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The Toluca Cathedral was begun in 1867 and was not completed until the second half of the 20th century. It was solemnly blessed in 1976. Its neoclassical façade is composed of two bodies where the images of Saint John, Saint Thomas, Saint Peter, and Saint James are located. 1 Construction was based on plans presented by the architect Ramón Rodríguez Arangoiti. 2 The sacred space began in 1867 under the supervision of Fray Buenaventura Merlín, using the grounds of the Convent of the Assumption of Mary.

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CONSPIRACY OF QUERETARO

The Conspiracy of Querétaro, also known as the Conspiracy of Mexican Independence, was a clandestine movement that took place in the city of Santiago de Querétaro in 1810. This movement was of vital importance for the start of the Mexican War of Independence, as it initiated the armed struggle leading a popular army of peasants that would go much further than expected in their quest to eliminate the injustices imposed on them by the Spanish crown. The main objective was to create a governing council that would take power in the name of King Ferdinand VII.

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CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT

In the 1920s, Michoacán was the scene of the Cristero movement, a religious revolt against the Mexican government, which sought to defend religious freedom. The Cristeros, led by figures such as Anacleto González Flores, fought for the right to practice their religion without restrictions.The Cristero movement had a profound impact on the lives of the people of Michoacán, who found themselves divided between those who supported the government and those who supported the Cristeros. The religious struggle left an indelible mark on the history of Michoacán, reminding us of the importance of faith and religious freedom in the lives of Mexicans.

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Conquest and Colonization in ChiapasThe conquest and colonization of Chiapas was a complex process that had a lasting impact on the region. The Spaniards, under the leadership of figures such as Diego de Mazariegos and Pedro de Alvarado, arrived in Chiapas in search of wealth and lands for the Spanish crown. Indigenous resistance was strong, but it was defeated in several battles, including the Battle of the Grijalva. The colonization focused on the expansion of agriculture, the introduction of new technologies, and the imposition of the Catholic religion. The region was governed by the Spanish crown for more than three hundred years, until Mexico's independence in 1821.

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The day Mexico lost half of its territory

Mexico loses territory In 1845, a war began that lasted two years between the Mexican and American armies, in which the latter emerged victorious. As a result, they took possession of the territories of New Mexico and Upper California. With that agreement, the current states of California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, as well as part of Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming became part of the U.S. With the defeat of its army and the fall of the capital, Mexico City, in September 1847 the Mexican government surrendered to the United States and entered into negotiations to end the war. The peace talks were negotiated by Nicholas Trist, chief clerk of the State Department, who had accompanied General Winfield Scott as a diplomat and President Polk's representative. Trist and General Scott, after two previous unsuccessful attempts to negotiate a treaty with Santa Anna, determined that the only way to deal with Mexico was as a conquered enemy. Nicholas Trist negotiated with a special commission representing the collapsed government led by Don Bernardo Couto, Don Miguel Atristain, and Don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas of Mexico.

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Foundation of toluca In 1524

The evangelization began in 1524, with the construction by Fray Luis de Fuensalida of the open chapel of Santa Cruz de los Otomíes and the Franciscan convent of the Assumption, which is located where the portals are and whose only testimony is the chapel located behind the municipal palace

beans, cotton blankets, and shields adorned with fine feathers, as stated in the Mendocino Codex.From this period, the most important construction is the archaeological zone of Calixtlahuaca, with its temples dedicated to Tláloc and Quetzalcoatl, where a sculpture of the god Ehécatl, the wind deity, was discovered.Originally, it was known as TOLOCAN, "Place where the God Tolo dwells," which extended in its conception to a whole geographical area.

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Plaza de las Tres Culturas, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas, Tlatelolco, Ciudad de México, CDMX

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Plaza de las Tres Culturas, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas, Tlatelolco, Ciudad de México, CDMX

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Plaza de las Tres Culturas, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas, Tlatelolco, Ciudad de México, CDMX

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STUDENT MOVEMENT OF 1968

The '68 student movement was a social movement that emerged in 1968 and included students from the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and other Mexican educational institutions, as well as teachers, professionals, workers, and other social sectors.
This movement was formed in Mexico City in response to a series of attacks a few days earlier against a group of students by riot police (a special police force). The riot police had used tear gas to pursue and arrest the youth following student clashes.
Following this incident, student groups marched to Constitution Square on July 26, 1968, to protest, joined by militants of the Mexican Communist Party. But before they could arrive, the police repressed them, leaving hundreds injured. Many of the young people, amid the repression, took refuge in university buildings and were surrounded by security forces.
A day later, the students took to the streets again and took over the UNAM campus, while clashes with the police continued to escalate as new schools were added. When the riot police failed to suppress the protests, the government called in the army, which attacked the UNAM campus on July 30.
For two months, students opposing President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, authoritarianism, and the violence of the repressive forces remained in the streets of Mexico City, organized a National Strike Council, held rallies, and received support from various social sectors.
On October 2, this situation came to an end when the military opened fire in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, where students and journalists had gathered. The usual explanation for this is that flares were dropped from a helicopter, and a shootout immediately erupted.
It has been suggested that the flares were thrown to confuse the military surrounding the plaza and make them believe they were being attacked by the students. In any case, the military forces targeted the protesters in the plaza.
To this day, the exact death toll from this event, known as the Tlatelolco massacre, remains unknown. While the Mexican government reported fewer than 30, estimates by a mother who had searched for her son's body exceeded 65, and the Special Prosecutor's Office for Social and Political Movements of the Past estimated a death toll of 350 in 2006.

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CONQUISTA DEL IMPERIO AZTECA

In 1517, Hernán Cortés, a Spanish explorer and conqueror, led an expedition to the New World with the goal of finding wealth and establishing colonies on behalf of the Spanish Empire. He landed on the coast of Yucatán, in what is now Mexico, and began to explore and establish alliances with the indigenous peoples of the region. However, his true opportunity would come a few years later when he learned of the existence of a vast Aztec empire in central Mexico, ruled by the emperor moctezuma.

Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador, meticulously prepared for the expedition that would mark a milestone in history: the conquest of the Aztec Empire. With the support of the Spanish authorities, Cortés assembled a contingent of soldiers, sailors, and explorers to carry out his ambitious mission.

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Toma de Zacatecas The capture of Zacatecas was an event that was part of the Mexican Revolution. It took place in Zacatecas on June 23, 1914, and it was the occasion when General Francisco Villa defeated the forces of then-President Victoriano Huerta, clearing the way for the revolutionary troops (the Division of the North) towards Mexico City. After this fierce battle, the federals could no longer recover. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the Mexican Revolution.

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The earthquake in Mexico in 1985

The 1985 earthquake in Mexico occurred on September 19 at 07:17:47 hours and had a magnitude of 8.1 on the Richter scale. Its epicenter was located in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of the state of Michoacán. This earthquake devastated a large part of Mexico City, causing thousands of deaths and significant damage to infrastructure.

The 1985 earthquake not only caused a humanitarian crisis, but also spurred greater awareness of civil protection and the implementation of emergency protocols following the widespread social mobilization. This tragedy left deep marks on the collective memory of the country and transformed the way Mexico handles natural disasters.

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The fall of Tenochtitlán on August 13, 1521, was a decisive moment in the dramatic collapse of the Aztec empire that dominated Mesoamerica. Led by Hernán Cortés (1485-1547), the Spanish conquistadors had superior tactics and weapons. Additionally, the visitors from the Old World brought with them new and terrible diseases that caused massive losses among the American Indians.

The Aztecs (or Mexicas) were a conquering people, which meant that many of the cities they had subdued were very willing to join forces with the Spaniards. The victory of the Spaniards and their allies resulted in the looting and destruction of what was the largest city in America, but it was eventually rebuilt and became present-day Mexico City.

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An 1899 painting by William de Leftwich Dodge (1867–1935) depicting the last stand of the Aztecs during the siege of Tenochtitlan by Hernán Cortés in 1521. (Howard Tilton Library, Tulane University…

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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, 1848. This ended the war under very disadvantageous conditions for the Mexicans, who were forced to cede almost one million square kilometers to the United States, losing the territories of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Colorado.

Furthermore, Mexico was forced to renounce any claim to the disputed territory of Texas, which had been established as an independent republic between 1836 and 1845.

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At dawn on April 11, 1865, the Battle of Tacámbaro took place in the town of Tacámbaro, Michoacán de Ocampo, Mexico. Republican troops, under the command of General Nicolás de Regules, defeated Empress Charlotte's Belgian Guard during the Second French Intervention. This was a valuable victory in which national forces prevailed over a foreign army, which has unfortunately been forgotten over the years. This triumph in defense of sovereignty and independence strengthened the right to build a free and independent nation and dignified the identity of the population, consolidating the defense of citizens' rights to elect their leaders in Tacámbaro, Michoacán. The responsibility of recovering this town fell to General Nicolás Regules, who operated in that region of the country. Meanwhile, the Belgians had taken both Soledad Solórzano de Regules and the couple's children hostage.

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ÉPOCA PREHISPÁNICA Y COLONIAL

Pre-Columbian and Colonial EraFoundation: The city was founded by the Aztecs in 1486 with the name Huaxyácac (which means 'in the nose of the guajes' in Nahuatl).Spanish Conquest: In 1521, the Spaniards arrived and renamed the city Oaxaca, derived from Nahuatl.Colonial Importance: It became an administrative and religious center, with the construction of emblematic buildings such as the Temple of Santo Domingo and the Zócalo.

Oaxaca de Juárez was a key point of cultural and economic exchange since pre-Hispanic times, and during colonial times it was consolidated as a religious, political and commercial center. Its colonial history left an architectural and cultural legacy that still endures.

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imagenes de oaxaca de jueres en la epoca prehispanica colonial

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The Mexican revolution

The Mexican Revolution was an armed conflict that began on November 20, 1910, and lasted until 1920. This movement emerged as a response to the dictatorial regime of Porfirio Díaz, who had been in power for more than 30 years. The revolution aimed to establish free and democratic elections, as well as to address social and economic inequalities in Mexico. This event is considered one of the most significant of the 20th century in Latin America, marking a profound change in the political and social structure of the country.

The revolutionary leaders and the social sectors that supported them had different plans and projects. Some were of a political and institutional nature, such as the establishment of greater political freedoms and a constitutional order. Others were of an economic and social nature, such as the fight against social inequality and landholding in the countryside, and the proposal to implement a land reform that would distribute lands among the peasants. One of the main consequences of the Mexican Revolution was the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution, which established a legal framework for the exercise of politics, prohibited presidential re-election, recognized a series of labor rights, and granted the State the ability to break up large estates and expropriate oil fields. The revolution also caused more than a million deaths. In addition, some of the most important revolutionary leaders were murdered during the revolutionary process.

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Fundación de tenochtitlan

The founding of Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Mexica empire, dates back to 1325, according to tradition and mythology. The city was founded on an island in Lake Texcoco after the Mexica followed the instructions of their god Huitzilopochtli, who saw an eagle perched on a cactus devouring a snake. This event is considered the origin of the city and of Mexico's national emblem.

Tenochtitlán: The City and Its Importance:

Capital of the Mexica Empire:
Tenochtitlán became the capital of the Mexica Empire, a powerful state that dominated much of Mesoamerica

Planned City:
The city was carefully planned and built, with neighborhoods, canals, and a Great Temple.

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La independencia de México

The independence of Mexico was the process by which the former territory of New Spain, which was part of the Spanish Empire, became an independent state.

Mexico began with the armed uprising known as the Grito de Dolores on September 16, 1810, and continued with the war of independence between royalists and insurgents that ended on September 27, 1821.The independence of Mexico was achieved after the royalist troops of the military leader Agustín de Iturbide joined the insurgents, formulated the Plan of Iguala in February 1821, and formed the Trigarante Army that entered Mexico City in September 1821.

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THE MEXICO EARTHQUAKE OF 1985

The Mexico earthquake of 1985 was a

seismic movement that occurred on Thursday, September 19, 1985, starting at 7:17 AM (local time), and whose epicenter was located off the Mexican coast of the Pacific Ocean, in the state of Michoacán.

The earthquake reached a magnitude of 8.1, and was the most destructive and deadly in the history of Mexico. It affected numerous cities in the center, south, and west of the country, including Mexico City, surpassing the earthquake of 1957 that had previously been the largest earthquake experienced in the region.The direct consequences of the 1985 earthquake were catastrophic, in terms of fatalities, injuries, destroyed infrastructure, and the subsequent difficulties of reconstruction. The next day, an aftershock of similar magnitude ravaged structures already weakened by the first tremor.The earthquake was particularly damaging for Mexico City, the capital of the republic, due to the characteristics of the terrain on which it had been built.

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The Spanish conquest and the transformation of Oaxaca.

The Spanish conquest in Oaxaca was a process that profoundly transformed the region, marking a change in the social, economic, and cultural structure. The Spaniards, led by Hernán Cortés, arrived in Oaxaca in 1521, establishing their presence and beginning the conquest. This process included the founding of the city of Antequera, the imposition of the encomienda system, and the construction of churches and monasteries to spread Christianity. Indigenous resistance was strong, but the Spaniards managed to impose their dominance and make significant changes in the culture and society of Oaxaca.

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conquista española y transformación de Oaxaca

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EL TERREMOTO DE 1985

The 1985 Mexico City earthquake, also known as the September 19 earthquake, was a magnitude 8.1 seismic event that occurred on September 19, 1985, causing widespread destruction and thousands of deaths. The epicenter was off the coast of Michoacán, and the earthquake severely affected central and southern Mexico, particularly Mexico City.The 1985 earthquake had its epicenter off the coast of Michoacán, measuring 8.1 magnitude and at a depth of 15 kilometers (9.3 mi). The ground shaking was felt in the center, south, and west of the country, causing more than 30,000 injuries, 150,000 homelessness, 30,000 homes destroyed, and more than 60,000 damaged.

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On March 13, 1858, Guadalajara became the seat of the Executive Branch, with the installation of President Juárez and his cabinet there. Colonel Antonio Landa, in charge of the presidential honor guard, arrested the president and his aides. General Anastasio Parrodi liberated Guadalajara and the presidential cabinet, which departed for Colima. The Conservative army captured Guadalajara.

In 1863, French troops captured Lagos de Moreno on their way to Aguascalientes. On January 6, 1864, the French army entered Guadalajara. In 1866, Republican Eulogio Parra defeated French troops at Hacienda de la Coronilla, near Santa Ana Acatlán. In 1867, General Ramón Corona captured the city of Guadalajara. Pedro Galván defeated the French at Acatlán, consolidating the Republican victory. The Congress of Jalisco restored constitutional order.

The Mexico-Guadalajara railway was inaugurated in 1888. The Political Constitution of Jalisco was published in 1906.

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EL GRITO DE DOLORES

During the Grito de Dolores, which took place in the early morning of September 16, 1810, the priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla called on the people of Dolores Hidalgo to rise up in arms against Spanish rule, marking the beginning of the Mexican independence movement. Hidalgo rang the church bells and gave a speech encouraging the people to rebel against the Viceroyalty.At dawn on September 16, 1810, the priest Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla called on the people of Dolores Hidalgo, through the ringing of the church bells, to rise up in arms against Spanish rule.

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The Independence of Mexico*

The Independence of Mexico was a struggle that culminated in the separation from Spanish rule and the formation of a new independent country. This process began with the "Grito de Dolores" on September 16, 1810, and ended on September 27, 1821, with the entry of the Trigarante Army into Mexico City.

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Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, CDMX, México

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The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo México which lended the México america war was signed on february 2 1848 at the villa de Guadalupe,city this treaty establis the boundaries and México, an estados unidos ...It was caused by the lack of money and because the state was in debt to its citizens. It was when the United States bought the land, paying Mexico's debts. and fear. At the same time, the United States was a thriving country, with a growing industry, a flourishing economy, and a rapidly growing population. The United States had just acquired the territories

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La Guerra Cristera

The Cristero War (1926-1929)

The Cristero War was a conflict between the Mexican government and Catholic armed groups, known as "Cristeros", due to anti-clerical laws and policies. The war caused thousands of deaths and displaced people, damaging the economy and the Catholic Church. The conflict ended with an agreement between the government and the Church in 1929, allowing the resumption of public worship and relaxation of anti-clerical laws.

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Inaguración del teatro

In 1851 the Teatro Principal, built by González Arratia, was inaugurated. In 1917, General Millán, elected governor, called the Constituent Congress, which met in Toluca and in October of that year promulgated the new Political Constitution of the Free and Sovereign State of Mexico. It was one of the great works of having inaugurated the theater.

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FUNDACIÓN DE LOS MOCHIS EN 1903

- La ciudad fue fundada oficialmente el 20 de abril de 1903 por el ingeniero estadounidense Albert K. Owen y el empresario Benjamin F. Johnston, quienes impulsaron el desarrollo agrícola y la industria azucarera en la región.

- Originalmente se llamó "Estación Owen" y luego "Colonia Americana", antes de adoptar el nombre de Los Mochis (derivado de los indígenas Mayos, que llamaban al lugar "Mochicahui").

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Batalla de puebla

The Battle of Puebla was a battle that took place on May 5, 1862, near the city of Puebla, between the armies of the Mexican Republic, under the command of Ignacio Zaragoza, and the Second French Empire, led by Charles Ferdinand Latrille, Count of Lorencez, during the second French intervention in Mexico.