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December 7, 1941

the Japanese suprise attack early in the morning

they destroyed more than 20 ships

the next day, president

https://www.history.com/articles/pearl-harbor

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Pearl Harbor: Attack, Deaths & Facts | HISTORY

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Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, that was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. The day after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.

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Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France

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june 28 1919

It was a signed agreement

https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1919

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September 27, 1940

agreement concluded by Germany, Italy, and Japan

It the largely intended to deter the United States from entering the conflict

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tripartite-Pact

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Tripartite Pact, agreement concluded by Germany, Italy, and Japan on September 27, 1940, one year after the start of World War II. It created a defense alliance between the countries and was largely intended to deter the United States from entering the conflict. Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Croatia were later signatories to the pact.

The Tripartite Pact was the culmination of a series of agreements between Germany, Japan, and Italy. On October 25, 1936, Germany and Italy completed the Rome-Berlin Axis, a cooperation deal. A month later Japan joined the so-called Axis powers by signing (with Germany) the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti- communist agreement that was primarily directed against the Soviet Union; Italy signed in 1937. However, that compact was broken with the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of August 23, 1939, which paved the way for Germany to invade Poland the following week, thus starting World War II.

Against this backdrop, officials from Germany, Italy, and Japan met in Berlin in September 1940 to devise the Tripartite Pact. It notably called on signees "to assist one another with all political, economic and military means" when any one of them was attacked by "a Power at present not involved in the European War or in the Sino-Japanese Conflict." Such wording notably excluded the Soviet Union, which was already involved in both wars, and was thus seen as a warning to the United States against entering World War II. The pact was signed by Joachim von Ribbentrop (Germany), Galeazzo Ciano (Italy), and Kurusu Saburo (Japan). Several other European countries-some of which had been coerced-were later signatories.

The Tripartite Pact was notably invoked in 1941, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. On December 8 the United States declared war on Japan, and four days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. Thereafter, however, the pact was largely seen as ineffective, Germany and Japan having divergent interests and largely pursuing their own agendas. For example, in April 1941 Japan signed a neutrality pact with the Soviet Union, but two months later Germany invaded the communist country. The Japanese subsequently refused German calls to intervene.

Amy Tikkanen.

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Tripartite Pact | Definition, History, Significance, & Facts

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Tripartite Pact, agreement concluded by Germany, Italy, and Japan on September 27, 1940, one year after the start of World War II. It created a defense alliance between the countries and was largely intended to deter the United States from entering the conflict. Learn more about the pact's background and significance.

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May 7, 1945,

The unconditional surrender of the German Third Reich was signed in the early morning hours of Monday

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-germany#:~:text=The%20unconditional%20surrender%20of%20the,at%20Reims%20in%20northeastern%20France.

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Puranik Tokyo Bay, Puranik Tokyo Bay, Ghodbunder Road, Haware City, Thane West, Thane, Maharashtra, IN

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September 2, 1945

Japanese representatives signed the official Instrument of Surrender, prepared by the War Department and approved by President Harry S

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan

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May 26 to June 4, 1940

338,000 (BEF) and other Allied troops were evacuated from Dunkirk to England as German forces closed in on them.

involving hundreds of naval and civilian vessels, became known as the “Miracle of Dunkirk”

https://www.history.com/articles/dunkirk

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Where is Dunkirk? Dunkirk is located in the north of France, on the shores of the North Sea near the Belgian-French border. The Strait of Dover, where the distance between England and France is just 21 miles across the English Channel, is located to the…

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Region of Crete, Plateia Eleftherias, Heraklion, Greece

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May 20 to June 1, 1941.

airborne assault by Nazi Germany on the Greek island of Crete

it's the picture above A soldier in Heraklion, the largest city on the Greekisland of Crete, after its destruction

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-Crete

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Battle of Crete, airborne assault by Nazi Germany on the Greek island of Crete during World War II that took place from May 20 to June 1, 1941.

After the abject failure of a British expedition to defend Greece against German attack, remnants of the British and Commonwealth force were evacuated to Crete, an island of strategic importance to both sides. Nazi Germany enjoyed aerial superiority and decided to exploit its advantage by seizing the island in a mass assault by elite parachute and glider troops. They would capture the airfields to allow transport aircraft to ferry in more soldiers before the arrival of seaborne reinforcements. While the British, Commonwealth, and Greek defenders outnumbered the Germans, they were not a coherent force, lacking adequate communications and heavy weapons.

Although plans for the invasion of Crete were known to the British-through the breaking of Enigma codes-German aerial superiority made the long island almost impossible to defend effectively. The airborne assault came on May 20, with some 9,350 troops landing on the first day. Although German casualties were exceptionally severe, there were sufficient men to hang on until reinforcements arrived. On May 26, Lieutenant General Bernard Freyberg, the Commonwealth commander on Crete, ordered a general retreat to the south of the island to prepare for evacuation. The Royal Navy, which had already suffered heavy losses, lost more ships as it tried to get the troops away; the operation was abandoned on May 30, leaving 5,000 men awaiting evacuation.

Casualties for the British and Commonwealth numbered 4,000 dead, 2,000 wounded, and 11,300 captured out of 47,500 troops involved in the battle; the Allied forces also suffered 9 ships sunk and 18 damaged. German casualties numbered 7,000 out of 22,000 troops. While the Allies looked to the Battle of Crete as an inspiration for their own airborne forces, these heavy German losses led Adolf Hitler to curtail further large-scale airborne operations.

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The Battle of Crete took place from May 20 to June 1, 1941, during World War II. It began with an airborne assault by Nazi Germany on the Greek island of Crete.

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Oblast' Telekom, B. Semyenovskaya Street, Moscow, Moscow, Russia

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September 30, 1941 to January 7, 1942

battle fought between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union

Germans’ intention to capture Moscow, which ultimately doomed the Third Reich.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Moscow

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Table of Contents

Battle of Moscow, battle fought between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from September 30, 1941 to January 7, 1942, during World War II. It was the climax of Nazi Germany's Operation Barbarossa, and it ended the Germans' intention to capture Moscow, which ultimately doomed the Third Reich.

The German advance on Moscow in September 1941 was soon in trouble because of atrocious weather conditions. The Germans were also shocked by the Soviet Union's ability to keep bringing forward more reserves. Although some Nazi officers thought Moscow was unattainable, they had no choice but to press forward, because they had to end the war before the fierce winter set in.

German troops managed to encircle large Soviet forces at Viazma in October, but the Soviets still fought on, delaying the Nazi advance. German soldiers pierced the improvised defense lines on the approaches to Moscow and reached within 15 miles (24 km) of the city-they could see the cupolas of St. Basil's Cathedral in Red Square in the distance. However, resistance kept stiffening. Joseph Stalin chose to stay in Moscow and appeared at the annual celebrations in Red Square, offering a morale boost to his people.

By early November, the German army suffered its first cases of frostbite, and soon Nazi soldiers had difficulty firing frozen guns. Then, on December 5, Siberian troops-transferred from the Chinese frontier-attacked, many wearing the snow camouflage that the Germans would learn to fear. The Red Army had high hopes of this offensive, intending to encircle and destroy their attackers. They did not manage this, but they did drive back the Germans up to 155 miles (250 km) at some points. Nazi Germany had lost its chance for a quick victory. German losses during the Battle of Moscow totaled 250,000-400,000 dead or wounded, and the Red Army suffered 600,000-1,300,000 dead, wounded, or captured.

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Battle of Moscow, battle fought between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from September 30, 1941 to January 7, 1942, during World War II. It was the climax of Nazi Germany's Operation Barbarossa, and it ended the Germans' intention to capture Moscow, which ultimately doomed the Third Reich.

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White House, Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC

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January 30, 1882, Hyde Park, New York, U.S.

32nd U.S. President

He was the only president elected to the office four times.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franklin-D-Roosevelt

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Table of Contents

When was Franklin D. Roosevelt born?

When did Franklin D. Roosevelt die?

What is Franklin D. Roosevelt best known for?

Where did Franklin D. Roosevelt go to school?

When did Franklin D. Roosevelt get married?

Read a brief summary of this topic

Franklin D. Roosevelt, in full Franklin Delano Roosevelt, byname FDR, (born January 30, 1882, Hyde Park, New York, U.S.-died April 12, 1945, Warm Springs, Georgia), 32nd president of the United States (1933-45). The only president elected to the office four times, Roosevelt led the United States through two of the greatest crises of the 20th century: the Great Depression and World War II. In so doing, he greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal, and he served as the principal architect of the successful effort to rid the world of German National Socialism and Japanese militarism.

Early life

Roosevelt was the only child of James and Sara Delano Roosevelt. The family lived in unostentatious and genteel luxury, dividing its time between the family estate in the Hudson River valley of New York state and European resorts. Young Roosevelt was educated privately at home until age 14, when he entered Groton Preparatory School in Groton, Massachusetts. At Groton, as at home, he was reared to be a gentleman, assuming responsibility for those less fortunate and exercising Christian stewardship through public service.

In 1900 Roosevelt entered Harvard University, where he spent most of his time on extracurricular activities and a strenuous social life; his academic record was undistinguished. It was during his Harvard years that he fell under the spell of his fifth cousin, Pres. Theodore Roosevelt, the progressive champion who advocated a vastly increased role for the government in the nation's economy. It was also during his Harvard years that he fell in love with Theodore Roosevelt's niece, Eleanor Roosevelt, who was then active in charitable work for the poor in New York City. The distant cousins became engaged during Roosevelt's final year at Harvard, and they were married on March 17, 1905. Eleanor would later open her husband's eyes to the deplorable state of the poor in New York's slums.

Roosevelt attended Columbia University Law School but was not much interested in his studies. After passing the New York bar exam, he went to work as a clerk for the distinguished Wall Street firm of Carter, Ledyard, and Milburn, but he displayed the same attitude of indifference toward the legal profession as he had toward his education.

Early political activities

Motivated by his cousin Theodore, who continued to urge young men of privileged backgrounds to enter public service, Roosevelt looked for an opportunity to launch a career in politics. That opportunity came in 1910, when Democratic Party leaders of Dutchess county, New York, persuaded him to undertake an apparently futile attempt to win a seat in the state senate. Roosevelt, whose branch of the family had always voted Democratic, hesitated only long enough to make sure his distinguished Republican Party relative would not speak against him. He campaigned strenuously and won the election. Not quite 29 when he took his seat in Albany, he quickly won statewide and even some national attention by leading a small group of Democratic insurgents who refused to support Billy Sheehan, the candidate for the United States Senate backed by Tammany Hall, the New York City Democratic organization. For three months Roosevelt helped hold the insurgents firm, and Tammany was forced to switch to another candidate.

In the New York Senate Roosevelt learned much of the give-and-take of politics, and he gradually abandoned his patrician airs and attitude of superiority. In the process, he came to champion the full program of progressive reform. By 1911 Roosevelt was supporting progressive New Jersey Gov. Woodrow Wilson for the Democratic presidential nomination of 1912. In that year Roosevelt was reelected to the state senate, despite an attack of typhoid fever that prevented him from making public appearances during the campaign. His success was attributable in part to the publicity generated by an Albany journalist, Louis McHenry Howe. Howe saw in the tall, handsome Roosevelt a politician with great promise, and he remained dedicated to Roosevelt for the rest of his life.

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For his work on behalf of Wilson, Roosevelt was appointed assistant secretary of the navy in March 1913. Roosevelt loved the sea and naval traditions, and he knew more about them than did his superior, navy secretary Josephus Daniels, with whom he was frequently impatient. Roosevelt tried with mixed success to bring reforms to the navy yards, which were under his jurisdiction, meanwhile learning to negotiate with labour unions among the navy's civilian employees.

After war broke out in Europe in 1914, Roosevelt became a vehement advocate of military preparedness, and following U.S. entry into the war in 1917, he built a reputation as an effective administrator. In the summer of 1918 he made an extended tour of naval bases and battlefields overseas. Upon his return, Eleanor Roosevelt discovered that her husband had been romantically involved with her social secretary, Lucy Mercer. She offered him a divorce; he refused and promised never to see Mercer again (a promise he would break in the 1940s). Although the Roosevelts agreed to remain together, their relationship ceased to be an intimate one.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt | Accomplishments, New Deal, Great Depression, World War II, & Death

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Franklin D. Roosevelt, in full Franklin Delano Roosevelt, byname FDR, (born January 30, 1882, Hyde Park, New York, U.S.-died April 12, 1945, Warm Springs, Georgia), 32nd president of the United States (1933-45). The only president elected to the office four times, Roosevelt led the United States through two of the greatest crises of the 20th century: the Great Depression and World War II.

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Born April 29, 1901

emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989

in August 1945, when Japan’s leaders were divided between surrendering and mounting a desperate defense against the Allied powers, Hirohito urged peace

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hirohito

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Hirohito | Biography, Full Name, World War II, Surrender, & Facts

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Hirohito, emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989. He was the longest-reigning monarch in Japan’s history. He reigned during World War II and its aftermath, during which he repudiated the quasi-divine status of Japanese emperors and oversaw the transition of his country into a constitutio…

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autumn of 1942

German anti-Nazi group formed in Munich

the members of the White Rose advocated nonviolent resistance as a means of opposing the Nazi regime

https://www.britannica.com/topic/White-Rose

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White Rose | History, Members, & Leaflets

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White Rose, German anti-Nazi group formed in Munich in 1942. Unlike the conspirators of the July Plot (1944) or participants in such youth gangs as the Edelweiss Pirates, the members of the White Rose advocated nonviolent resistance as a means of opposing the Nazi regime. Three of the group’s found…

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1918

Youngest of the three British armed services, charged with the air defense of the United Kingdom

the fulfillment of international defense commitments. It is the world’s oldest independent air force

https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Royal-Air-Force

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Royal Air Force (RAF) | Facts, History, & Aircraft

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Royal Air Force, youngest of the three British armed services, charged with the air defense of the United Kingdom and the fulfillment of international defense commitments. During World War II, pilots of the RAF distinguished themselves in the Battle of Britain and conducted a strategic bombing campa…

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1944–1945

surveillance balloon from China, was shot down when it was safely off the coast of South Carolin

Let's just say it didn't really work

https://time.com/6276685/japanese-balloon-bomb-history-world-war-ii/

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The Forgotten History of the Japanese Balloon Bomb That Killed Americans in World War II

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This is not the first time balloon incursions have been of concern to the American public.

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the 1930s

Sir Robert Watson-Watt

the start of the war, air-search radar had been installed on British, U.S., and German ships

https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1992/june/radar-and-air-battles-midway#:~:text=By%20the%20start%20of%20the,minutes%20to%20position%20defending%20units.

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1943

The Panther was larger and of much better quality than the T- 34

The armour was 100mm thick at the front, making it impervious to Allied guns

https://tankmuseum.org/tank-nuts/tank-collection/tiger-i

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The impenetrable armour, powerful gun and huge size of the Tiger made it a legend in its time. It struck terror into the hearts of Allied tank crews when it first appeared in 1942. The armour was 100mm thick at the front, making it impervious to Allied guns. Yet a shot from the 88mm gun could penetrate 100mm armour at ranges of up to 1,000 metres.

The tank did have its problems. It was unreliable and caught fire easily. It first went into action on the Eastern Front against Russia, then in North Africa and all other major European battlefronts.

Tiger 131

Tiger 131 is the world's only running Tiger I tank. It was captured on 24th April 1943 on Point 174 on the way between Medjez el Bab and Montarnaud in Tunisia, by 142nd Battalion RAC and 2nd Sherwood Foresters.

It runs at the Museum's annual Tiger Day events.

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The impenetrable armour, powerful gun and huge size of the Tiger made it a legend in its time. It struck terror into the hearts of Allied tank crews when it first appeared in 1942. The armour was 100mm thick at the front, making it impervious to Allied guns.