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Coral reef ecosystem at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

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Clear, warm (24 degrees Celsius, on average), shallow and moving waters.
Specific requirements for the amount of salt in the water, or salinity.
Needs sunlight for organisms there to flourish.

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clownfish, crabs, clams, starfish, squid, sponges, lobsters, seahorses, sea turtles, baby crabs

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Plant plankton, called phytoplankton, algae and seagrasses

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http://kids.nceas.ucsb.edu/biomes/coralreef.html#:~:text=Besides%20zooxanthellae%2C%20algae%20and%20seagrasses,animals%20like%20conch%20and%20lobster.

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Location | Habitat | Plants | Animals | People | Games | Links

LOCATION: Coral reefs are generally found in clear, tropical oceans. Coral reefs form in waters from the surface to about 150 feet (45 meters) deep because they need sunlight to survive. The three types of reefs include fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Fringing reefs occur along shorelines of continents and islands and are commonly found in Hawaii and the Caribbean. Barrier reefs are found farther offshore than fringing reefs, occurring most often in the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean. Atolls are a series of low coral islands surrounding a central lagoon, frequently found in the Indo-Pacific. The largest reef in the world, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia is longer than 1200 miles (1900 km). That's longer than the distance between Seattle, WA and Los Angeles, CA!

HABITAT: Coral reefs need water that is between 68 - 82°F (20 - 28°C), which is often located along the eastern shores of land. Reefs usually develop in areas that have a lot of wave action because the waves bring in food, nutrients and oxygen to the reef. Waves also prevent sediment from falling on the reef. Reefs need calcium from the water to grow, which is more often available in shallow warm waters.

PLANTS: The sun is the source of energy for the coral reef ecosystem. Plant plankton, called phytoplankton, algae and other plants convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. As animals eat the plants and other animals, energy is passed through the food chain. Reef building corals work together with microscopic algae, called zooxanthellae, that live in their tissue. The zooxanthellae provide oxygen and food to the coral through photosynthesis. The coral polyp gives the algae a home, and the carbon dioxide it needs through respiration. Besides zooxanthellae, algae and seagrasses are the main types of plants in the coral reef ecosystem. These plants give food and oxygen to the animals that live on the reef.Seagrasses are especially important because they provide shelter for juvenile reef animals like conch and lobster.

ANIMALS: Did you know that there can be as many different types of fish in two acres of coral reef in Southeast Asia as there are species of birds on the entire continent of North America? Shocking, isn't it? Coral reefs only make up about 1% of the ocean floor, but they house nearly 25% of life in the ocean. Animals use coral reefs either as a stopping point, like an oasis, as they travel the deep blue sea, or they live as residents at the reef. The corals themselves are the most abundant animal on the reef. They are tiny organisms called polyps, that attach themselves to the hard reef and live there forever. The reef is like a giant apartment building in New York City and the coral polyps live together in each apartment. Corals are closely related to sea anemones and sea jellies, and use their tentacles for defense and to capture their prey. Corals can be a variety of colors, white, red, pink, green, blue, orange and purple, due to natural pigments and the zooxanthellae in their tissues.

Other animals that live on the coral reef include sea urchins, sponges, sea stars, worms, fish, sharks, rays, lobster, shrimp, octopus, snails and many more. Many of these animals work together as a team like the coral polyps and zooxanthellae. This teamwork is called symbiosis. One example of symbiosis on the reef is the anemonefish and sea anemone. The sea anemone's tentacles provide protection and safety for the fish and their eggs, while the fish protects the anemone from predators, such as butterflyfish. Sometimes anemonefish even remove parasites from their home anemone.

PEOPLE AND CORAL REEFS: Coral reef ecosystems are important for many reasons. They remove and recycle carbon dioxide, which is a gas that contributes to global warming. Reefs protect land from harsh weather by absorbing the impact from strong waves and storms. Reefs provide food, for example, lobster and conch. Coral reefs are also a huge tourist attraction. Coral reefs are a big source of biodiversity. Without the reef, many of these plants and animals would die. Some people think coral reefs may provide important medicines for people. For example, some coral skeletons can be used by humans as a bone substitute in reconstructive bone surgery. Coral reefs are also a useful educational tool. People can learn about biomes and ecosystems, and the interrelationship between organisms and their environment by studying coral reefs.

Coral reefs are being destroyed at an alarming rate. It is estimated that we have already lost 10% of the worlds reefs, and scientists say that in the next 50 years many of the coral reefs on Earth will be gone. This destruction is often connected with human activity: pollution, sewage, erosion, irresponsible fishing, poor tourism practices, and global warming.

There are some simple things that you can do to help coral reefs. Don't put chemicals down your drain or on your lawn. Instead use biodegradable products. Even though you may be far from a coral reef ecosystem, these products end up in the watershed and may eventually pollute waters that support coral. Conserve water. The less water you use, the less runoff and wastewater eventually find their way into our oceans. Visit a coral reef! Many vacation spots have beautiful coral reefs. When you go, hire local guides. This way you'll learn about the reef from the people who know it best. When you visit a coral reef, treat it with care, do not touch or step on the corals. Leave the animals where you found them and do not pick them up and move them. If you have an aquarium, buy fish raised in captivity, not caught in the wild. Also, don't use live rock in your aquarium. Although this invertebrate-encrusted rock is still legally harvested in some places, its can hurt the reef habitat. Join a group that is working to protect coral reefs. Pick up trash when you see it, this way it won't find it's way to the ocean. Learn more about coral reefs! Surf the Internet for information about coral reefs and marine conservation organizations. After all, knowledge is power.
GAMES:
LINKS:
Ocean World - Coral Reefs Coral Realm SeaWorld - Corals and Coral Reefs NOAA National Ocean Service - Corals Discovery Kit Reef Education Network NOAA's Coral Reef Information System
Back to Biomes Index

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Location | Habitat | Plants | Animals | People | Games | Links LOCATION: Coral reefs are generally found in clear, tropical oceans. Coral reefs form in waters from the surface to about 150 feet (45 meters) deep because they need sunlight to survive. The three types of reefs include fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls.

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You will need to include:

1. Pictures of the habitat

2. Factors in the habitat

3. Animals present

4. Plants present

5. Interesting facts about the habitat

6. Additional resources (videos or reading materials)

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ABBY, ELSA, JAYVEN AND THEODORA

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⋆˚✿˖°A pond habitat is 𝐚 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐥𝐨𝐰-𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫, 𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝. It provides a diverse range of plants and animals with essential resources like water, air, shelter, and food, making it a vital part of a natural or human-made environment. ⋅˚₊‧ ଳ ‧₊˚ ⋅

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𝓽𝓮𝓶𝓹𝓮𝓻𝓪𝓽𝓾𝓻𝓮⋆˙⟡♡✧˖°:𝟣𝟨-𝟤𝟧 𝒹𝑒𝑔𝓇𝑒𝑒 𝒞𝑒𝓁𝓈𝒾𝓊𝓈

────୨ৎ────

𝓸𝔁𝔂𝓰𝓮𝓷⊹₊ ⋆: 5-10 ppm (parts per million)

────୨ৎ────

𝓵𝓲𝓰𝓱𝓽⋆⭒˚｡⋆:𝒹𝑒𝓅𝑒𝓃𝒹𝓈 𝑜𝓃 𝓉𝒾𝓂𝑒 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝓅𝓁𝒶𝒸𝑒

────୨ৎ───

𝓼𝓪𝓵𝓽 𝓬𝓸𝓷𝓽𝓮𝓷𝓽 𝓲𝓷 𝔀𝓪𝓽𝓮𝓻૮ • ﻌ - ა: 0.01%-0.25%

────୨ৎ────

✮ ⋆ ˚｡𖦹 ⋆｡°✩𓆝𝐼𝓃 𝒸𝑜𝓃𝒸𝓁𝓊𝓈𝒾𝑜𝓃, 𝓉𝒽𝑒 𝑒𝓍𝒶𝒸𝓉 𝒻𝒶𝒸𝓉𝑜𝓇𝓈 𝑜𝒻 𝓉𝒽𝑒 𝓅𝑜𝓃𝒹 𝒹𝑒𝓅𝑒𝓃𝒹𝓈 𝑜𝓃 𝓉𝒽𝑒 𝓁𝑜𝒸𝒶𝓉𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝑜𝒻 𝓉𝒽𝑒 𝓅𝑜𝓃𝒹, 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝓉𝒽𝑒 𝓇𝑒𝓈𝓊𝓁𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓇𝑒 𝓃𝑜𝓉 𝒻𝑜𝓇 𝒶𝓁𝓁 𝓅𝑜𝓃𝒹 𝒽𝒶𝒷𝒾𝓉𝒶𝓉𝓈.

𓆝 𓆟 𓆞

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There are lots and lots of animals in a pond habitat, such as:

salamanders, freshwater snails, alligators, bats, many many types of birds (kingfishers, ducks, herons), frogs, toads, and newts, leeches, water beetles, water shrews, various species of fish and a lot more

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pond habitat with different types of animals

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This habitat has extreme temperatures and sparse vegetation-except cactuses

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JENI RACHEL XINRU

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𝐒𝐞𝐚𝐧, 𝐙𝐚𝐜𝐡, 𝐌𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐚 ᯓ★

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𝐒𝐞𝐚𝐧, 𝐙𝐚𝐜𝐡, 𝐌𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐚 ᯓ★

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Alpine tundra is a treeless biome found at high altitudes on mountains worldwide, characterized by a cold, harsh climate that limits tree growth. Unlike the Arctic tundra, alpine tundra is not located near the poles but on mountains in various regions of the world. It's a unique ecosystem with specific adaptations in both flora and fauna to survive the extreme conditions.

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Plants: Cacti, yuccas, buckwheat bushes, black bushes, prickly pears, and false mesquites.

Animals: Badgers, jackrabbits, toads, lizards, snakes, kangaroo rats, camels, foxes, jackals, owls, hyenas, wild goats, sheep, vultures, scorpions, ostriches, yaks, hawks, and desert reptiles including varieties of snakes and lizards.

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They include grasses, sedges, dwarf shrubs, forbs, cushion plants, mosses, and lichens. Many alpine plants are perennial and evergreen, and some have fine hairs or furry coatings to insulate them from the cold.

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A tropical forest habitat is a dense, evergreen forest found in warm, humid regions near the equator. These ecosystems are some of the most biodiverse and complex on Earth.

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cow

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snowy owl, mountain goat, gull, arctic fox, polar bear

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The following factors make it a harsh environment to live in:

-Limited moisture and sunlight.

-Strong winds.

-Extremely cold climate.

-Low biotic diversity.

-Simple vegetation structure.

-Limitation of drainage.

-Short season of growth and reproduction.

-Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material.

-Large population oscillations.

O~O...

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wild sheep

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Factors of the Garden Habitat

The presence of food, shelter, water, suitable space for various organisms

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Insects:

Beetles, butterflies, bees, and other insects are essential pollinators and play a vital role in the garden ecosystem.

Worms:

Earthworms are beneficial for soil health, improving aeration and fertility.

Spiders and Slugs:

These can help control insect populations and are also part of the natural food chain.

Birds:

Blackbirds, Robins, Blue Tits: These birds are common garden visitors, searching for food like worms and insects.

Green Woodpeckers: These birds may forage for ants and earthworms in the grass.

Mammals:

Foxes, Hedgehogs, Squirrels: These mammals may live in or visit gardens, scavenging for food and seeking shelter.

House Mice: These small rodents can also be found in gardens.

Amphibians:

Frogs, Toads, Newts: These creatures can be found in or around garden ponds, especially if there is a source of water.

Other Animals:

Fish: If there's a pond, fish can become part of the garden ecosystem.

Bees: Bees are crucial for pollination and play a vital role in the garden's health.

Cats and Raccoons: While not native to all gardens, cats and raccoons may visit or live in gardens in some areas.

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birds

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Beneficial Insects:

Pollinators: Bees, butterflies, and wasps are crucial for plant reproduction.

Predatory Insects: Ladybugs, lacewings, assassin bugs, and ground beetles feed on other insects, helping to control pest populations.

Decomposers: Many insects, like termites and ants, help break down organic matter, enriching the soil.

Plant-Eating Insects:

Aphids: A common plant pest that can infest various plants.

Caterpillars: The larval stage of butterflies and moths, which feed on leaves.

Grasshoppers and Crickets: These insects can damage plants by feeding on leaves and stems

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The leaf litter habitat provides a vital habitat for a diverse array of organisms, including insects, invertebrates, and even some small vertebrates. It serves as food, shelter, and breeding ground for these creatures, playing a crucial role in the overall health and biodiversity of the ecosystem.

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fox

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Sunlight strikes the tropics almost straight on, producing intense solar energy that keeps temperatures high, between 18° and 30°C.

They have high water availability due to consistent rainfall and their role in the water cycle.

Warm and humid air.

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Picture of the Mangrove Swamp

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Types of Field Animals:

Grazing Animals:

These animals, like cattle, sheep, and goats, are commonly found in pastures and fields where they consume grasses and other vegetation.

Wild Animals:

Various wild animals, including deer, rabbits, foxes, and birds like hawks and meadowlarks, also inhabit field habitats.

Insects:

Fields are also home to numerous insects, including bees and other pollinating insects, as well as various beetles and ants.

Working Animals:

Horses, elephants, and oxen are sometimes used for pulling carts or moving loads, and are often associated with fields and farms.

Examples of Field Animals:

Domestic Animals: Cows, sheep, pigs, goats, horses.

Wild Animals: Deer, rabbits, foxes, hares, birds.

Insects: Bees, butterflies, grasshoppers, ants.

Other: Snakes, mice, voles.

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Barren tundra lands, home to hardy flora and fauna, are one of the Earth's coldest, harshest biomes.

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Organisms such as crabs, shrimp, worms, oysters and barnacles live in the mangrove swamp! ( SG )

There are crabs like fiddler crabs, which are tiny crabs with one oversized claw used for mating displays and battles. They live in burrows and help aerate the soil.

Mudskippers: It is a fish that can breathe air, walk on land and even climb roots.

Collared Kingfisher: Bright blue and white bird often perched near mangroves. It eats crabs, insects and small fish.

Long tailed Macaque: Common in mangrove swamps like Sungei Buloh.

Herons and Egrets: These birds are often seen wading and hunting for fish in shallow mangrove waters.

There are many other animals too, such as the Malayan water monitor lizard, Estuarine crocodile, and the pistol shrimp.

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Tree habitat

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By: MooMoo Math and Science (COW ALERT)

About: The Arctic and Alpine Tundra

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79mK2wzkurQ

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Trees:

Trees can provide shade, shelter for animals, and contribute to the overall ecosystem of the garden.

Shrubs:

Shrubs can be used for hedging, adding color, or providing shelter for wildlife.

Flowering Plants:

Flowering plants attract pollinators like bees and butterflies, and can be used to add color and beauty to the garden.

Ground Cover:

Ground cover can help to prevent erosion, suppress weeds, and add texture to the garden.

Vegetables:

Many gardens also include vegetables for consumption, such as tomatoes, peppers, and lettuce.

Herbs:

Herbs can be used for cooking, medicinal purposes, or for their fragrant foliage.

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-worms

-spiders

-snails

-slugs

-beetles

-centipedes

-other insects

-other decomposers

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1. Food Chain:
Plants like grass grow in fields. Bugs eat the plants. Spiders eat the bugs. Bigger animals like coyotes eat the spiders.

2. Birds in Fields:
Many small birds live in grasslands. They use the fields for food and shelter.

3. Animal Paths:
Hedges, streams, and field edges help animals move safely and find places to live.

4. How Fields Help:
Fields give shade and shelter to farm animals, help flowers get pollinated, stop floods, and store carbon to help the Earth.

5. Good Habitats:
A good field has enough food, water, and shelter so plants and animals can live and reproduce.

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Examples of organisms found in leaf litter communities:

Fungi:

Fungi play a key role in breaking down complex organic molecules in the leaf litter, contributing to decomposition.

Bacteria:

Bacteria also contribute to decomposition by breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients.

Invertebrates:

Invertebrates like earthworms, snails, and millipedes consume leaf litter, further breaking it down into smaller particles.

Other organisms:

Depending on the specific environment, other organisms like spiders, beetles, and even small mammals might find shelter or sustenance within the leaf litter.

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𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐇𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭 ୨ৎ

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𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐇𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭 ୨ৎ

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Tides – change water levels regularly

Salinity – salt levels vary

Temperature – can change quickly

Waves – affect erosion and life forms

Sunlight – needed for photosynthesis

Substrate – type of ground (sand, rock, etc.)

Oxygen & Moisture – change with tides

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Food:

Plants need sunlight, water, and nutrients from the soil to grow, while animals rely on plants and other animals for food.

Water:

Water is essential for all living things, including plants and animals.

Shelter:

Shelter from the elements (sun, wind, rain) and predators provides protection for animals and plants.

Space:

Enough room for plants to grow and animals to move around and reproduce is crucial.

Arrangement:

The way plants and structures are arranged in a garden can influence the availability of resources, such as sunlight and water.

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Diverse inhabitants:

Leaf litter provides food and shelter for a wide range of organisms, including microscopic decomposers like fungi and bacteria, as well as larger invertebrates like earthworms, snails, and millipedes.

Decomposition process:

The leaf litter community is essential for breaking down organic matter, a process crucial for nutrient recycling and soil fertility.

Ecosystem services:

Leaf litter communities contribute to various ecosystem services, such as soil structure maintenance, nutrient cycling, and providing a habitat for other organisms.

Interconnectedness:

Leaf litter communities are linked to other parts of the ecosystem, including soil health, plant growth, and even water quality in some cases.

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There are many different plants in the pond habitat. If a pond is to be a successful habitat, it needs to have native plants growing in it. The plants provide food, oxygen and shelter for the animals. Some examples of plants living in the pond habitat include: Bulrush, Cattails, Water Lilies, Pickerelweed, Frogbit, Hornwort, Water Hyacinth and many more!

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Jaguar, Macaw, Sloth, Poison Dart Frog, Gorilla, Capybara, Lemur, Boa Constrictor, Anaconda, Spider Monkey, Howler Monkey, Toucan, Orangutan, Anteater, Harpy eagle, Tapir.

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𐙚Ponds are watery habitats that provide good conditions for many types of living things.

𐙚They have fresh water like a lake, but they are smaller than lakes.

𐙚The way that a pond and all its inhabitants exist together is an example of an ecosystem.

𐙚Ponds help wildlife by providing safe havens.

𐙚There are many different types of ponds.

𐙚Ponds have their place in history.

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Factors, like fungi and bacteria, directly break down the wood, while other factors, such as moisture, temperature, and oxygen influence the rate and type of decay.

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1. a single pond can actually inhabit more than 1,000 species of organisms living in it

2. ponds can filter some pollutants from water, making a cleaner environment for the community

3. because ponds support a variety of plant life, it can absorb lots of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping to tackle climate change

yeahh so pond habitats are actually incredibly incredibly important for a huge variety of reasons!!

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less water

living things had adapted to the extreme temperature

extreme heat

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Light

tree needs sunlight to photosynthesise

Water and temperature

damp and moist

cool, between 20 to 30 degrees Celsius

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Plants Communicate Below Ground – Some plants can send chemical signals through their roots to warn neighboring plants of threats or to attract beneficial organisms.

Floral Patterns Guide Pollinators – Many flowers have ultraviolet patterns, invisible to humans but visible to bees, that help guide pollinators to nectar sources.

Toads Provide Natural Pest Control – Toads are nocturnal predators that can consume over 100 insects in a single night, helping to reduce pest populations naturally.

Dead Wood Supports Biodiversity – Fallen logs and decaying wood in a garden can host a wide variety of life, including fungi, insects, mosses, and small animals.

Spiders Respond to Weather Changes – Certain spider species can detect changes in humidity and atmospheric pressure, adjusting their webs accordingly for better survival.

Caterpillars Use Camouflage and Mimicry – Some caterpillars mimic bird droppings, twigs, or snakes to avoid being eaten by predators.

Nocturnal Flowers Attract Night Pollinators – Some plants produce nectar and open at night to attract moths and bats that are active after dark.

Ants and Aphids Form Mutual Relationships – Ants often protect aphids from predators in exchange for honeydew, a sugary substance that aphids produce.

Gardens Influence Soundscapes – The layout and density of garden vegetation can affect how sound travels, and the presence of birds and insects creates a rich natural sound environment.

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Factors that affect the organisms and habitat living in the Mangrove Swamp

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Factors that affect the organisms and habitat living in the Mangrove Swamp

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Factors like the temperature, and soil type, as well as the presence of specific species, affect the organisms living in the Mangrove Swamp and the habitat

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herbaceous (non-woody) plants and grasses, along with a mix of wildflowers and some shrubs. Here are some common types of plants you might find in a field habitat:

1) Grasses

2) Wildflowers

3) Herbaceous Plants

4) Legumes

5) Low shrubs

6) Woody plants

Low shrubs and woody plants like Sumacs, Wild roses, Blackberry or Raspberry brambles, are less common but possible.

Examples of these plants:

Grasses:

Switchgrass

Timothy Grass

Wildflowers and Herbaceous Plants:

Queen Anne's lace

Milkweed

Goldenrod

Coneflowers

Legumes:

White clover

Red clover

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Several habitats of the maritime croplands were created in the Living Field garden to allow plants with different needs to flourish. The soil is the same – the habitats differ in the type of seed or plants originally introduced, management, shade and wetness.

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𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭 ⟡ ݁₊ .

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𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭 ⟡ ݁₊ .

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Mollusks (e.g., clams, mussels)

Crustaceans (e.g., crabs, barnacles)

Echinoderms (e.g., starfish, sea urchins)

Small fish (e.g., gobies, blennies)

Birds (e.g., seagulls, sandpipers)

Marine mammals near shore (e.g., seals, sea otters)

Worms (e.g., sandworms)

Other invertebrates (e.g., anemones, sponges)

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▪ The dominant plants, mangrove trees, are specially adapted to survive in salty, low-oxygen soil. Some use aerial roots or filter salt through their leaves. Certain mangroves grow pneumatophores which are special root structures that stick up out of the mud to absorb oxygen.

▪ Mangrove roots trap sediments, heavy metals, and pollutants, acting as natural water filters that protect nearby coral reefs and seagrass beds.

▪ Mangrove swamps store large amounts of carbon-more per acre than most forests, making them crucial for fighting global warming.

▪ Mangrove seeds germinate while still on the tree. These baby trees, called propagules, fall into the water, float to a new location, and plant themselves upright like little spears.

▪ During tsunamis and hurricanes, mangroves absorb wave energy and reduce flooding. In some areas, villages behind mangroves suffered far less damage than unprotected ones!

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Leaf Litter | What, How & Why // Gardening Mindfully #leaflitter #healthysoil #leafcompost