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The Moroccan Crisis of 1905 began when the German Emperor Wilhelm II visited Tangier to support Morocco’s independence, in opposition to France’s plans to control the country. This triggered a diplomatic crisis among the major powers. To resolve it, the Algeciras Conference was held in 1906, where Morocco's independence was recognized, but French influence was reinforced. Germany was left isolated, and the crisis strengthened the alliance between France and the United Kingdom, increasing tensions that eventually led to World War I.

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In October 1912, the First Balkan War began as the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro) declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Montenegro started the conflict on October 8th, followed by the other members nine days later on October 17th. The war aimed to liberate Ottoman-controlled Balkan territories and led to rapid success for the Balkan League, ultimately resulting in a redrawing of the map of the Balkans.

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ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDIDAND,( 28 JUNE 1914)

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ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDIDAND,( 28 JUNE 1914)

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The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was one of the key events that led to World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip.

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GERMANY INVADES BELGUIM (SCHLIEFFEN PLAN)(AUGUST 1914)

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GERMANY INVADES BELGUIM (SCHLIEFFEN PLAN)(AUGUST 1914)

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Germany invaded Belgium during World War I in 1914 and again in World War II in 1940.

In 1914, Germany attacked Belgium to reach France, even though Belgium was a neutral country. This caused Britain to declare war on Germany.

In 1940, Germany invaded again using blitzkrieg tactics fast and strong attacks. Belgium was defeated and surrendered after 18 days.

These invasions were important events in both world wars.

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In saving Paris from capture by pushing the Germans back some 72km (45 miles), the First Battle of the Marne was a great strategic victory, as it enabled the French to continue the war. However, the Germans succeeded in capturing a large part of the industrial north east of France, a serious blow.

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The invasion of Gallipoli, launched by Allied forces on April 25, 1915, was a major military operation during World War I aimed at securing the Gallipoli Peninsula and the Dardanelles to open a supply route to Russia. This amphibious assault was part of a broader strategy to defeat the Ottoman Empire. While the Allies hoped for a swift victory, the campaign ultimately ended in a costly stalemate and withdrawal.

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The Armenian Genocide took place during World War I, in 1915, in the Ottoman Empire (modern-day Turkey).

The Ottoman government believed that the Armenian people were a threat. As a result, it started a mass killing and deportation of Armenians. Around 1.5 million Armenians died from executions, forced marches, and starvation.

Many historians and countries recognize this as a genocide, but the Turkish government still denies that it was planned or that it was genocide.

The Armenian Genocide is remembered as one of the first modern genocides.

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Battle of Verdun, (February 21–December 18, 1916), World War I engagement in which the French repulsed a major German offensive. It was one of the longest, bloodiest, and most-ferocious battles of the war; French casualties amounted to about 400,000, German ones to about 350,000. Some 300,000 were killed.

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The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917.

At first, the U.S. stayed neutral, but several events changed that. One major reason was Germany’s use of submarines to sink ships, including those with American passengers, like the Lusitania. Another reason was the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany asked Mexico to join the war against the U.S.

As a result, the U.S. declared war on Germany and helped the Allies win the war.

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NICHOLAS II IS EXECUTED AND START OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (OCTOBER 1917)

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NICHOLAS II IS EXECUTED AND START OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (OCTOBER 1917)

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In 1917, the Russian Revolution began. People were angry about war, poverty, and the power of the tsar, Nicholas II. In March 1917, he was forced to abdicate (give up the throne), ending centuries of royal rule.

Later, in October 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, took control of Russia and started a communist government.

In 1918, Nicholas II and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks. This ended the Russian royal family and confirmed the rise of the Soviet Union.

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BALFOUR DECLARATION ( 2 OF NOVEMBER 1917)

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BALFOUR DECLARATION ( 2 OF NOVEMBER 1917)

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The Balfour Declaration was a letter written by Arthur James Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary, to Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild on November 2, 1917, expressing British support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. The declaration, while intended to gain Jewish support for the Allied cause during World War I, has become a contentious issue with significant implications for the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

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On January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson presented his Fourteen Points, a peace program aimed at ending World War I and establishing a lasting peace. The points outlined general principles for a peaceful world, including open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, and a reduction of armaments. They also addressed specific territorial issues, such as the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the creation of new independent states.

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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed in March 1918 between Bolshevik Russia and Germany, marking Russia’s exit from World War I.

To gain peace, the new Bolshevik government gave up huge territories, including Ukraine, the Baltic States, and parts of Poland. These lands were meant to become German-controlled regions.

The treaty was very unpopular in Russia, but it allowed the Bolsheviks to focus on their revolution and civil war. Although the treaty was cancelled later in 1918, it showed how much Russia had to sacrifice to leave the war.

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END OF THE WAR(WWI) (11 OF NOVEMBER 1918)

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END OF THE WAR(WWI) (11 OF NOVEMBER 1918)

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At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Great War ends. At 5 a.m. that morning, Germany, bereft of manpower and supplies and faced with imminent invasion, signed an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car outside Compiégne, France.

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The Weimar Republic was the political regime in Germany after the First World War, specifically between 1918 and 1933. It originated after the November Revolution of 1918, in which the constitutional monarchy was replaced by a parliamentary and democratic republic. The name "Weimar" comes from the city where the National Constituent Assembly met to draft the new Constitution.

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The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, officially ended World War I and imposed harsh terms on Germany. It required Germany to accept full responsibility for the war, pay substantial reparations, and disarm. The treaty also led to territorial losses for Germany and the creation of new nations in Eastern Europe.

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FOUNDING OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (1920)

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FOUNDING OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (1920)

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The League of Nations was founded on January 10, 1920, following the end of World War I. It was established under the Treaty of Versailles and aimed to promote international cooperation and achieve peace and security. The League's headquarters were located in Geneva, Switzerland.

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The "Roaring Twenties," encompassing the period from 1920 to 1929, was a time of rapid economic growth, social change, and cultural innovation in the United States. It was characterized by booming consumerism, advancements in technology, and a vibrant atmosphere of optimism and excitement.

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Flappers, a cultural phenomenon of the 1920s, represented a significant shift in women's behavior and fashion. They were known for shorter skirts, bobbed hair, and a general disdain for traditional social norms, embracing a more liberated lifestyle. This included smoking, drinking, dancing to jazz music, and often flouting societal expectations about female behavior.

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In 1922, Germany experienced a rapid and extreme form of inflation known as hyperinflation. The German mark's value plummeted, leading to a situation where the cost of living and prices rose drastically, especially between mid-1922 and the end of the year. This hyperinflation, which continued into 1923, was a major economic and social crisis that severely impacted German society.

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The "March on Rome" in 1922 was a pivotal event in Italian history, marking the rise of Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party to power. On October 28, 1922, thousands of Fascist Blackshirts, armed squads, marched on Rome, threatening to seize control. This demonstration of force, combined with the political instability and weakness of the Italian government, led to Mussolini being appointed Prime Minister the following day.

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THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DISINTEGRATES AND THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY EMERGES (29 OF OCTOBER 1923) 

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THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DISINTEGRATES AND THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY EMERGES (29 OF OCTOBER 1923) 

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On October 29, 1923, the Republic of Turkey was established following the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as its first president. This event marked the end of the Ottoman Empire's centuries-long rule and the beginning of a new chapter for Turkey. The abolishment of the Ottoman Sultanate and the establishment of the Republic occurred in 1922 and 1923, respectively, and was formally recognized through the Treaty of Lausanne.

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The Beer Hall Putsch was a failed coup attempt led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party on November 8 and 9, 1923, in Munich. They wanted to overthrow the Weimar Republic government by taking advantage of Germany's economic and political crisis.

Hitler and his men stormed a beer hall to force the Bavarian authorities to support the coup. The next day, they marched through the streets, but the police stopped them, and a shootout broke out, causing deaths.

Hitler was imprisoned and, during his time in jail, he wrote Mein Kampf. Despite the failure, the coup made him well known across Germany.

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Between 11 and 16 January 1923, French and Belgian troops under the command of French General Jean Degoutte, initially numbering 60,000 men and later climbing to 100,000, occupied the entire Ruhr area as far east as Dortmund. The French immediately took over civil administration from the Germans.

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The Dawes Plan, established in 1924, was an agreement that restructured the war reparations imposed on Germany after World War I, with the goal of stabilizing its economy.

The plan made it easier for Germany to make payments by providing loans from the United States, which helped improve the economic situation for a time.

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The Locarno Treaty (1925) was an agreement where Germany accepted its western borders with France and Belgium, guaranteed by Britain and Italy. It aimed to ensure peace in Europe after World War I. Germany later joined the League of Nations (1926). The treaty collapsed when Germany remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936.

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Mein Kampf (My Struggle) is a book written by Adolf Hitler in 1925. It presents his racist, nationalist, and antisemitic ideas. He blames Jews and communists for Germany's problems and promotes German expansion (Lebensraum). The book became the ideological basis of Nazism.

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In 1929 the economy began to slow down. At the end of October, panic gripped the stock market and people began to sell massive amounts of stock. The worst days were October 28th and 29th when values fell a total of 23%. These days became known as "Black Monday" and "Black Tuesday."

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During Roosevelt's first hundred days in office in 1933 until 1935, he introduced what historians refer to as the "First New Deal", which focused on the "3 R's": relief for the unemployed and for the poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reforms of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

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HITLER APPOINTED CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY (1933)

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HITLER APPOINTED CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY (1933)

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Hitler's emergence as chancellor on January 30, 1933, marked a crucial turning point for Germany and, ultimately, for the world. His plan, embraced by much of the German population, was to do away with politics and make Germany a powerful, unified one-party state.

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On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this.

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The Nuremberg Laws (1935) were racist rules by the Nazi regime that banned marriages between Jews and Germans and stripped Jews of their citizenship.

They defined who was Jewish based on family ancestry and became the legal basis for Nazi persecution.

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KRISTALLNACHT (NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS) (1938)

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KRISTALLNACHT (NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS) (1938)

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The Night of Broken Glass (in German, Kristallnacht) was an anti-Jewish pogrom organized by the Nazi regime in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland during the night of November 9 to 10, 1938. This event marked a turning point in the systematic persecution of Jews and is considered by many historians as the prelude to the Holocaust.

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TREATY OF SAINT-GERMAIN: WITH AUSTRIAN (SETEMBER 1919)

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TREATY OF SAINT-GERMAIN: WITH AUSTRIAN (SETEMBER 1919)

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The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was an agreement signed on September 10, 1919, between the Republic of Austria and the Allied Powers at the end of World War I. This treaty formalized the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and established the new borders and conditions for the newly formed Austrian republic.

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TREATY OF TRIANON : WITH HUNGARY (JUNE 1920)

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TREATY OF TRIANON : WITH HUNGARY (JUNE 1920)

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The Treaty of Trianon, signed on June 4, 1920, was a peace agreement between the Allied Powers and the Kingdom of Hungary following World War I. It was one of the five treaties that concluded the war for the Central Powers.

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TREATY OF NEUILLY : WITH BULGARY (NOVEMBER 1919)

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TREATY OF NEUILLY : WITH BULGARY (NOVEMBER 1919)

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The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, signed on November 27, 1919, was a peace agreement between the Allied Powers and Bulgaria, concluding Bulgaria's involvement in World War I as part of the Central Powers. The treaty imposed significant territorial losses and military restrictions on Bulgaria, leading to what is known in Bulgarian history as the "Second National Catastrophe"

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TREATY OF SEVRES: WITH TURKEY (AGUST 1920)

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TREATY OF SEVRES: WITH TURKEY (AGUST 1920)

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The Treaty of Sèvres, signed on August 10, 1920, in the French town of Sèvres, was an agreement between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. This treaty aimed to dismantle the Ottoman Empire by granting extensive territorial concessions to France, the United Kingdom, Greece, and Italy, and by establishing foreign zones of influence within Ottoman territory.

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Pan-Germanism is a nationalist ideology that aimed to unite all Germanic peoples (German-speaking populations) into a single state. It emerged in the 19th century and became especially influential in Germany during the Nazi regime.

It supported territorial expansion to include all Germanic groups, as seen in the Anschluss (annexation of Austria in 1938). It also justified the occupation of territories with German minorities in Eastern Europe.

Pan-Germanism opposed Pan-Slavism, which sought to unite Slavic peoples.

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In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, using a fake attack (the Mukden Incident) as an excuse. They quickly took over the region and set up a puppet state called Manchukuo. The League of Nations protested, but Japan ignored it and left the League in 1933. This marked the start of Japan’s military expansion in Asia.

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In 1935, Italy, led by Mussolini, invaded Ethiopia to build a new empire. Despite Ethiopia being a member of the League of Nations, the League failed to stop the aggression. Italy used brutal tactics and conquered Ethiopia in 1936. This showed the weakness of the League and encouraged more aggression in Europe and Asia.

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In 1936, Hitler sent German troops into the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone under the Treaty of Versailles. This move broke the treaty, but Britain and France did not stop him. It was a major step in Hitler’s plan to expand German power and showed the weak response of Western democracies.

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The Munich Agreement was signed on September 30, 1938, by Germany, Britain, France, and Italy. It allowed Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population, without Czech consent.

The agreement aimed to avoid war but is often seen as a policy of appeasement toward Hitler. It failed to prevent World War II, as Germany continued its aggression after the deal.

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In April 1939, Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, invaded Albania as part of its plan to create a new Roman Empire. Albania’s king, Zog I, fled the country, and the Italian army quickly took control. Albania became a protectorate of Italy, and Victor Emmanuel III, the king of Italy, was declared king of Albania as well.

The invasion showed Italy’s imperial ambitions and happened shortly before the outbreak of World War II. It also strengthened the alliance between Mussolini and Hitler, as both countries were pursuing aggressive expansion in Europe.

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The Spanish Civil War started in 1936 when a group of military officers, led by General Francisco Franco, rebelled against the democratically elected Republican government. The conflict was between the Republicans (supporters of the government, including socialists, communists, and anarchists) and the Nationalists (rebels, conservatives, monarchists, and fascists).

The war became a proxy battle for international powers: the Soviet Union and international volunteers supported the Republicans, while Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy backed the Nationalists with weapons, troops, and air support.

After three years of brutal fighting, the Nationalists won in 1939, and Franco established a dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975. The war caused huge destruction, repression, and deep divisions in Spanish society. It was also seen as a prelude to World War II, showing the rise of fascism in Europe.

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In 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland, a border area of Czechoslovakia with a large ethnic German population, following the Munich Agreement. This event marked the beginning of the disintegration of Czechoslovakia’s sovereignty.

In March 1939, Germany took full control by invading and occupying the remaining Czech lands, establishing the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Slovakia became a separate, pro-German puppet state. This occupation was a significant step toward the outbreak of World War II.

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A Non-Aggression Treaty is an agreement between countries where they promise not to attack each other. These treaties are signed during times of tension to help prevent war. Sometimes, countries use them to gain time to prepare for conflict.

One famous example is the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. They agreed not to fight each other before World War II started, but later the pact was broken.

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The Pact of Steel was a military and political alliance signed on May 22, 1939, between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. It committed both countries to support each other if war broke out and to cooperate closely.

The pact effectively ended in 1943 when Italy surrendered to the Allies on September 8, 1943, during World War II. After this, Italy switched sides, and the alliance with Germany collapsed.

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In May 1940, Nazi Germany launched a rapid military campaign against France, known as the Battle of France. The German army bypassed the heavily fortified Maginot Line by invading through Belgium. Within weeks, German forces advanced quickly.

On June 14, 1940, German troops entered and occupied Paris without facing major resistance, as the French government had already fled the city. This marked a key moment in World War II, as France was soon forced to sign an armistice and was divided into an occupied zone and a nominally independent Vichy regime.

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Secret agreements are deals made between countries that are not publicly announced. They often involve plans about territory, military alliances, or political control and are kept hidden to avoid opposition or complications.

Famous examples include the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), where Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union secretly agreed to divide Eastern Europe before World War II.

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The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was signed on September 27, 1940. It was an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. The pact promised that if any of these countries were attacked by a nation not already involved in the war, the others would come to their defense. This agreement aimed to strengthen their military cooperation and deter the United States from joining the war.

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The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed on March 12, 1940, between the Soviet Union and Finland. It ended the Winter War, which started when the USSR invaded Finland in November 1939. Finland had to give up parts of its territory to the Soviet Union but kept its independence. The treaty stopped the fighting between the two countries.

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The Holocaust was the systematic genocide of six million Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II. It officially took place between 1941 and 1945, but it began with persecutions as early as 1933, when Adolf Hitler came to power.

From 1933, Jews were gradually excluded from public life, stripped of their rights, and subjected to discrimination, violence, and forced emigration. However, the systematic mass extermination—including mass shootings, ghettos, and extermination camps like Auschwitz—began in 1941 with the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa).

The Holocaust also targeted Roma people, disabled individuals, political opponents, and others deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi regime. It remains one of the darkest chapters in human history.

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GERMANY INVADES USSR=OPERATION BARBAROSSA (1941)

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GERMANY INVADES USSR=OPERATION BARBAROSSA (1941)

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In June 1941, Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, a massive surprise invasion of the Soviet Union. It was the largest military attack in history up to that time. Hitler aimed to defeat the USSR quickly to gain control of its vast resources and Lebensraum ("living space") for Germany.

The invasion broke the non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union. Despite initial rapid advances, the German army was eventually stopped by fierce Soviet resistance and the harsh Russian winter. Operation Barbarossa marked a crucial turning point in World War II.

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In 1941, after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa, the USSR joined the Allies in World War II. Before this, the Soviet Union had a non-aggression pact with Germany, but the invasion forced Stalin to change sides and ally with countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and others against the Axis powers.

This alliance was crucial for the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany.

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On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise military attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This attack aimed to destroy the US Pacific Fleet and prevent interference with Japan’s expansion in Asia.

The attack caused significant damage and many casualties. As a result, the United States declared war on Japan the following day, officially entering World War II.

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The Anglo-Soviet Treaty was signed in July 1942 between the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union during World War II. It was a mutual assistance pact where both countries promised to support each other against Nazi Germany and its allies.

The treaty strengthened the alliance between Britain and the USSR, ensuring cooperation on military fronts and political support during the war.

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The Nazi New Order from 1942 to 1945 was Germany’s plan during World War II to dominate and reorganize Europe under Nazi control. It focused on exploiting occupied territories for resources, enforcing racist policies, and carrying out mass persecution, especially of Jews. This period saw the height of the Holocaust and harsh occupation regimes.

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The Wannsee Conference was a meeting held on January 20, 1942, in a suburb of Berlin called Wannsee. Senior Nazi officials gathered to plan the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question”—the coordinated and systematic deportation and extermination of Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe.

This conference marked the formal decision to carry out the Holocaust on an industrial scale.

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In 1943, the Allies launched several important military offensives that marked a turning point in World War II. Key victories included:

The Battle of Stalingrad, where Soviet forces defeated the German army after months of brutal fighting.

The Allied invasion of Italy, which led to the downfall of Mussolini’s regime.

The Battle of El Alamein in North Africa, where British forces stopped the Axis advance.

These successes weakened the Axis powers and paved the way for the eventual Allied victory.

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The London Protocol was signed in September 1944 by the Allied powers (United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union). It outlined the post-war occupation and administration of Germany after World War II.

The protocol agreed to divide Germany into four occupation zones, controlled by the US, UK, USSR, and France. It also established the Allied Control Council to govern Germany jointly and planned the demilitarization and denazification of the country.

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The Liberation of Paris took place between August 19 and 25, 1944, during World War II. After four years of Nazi occupation, the French Resistance began an uprising inside the city on August 19. Street fighting and barricades marked the start of the liberation.

On August 24, the first French troops of the 2nd Armored Division, led by General Leclerc, entered Paris, supported by the U.S. 4th Infantry Division. The next day, on August 25, German commander Dietrich von Choltitz surrendered, disobeying Hitler’s orders to destroy the city.

With the arrival of Charles de Gaulle, the authority of the French Provisional Government was restored. The liberation had great symbolic and political value: it reinforced national unity and prevented the Allies from taking control of French administration.

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GERMANS MANAGED TO RETAIN NORTH ITALY (1944 TO 1945)

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GERMANS MANAGED TO RETAIN NORTH ITALY (1944 TO 1945)

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Between 1944 and 1945, Nazi Germany managed to retain control of Northern Italy, even after the Allied landings in the south. The Gothic Line, a strong German defensive line across the northern Apennines, slowed the Allied advance. Fierce battles, mountainous terrain, and bad weather made progress difficult.

Meanwhile, the Germans supported Benito Mussolini, who led the Italian Social Republic (a Nazi puppet state) from the north. Resistance fighters (partisans) also launched guerrilla attacks against German and Fascist forces.

It wasn’t until April 1945 that Allied forces finally broke through and liberated Northern Italy. Mussolini was captured and executed by partisans shortly after.

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HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI ATOMIC BOMB (1945)

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HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI ATOMIC BOMB (1945)

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In August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. On August 6, the first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, killing tens of thousands instantly. Three days later, on August 9, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, causing massive destruction and loss of life.

The bombings forced Japan to surrender on August 15, 1945, officially ending World War II. These were the only times nuclear weapons have been used in war. The attacks remain highly controversial due to the civilian casualties and long-term effects of radiation.

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In April 1945, during the final weeks of World War II in Europe, the Soviet Red Army launched a massive offensive to capture Berlin, the capital of Nazi Germany. The Battle of Berlin was intense and brutal, involving street-to-street fighting and heavy bombing.

By May 2, 1945, Soviet forces had fully occupied the city. Adolf Hitler had committed suicide on April 30 in his bunker as defeat became inevitable. The German forces in Berlin surrendered shortly after.

The Soviet occupation of Berlin marked the fall of Nazi Germany and led to the German surrender on May 8, 1945. After the war, the city was divided among the Allies, with the eastern part controlled by the USSR.

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On April 30, 1945, as Soviet troops closed in on Berlin, Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his bunker beneath the Reich Chancellery. He took poison and shot himself, while Eva Braun, whom he had married the day before, also took poison and died beside him.

Hitler's death marked the collapse of the Nazi regime. His body was quickly burned by his staff, following his instructions. A few days later, Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, ending the war in Europe.

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On April 28, 1945, Benito Mussolini, the fascist dictator of Italy, was captured and executed by Italian partisans near the village of Dongo, in northern Italy. He was trying to escape to Switzerland with his mistress, Clara Petacci, and other Fascist leaders.

Both Mussolini and Petacci were shot, and their bodies were taken to Milan, where they were publicly displayed in a square. His death marked the final collapse of fascism in Italy and came just two days before Hitler’s suicide.

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On May 8, 1945, World War II officially ended in Europe. This day is known as Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day). After Hitler’s suicide and the fall of Berlin, Nazi Germany surrendered unconditionally to the Allied forces.

Celebrations broke out across Europe and North America. Although the war in Europe was over, the conflict in the Pacific continued until Japan surrendered in August 1945.

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After World War II, between 1945 and 1946, the Allied powers held the Nuremberg Trials to prosecute prominent leaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace. The trials took place in the city of Nuremberg, Germany.

Key Nazi officials, including Hermann Göring and Rudolf Hess, were charged with planning and executing the war and the Holocaust. The trials established important precedents in international law, including the principle that individuals can be held accountable for such crimes, even if following orders.

Many defendants were convicted and sentenced to death or prison. The Nuremberg Trials marked a milestone in the pursuit of justice after the war.

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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was founded in 1944 during the Bretton Woods Conference but officially began operations in 1945. Its main mission is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system, assist countries facing financial difficulties, and promote global economic cooperation.

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The Potsdam Conference was held in July-August 1945 after Germany’s defeat in World War II. The leaders—Harry S. Truman (USA), Winston Churchill (later replaced by Clement Attlee) (UK), and Joseph Stalin (USSR)—met in Potsdam, Germany, to decide how to govern Germany and handle post-war Europe.

They discussed the demilitarization, denazification, and division of Germany, as well as the terms for Japan’s surrender. The conference marked the start of tensions that led to the Cold War.

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The Yalta Conference took place in February 1945 during World War II. The leaders of the United Kingdom (Churchill), the United States (Roosevelt), and the Soviet Union (Stalin) met in Yalta, Crimea. They planned the final defeat of Nazi Germany and discussed how to divide Germany into zones of occupation. They also agreed on creating the United Nations and on Soviet entry into the war against Japan.

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At the end of World War II in 1945, Germany lost control of Poland. The country was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1939 until the Soviet Red Army pushed the Germans out during their advance into Eastern Europe.

After the war, Poland’s borders were redrawn. The eastern part of Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union, while Germany lost territories that were given to Poland as compensation. This marked the end of German rule over Polish lands.

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The Paris Peace Conference was held in 1946 after World War II to negotiate peace treaties with the defeated Axis powers, including Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Finland. The Allies discussed territorial changes, reparations, and the punishment of war crimes.

The conference aimed to rebuild Europe and establish a stable post-war order, but tensions between the Soviet Union and Western powers began to grow.

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Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889, in Braunau am Inn, a small town in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Austria). He was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), known as the Nazi Party, and dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945.

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Italian politician and dictator, founder of fascism. He ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 to 1943, establishing an authoritarian regime. He allied with Hitler during World War II. Mussolini was captured and executed by Italian partisans in 1945.

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Spanish general and dictator. He led the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and ruled Spain as head of state with an authoritarian regime until his death in 1975. He established a dictatorship based on nationalism and Catholicism.

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British Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940. Known for his policy of appeasement toward Hitler, especially at the Munich Agreement (1938), hoping to avoid war. He was heavily criticized after WWII broke out. He resigned in 1940 and died shortly after.

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Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death. He established a communist dictatorship with forced collectivizations and political purges. During WWII, he led the Soviet resistance against Nazi Germany and became a key Allied figure.

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King of Italy from 1900 to 1946. During his reign, he allowed Mussolini to rise to power. After WWII and the fall of fascism, the monarchy was abolished by referendum in 1946, and he went into exile.

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British mathematician considered a pioneer of computer science. During WWII, he decrypted the Nazi Enigma code, helping shorten the war. He was later persecuted for his homosexuality and died in suspicious circumstances in 1954.

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Hungarian war photographer who covered major 20th-century conflicts, including the Spanish Civil War and WWII. Co-founder of Magnum Photos agency. He died after stepping on a landmine in Indochina.

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German photographer and companion of Robert Capa. She covered the Spanish Civil War and is considered the first female war photographer to die in combat. She was killed during the Battle of Brunete.

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French politician and multiple-time Prime Minister. He signed the 1938 Munich Agreement with Hitler and Mussolini. Despite supporting appeasement, France declared war in 1939. He was later imprisoned by the Vichy regime.

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U.S. President from 1945 to 1953. He decided to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He led the U.S. at the beginning of the Cold War and promoted the Marshall Plan to rebuild postwar Europe.

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Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989. He was the symbolic head of Japanese militarism during WWII. After Japan’s defeat, he remained emperor under the new 1947 constitution, with purely ceremonial functions.

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German-born physicist of Jewish origin, known for the theory of relativity. He fled Nazism and settled in the U.S. Though a pacifist, he warned Roosevelt about nuclear weapons. Later, he criticized atomic armament.

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Catalan photographer deported to the Nazi Mauthausen camp. He managed to hide and recover photos documenting Nazi crimes. After the war, he testified at the Nuremberg Trials. He died young in Paris.

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Catalan survivor of Nazi camps, anti-fascist activist, and defender of historical memory. She was imprisoned in Ravensbrück. She spent her life sharing her testimony and defending human rights.

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Top Nazi official, head of the SS, and one of the main architects of the Holocaust. He organized concentration and extermination camps. Captured by the Allies, he committed suicide with cyanide before trial.

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Winston Churchill was a British politician and statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II (1940–1945) and again from 1951 to 1955. Known for his inspiring speeches and leadership, Churchill played a key role in leading Britain through the war against Nazi Germany.

He was also a writer and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953. Churchill’s determination and refusal to surrender made him a symbol of British resilience during the war.

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Mauthausen was a Nazi concentration camp located in Austria, operating from 1938 to 1945. It was one of the largest and most brutal camps, mainly used for imprisoning political prisoners, resistance fighters, and Jews.

Prisoners faced extremely harsh conditions, forced labor, starvation, and mass executions. Tens of thousands died there during the Holocaust.

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Ravensburg is a historic town in southern Germany, located in the state of Baden-Württemberg. It is known for its medieval architecture, including well-preserved city walls and towers. Ravensburg was an important trading center in the Middle Ages and today is famous for the Ravensburger company, which produces puzzles and games.

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Auschwitz was the largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp, located in Poland and operated from 1940 to 1945. It became a symbol of the Holocaust, where over 1.1 million people, mostly Jews, were murdered. Prisoners faced forced labor, starvation, brutal conditions, medical experiments, and mass executions in gas chambers.

Auschwitz is now a museum and memorial to remember the victims of Nazi atrocities.