that helps to emphasize shadows which adds angles to the face and body.

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High-key lighting is a style of lighting for film, television, or photography that aims to reduce the lighting ratio present in the scene.

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Low-key lighting is a type of lighting style used in photography, film, and television that accentuates shadows, high contrast, and dark tones.

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A key light is the main source of light in a video or photo. High-key lighting results in brightly lit subjects with more fill light and softer shadows.

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the process by which a beam of light or other system of waves is spread out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or across an edge, typically accompanied by interference between the wave forms produced.

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IPS monitors or “In-Plane Switching” monitors, leverage liquid crystals aligned in parallel to produce rich colors. IPS panels are defined by the shifting patterns of their liquid crystals. These monitors were designed to overcome the limitations of TN panels.

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would compress images using different concave and convex lens components designed to capture the wider image and compress it onto the full height of super 35mm film. It's only on the cinema screen that the image then un-compresses for the full widescreen effect.

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All The Gear, No Idea. This phrase refers to a person who has all the camera equipment you can think of but has no idea how to use it.

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Changes or transitions in a characteristic or quality of a part of an image e.g. its lightness, texture, density either wihin an area of the image or between one area and another.

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Professional photographers use a technique called focus stacking to portray multiple objects in focus on various focal planes in one sharp image where everything is in focus, essentially mimicking a greater depth of field without any loss of definition.

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The Sunny f16 rule states that, on sunny days, at an aperture of f/16, your shutter speed is the inverse of your ISO value. This means that if you are at, say, aperture f/16 and ISO 100, your shutter speed should be 1/100 seconds. This is one of the easiest photography rules to remember.

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Alternative process photography is a term used to describe any non-traditional photographic printing process. Some of the processes include cyanotype, salt prints, photograms and pinholes.

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Photography is the simultaneous recognition, in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as of a precise organisation of forms which give that event its proper expression.

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The phrase “grip and rip” means exactly the same thing as “spray and pray”. It means to set your camera in a fast burst mode, shooting several photos per second, and then to simply hold down the shutter button while hoping to capture the perfect image.

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A toy camera is an inexpensive camera made almost entirely out of plastic, including the lens.