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A resource war is a type of war caused by conflict over resources. In a resource war, there is typically a nation or group that controls the resource and an aggressor that wishes to seize control over said resource. This power dynamic between nations has been a significant underlying factor in conflicts since the late 19th century. Following the rise of industrialization, the amount of raw materials an industrialized nation uses to sustain its activities is heightened.

Illustration of the Chincha Islands of Peru, circa 1859

One of the most prolific examples of resource war in history is the conflict over Chincha Island guano in the late 19th century. The Chincha Islands of Peru are situated off of the southern coast of Peru, where many seabirds were known to roost and prey on fish brought there by the currents of the Pacific Ocean. The guano of these seabirds is incredibly dense in nutrients and became a sought-after resource as a fertilizer. Soil that was nutrient rich allowed for higher crop yields, which subsequently translated to better sustenance of the population and overall improved economic performance. Known colloquially as "white gold", guano from the Chincha Islands began to catch the interest of Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other industrial powers at the time.

The international interest for that resource resulting in a number of conflicts including the Chincha Islands War between Spain and Peru and the War of the Pacific between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. Although the primary inciting force of the conflict originated over possession of the nutrient-rich guano, Spain also attempted to exercise prior colonial control over Peru during its aggressions during this conflict. The Chincha Islands guano became a resource of imperialism with foreign nations inciting conflict and establishing dominion over it. In 1856, United States President Franklin Pierce passed the Guano Islands Act with the exclusive purpose of addressing American scarcity over guano. Under the Guano Islands Act, any piece of uninhabited land that harbors a guano deposit could be claimed as a territory of the United States to extract the resource. The legislation acted as a workaround for the United States to access Peruvian seabird guano since direct trade was not an option because of a treaty between Peru and the United Kingdom.

Under the geopolitical lens for interpreting resource wars, the main rationale behind resource conflict is strategic. It assumes that control over the resource provides a particular advantage to that nation and interprets hostile attempts to take over the resource as a means to acquire that advantage for themselves. Resources that are deemed strategic shift over time and pertain to what is required for economic expansion or success at the time. Examples of this include timber during the seventeenth century for naval development or oil during the twentieth century onward for enabling military technology and transportation.

Dr. Thomas Homer-Dixon at an NDP convention in British Columbia, circa 2007

Also known as the environmental scarcity or political economy, the environmental security perspective interprets resource conflict as a response to resource scarcity. A notable proponent of the environmental security perspective is Dr. Thomas Homer-Dixon, a Canadian political scientist and professor at the University of Waterloo. The work of Homer-Dixon focuses on two different phenomena regarding the effect of resources on violent conflict: resource scarcity and resource abundance. Under the environmental security perspective, resource scarcity perpetuates conflict by inciting pressures on a society that is dealing with resource deprivation. According to Homer-Dixon, populations struggling with resource scarcity are also impacted by overpopulation and inequitable resource allocation. Overpopulation and inequitable resource allocation can make resource scarcity even more pronounced, creating a cyclical instability in the society.

Conversely, countries with natural resource abundance are impacted in a different way. Countries that are wealthy in resources have been shown to have disproportionate economic growth, less democracy, and overall insufficient development outcomes. This permeates from an overdependence on their resource from an economic standpoint, where authoritarian traits may begin to take effect. This creates pressure on the citizens as a whole due to undermined governance of the nation and volatile economic state if the resource fluctuates heavily in price. This phenomenon is known as the resource curse.

Conflict resources are natural resources extracted in a conflict zone and sold to perpetuate the fighting. There is both statistical and anecdotal evidence that the presence of precious commodities can prolong conflicts (a " resource curse"). An unfortunate irony is that many countries rich in minerals are impoverished in terms of their capacity for governance. Conflict, corruption and bribery may be seen as the typical costs of doing business. The extraction and sale of blood diamonds, also known as "conflict diamonds", is a better-known phenomenon which occurs under virtually identical conditions. Petroleum can also be a conflict resource. Other commodities are also involved in financing conflict.

The concept of "conflict resource", or "conflict commodity" emerged in the late 1990s, initially in relation to the " blood diamonds" that were financing rebellions in Angola and Sierra Leone. Then "conflict timber" financed hostilities in Cambodia and Liberia.

The concept was first officially discussed by the UN General Assembly in the context of 'conflict diamonds': The UN Security Council has since referred to conflict resources in several resolutions, particularly resolutions 1533 and I698.97.

Since 1996 the Bonn International Center for Conversion has tracked resource governance and conflict intensity by country. Aside from fossil fuels, metals, diamonds, and timber it tracks the governance of other primary goods that might fund conflicts, including: poppy seeds and talc (Afghanistan), rubber (Côte d'Ivoire), cotton (Zambia), and cocoa (Indonesia).

Several countries and organizations, including the United States, European Union, and OECD have designated tantalum, tin, tungsten, and gold connected to conflict in the DRC as conflict minerals and legally require companies to report trade or use of conflict minerals as a way to reduce incentives for armed groups to extract and fight over the minerals.

In the 2020s, the concept of conflict minerals was extended to those mined to support conflicts in parts of the world other than where the mining takes place. The Wagner Group has been granted mining rights in the Central African Republic in return for securing the continuity of the government. This "blood gold" is then sold to support Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian War. Wagner also has gold-related operations in Mali and Sudan.

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A resource war is a type of war caused by conflict over resources. In a resource war, there is typically a nation or group that controls the resource and an aggressor that wishes to seize control over said resource. This power dynamic between nations has been a significant underlying factor in conflicts since the late 19th century.

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I think that this resolution of military intervention is very effective. This is because it conduct of many countries working together to beat Japan. By attacking Japan right when Japan forces were low because of the bomb attack from America. This helped reduce units of Japan in the Southeastern countries. Providing an opportunity for Southeeastern countries a chance to attack Japan. An evidence of this is America dropped bomb on Japan in 1945 and Vietnam got it's freedom in the same year. This means that Vietnam have used the nation's advantage to win Japan. Base on all of this, I think that military intervention is very effective in this conflict.

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I think that there's very low percentage of Japan having more future conflicts with Southeastern Asia. This is because Southeastern Asian countries are Japan's second largest ally only behind America. Not only that, japan's largest trading partner is China which was a country which was conquered by Japan in WW2. Now, if Japan were to attack China, they might loose their largest trading partner if they lost. This is a huge risk because China is a large country with strong alliance with countries like Russia and they have a strong military unit.

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Oil was very useful especially during the World War because they have a lot of use that can help the army to attack and conquer other countries. Oil can fuel and help military machines to work and attack. Since Japan was planning to take over Asia, oil would be a key material to help them reach this goal with the help that oil brings to their military and army.

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Rubber also has the same use as oil because they help the military machines and equipment to help with the war. Using rubber Japan can makes tires, engine belts, fuel tubing, gas masks, and other important components for tanks, planes, and ships. Not only that, Japan's automobile industry was growing rapidly at the time and with the help from rubber their economy in that industry grow even faster.

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Raw materials like iron, coal are usually use to help with military production. Enabling the production of essential military equipment like warplanes, warships, and ammunition. Not only that they help with constructing a lot of war machines which helps Japan take over other countries during the war and collect resources all over Asia.

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Rubber can help with making tires for automobile in the army powering up the Japanese army. The military used rubber for vehicles and aircraft tires, pontoon bridges, gas and oxygen masks, medical equipment, boots, raincoat and shoes. With the help of rubber, Japan equipment and army got better and stronger to help them attack others country. In World War II, rubber played a crucial role in Japan's war effort, both in terms of their own military needs and their ability to disrupt the Allied supply chain.

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Oil can be used to lubricate and fuel planes, tanks and other combat machinery, oil was a key strategic commodity. Because of its importance, Japan can attack other countries with oil helping their machines and power up their army to be stronger and being able to take over Asia. By powering up the army Japan can reached their goals with the significant help of oil to the military. Boosting their machines will make Japan's defense better and having more chance to take over other countries for even more resources then eventually take over Asia.

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After attacking America's Pearl Harbor, the Americans together with the allied (UK, Soviet Union, China) declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941. Firstly, American sent U.S. Army Air Forces soldier who were trained and equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress to Japan. Not long after the first attack, America detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This killed between 150,000 and 246,000 people.

At the same time, countries in southeast Asia were fighting back with the help of UK. Countries like Singapore received aid from UK to fight back Japanese troops. Vietnam resisted the Japanese during World War II through the efforts of Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh. Viet Minh took part in warfare against the Japanese. In Indonesia, there were localized rebellions and acts of resistance, including the Dayak Desa War and incidents like the Kali Bekasi incident. Through many more resistance from countries, Japan slowly retreated to their country.

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In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria in the north of China and a very rich in resources place. They were looking for raw materials to help with their growing industries and military. Especially for oil and steel since most of the military machines in Japan run by them. China declared war with Japan with Chiang Kai-shek leading them. July 7th, 1937 the Marco Polo Bridge incident happens a clash between Chinese and Japanese troops near the Marco Polo Bridge. The incident escalated from a local skirmish into a full-scale war. 1941, Japan extend their army to the French Indochina and attack the Pearl Harbour of United States and that's when China and Australia officially declared war on Japan. 1942-1943, China started winning more battles against Japan. The conflict between the two countries ended in September 2, 1945 when Japan surrendered to the Allies after United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

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1940, Japan invade Indochina which was taken over by the French Colony. The impact on Vietnam wasn't a lot but there was impact on the region's resources and political landscape. The French Vichy government, under pressure, agrees to Japanese troop stationing and resource utilization.

1945, The Japanese stage a coup against the French, ending French colonial rule and declaring Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia independent.

Japan surrenders to the Allies after the United States bombed them.

Ho Chi Minh declared independence for Vietnam, establishing the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.