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Who: Middle to lower class people.

What: Social class of people who mostly earn their living through wage labor, usually in manual labor or service jobs.

When: Late 18th and 19th centuries

Where: Basically everywhere, but at this time America and Europe.

Why: Industrialization and the start of a divide between the elites and the lowest class.

How: Rich getting richer and poor getting poorer but there were some who were working enough to not be either.

Impact:kind of created our middle class and must-work culture.

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Who: Samuel Gompers, John McBride, William Green, George Meany.

What: Organized skilled workers and advocating for issues like shorter workdays, better wages, and improved working conditions.

When: 1886

Where: Washington, D.C., at 901 Massachusetts Ave NW.

Why: Unite different craft unions to improve working conditions for their employees.

How: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQI_BldZeQk&t=60s

Impact: ^

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American Federation of Labor (American Labor Movement)

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Who: John McBride, William Green, George Meany.

What: Organized skilled workers and advocating for issues like shorter workdays, better wages, and improved working conditions.

When: 1886

Where: Washington, D.C., at 901 Massachusetts Ave NW.

Why: Unite different craft unions to improve working conditions for their employees.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEF1HlUWAvw

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Who: Frederick Winslow Taylor

What: Management theory focused on improving economic efficiency.

When: Late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Where: United States, specifically in Philadelphia

Why: Improve workplace efficiency by applying scientific methods to work processes.

Impact: made people work faster and made workplaces more efficient.

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What: overconsumption and TV and advertisement having a big impact one how people purchased things.

When: 1920s, known as the Roaring Twenties.

Where: Industrialized nations

Why: Material goods showed status, personal expression, and belonging.

How: buying and acquiring goods, usually for self expression.

Impact: Created a lot of the overconsumption problems we have today.

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Who: Collapse of Jay Cooke and Company

What:https://home.treasury.gov/about/history/freedmans-bank-building/financial-panic-of-1873

When:^

Where:^

Why:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SDv3QA_vFo

How:^

Impact: Able to look back on economic struggles and understand when and why they might happen now.

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The Panic of 1873

After the Civil War, the US banking system grew rapidly and seemed to be set on solid ground. But the country was hit by many banking crises. One of the worst happened in 1873 - during the time of the Freedman's Bank.

The panic started with a problem in Europe, when the stock market crashed. Investors began to sell off the investments they had in American projects, particularly railroads. Back in those days, railroads were a new invention, and companies had been borrowing money to get the cash they needed to build new lines. Railroad companies borrowed using bonds, which were debt securities specifying how much a company was borrowing and how much interest it would pay.

When Europeans started selling their railroad bonds, there were soon more bonds for sale than anyone wanted. Railroad companies could no longer find anyone who would lend them cash. Many railroads went bankrupt.

One of the biggest banks in New York City was Jay Cooke & Company. It had invested a lot of money in the railroads, and when the railroads started having problems, Jay Cooke & Company went bankrupt. When people saw that such a big bank failed, they began to run to their banks, demanding all of their money back.

The panic spread to banks in Washington, DC, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia and Georgia, as well as to banks in the Midwest, including those in Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. Nationwide, at least 100 banks failed.

Next: Freedman's Bank and Family Histories

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The Panic of 1873 After the Civil War, the US banking system grew rapidly and seemed to be set on solid ground. But the country was hit by many banking crises. One of the worst happened in 1873 - during the time of the Freedman's Bank.