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2+ stories

a. Can include family members

b. There are two options for interviewing:

i. Option one: students use a premade bank of questions with interviewees

ii. Option two: students create their own questions

Submit interview recordings. You can record via Padlet, Vocaroo, or any other tool you may be familiar with.

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EXPECTATION:

2+ sources

A brief history of the neighborhood you chose

a. Name of the neighborhood

b. Map of the neighborhood

c. Who previously lived in the neighborhood and who currently lives in the neighborhood

d. Neighborhood’s connection to diaspora: which people settled in the area and why?

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Foundations of History Diaspora Oral History Project.docx - Google Docs

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Foundations of History Diaspora Oral History Project Rubric.docx - Google Docs

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Day 12 Oral History Project Prep_ Preface Outline.docx

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EXPECTATION:

The author makes an insightful and compelling claim that establishes a framework for the Oral History. The author includes explanations for definitions and terms relevant to their Oral History, as well as any further context about the topics addressed and the people interviewed.

Uses a minimum of two outside sources.

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Interview Questions draft due Friday, 5/29

Preface draft due Tuesday, 6/2

Introduction draft due Friday, 6/5

Interviews should be completed on or before Tuesday, 6/9

Interview Chapters due Friday, 6/12

Project finalized during final IA blocks

The final version of your project is due by Thursday, 6/18 at 2:30 PM. Late projects will not be graded.

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INCLUDE:

a. What you learned from completing this project

b. Your definition of diaspora and its connection to this project and this course

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EXPECTATION:

Makes many meaningful connections between the Oral History and diaspora.

AND

Makes many meaningful connections between self and diaspora.

AND

Uses at least two sources from the course to connect project to prior course learnings.

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Cite your sources! Unclear whether they want you to use MLA or APA...so it will be your choice.

I suggest using this space to keep track of your sources (links) as you go, so you have them all in one spot and can revisit them.

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Citation generator

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Working with sources is an important skill that you'll need throughout your academic career.

It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.

This quick guide will help you get started!

Finding relevant sources

Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:

Research databases: Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this list of databases by academic discipline. Another good starting point is Google Scholar.

Your institution's library: Use your library's database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic.

Other online resources: Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources.

When using academic databases or search engines, you can use Boolean operators to refine your results.

Evaluating sources

In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.

CRAAP test

CRAAP is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.

Currency: Does the source reflect recent research?

Relevance: Is the source related to your research topic?

Authority: Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field?

Accuracy: Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence?

Purpose: What is the author's intention?

Lateral reading

Lateral reading means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:

Verify evidence

Contextualize information

Find potential weaknesses

If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.

Integrating sources into your work

Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, signal phrases can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:

Function

Example sentence

Signal words and phrases

Neutral: You present the author's position neutrally, without any special emphasis.

According to recent research, food services are responsible for one-third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.

According to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes

Supportive: A position is taken in agreement with what came before.

Recent research has confirmed Einstein's theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole.

Agrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supports

Argumentative: A position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing.

Allen Ginsberg denies the importance of artistic revision ...

Argues, contends, denies, insists, maintains

Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.

This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a block quote. Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself.

Paraphrasing: This means putting another person's ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source.

Summarizing: This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text.

Citing sources

Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.

Citing your sources is important because it:

Allows you to avoid plagiarism

Establishes the credentials of your sources

Backs up your arguments with evidence

Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions

The most common citation styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.

Tools and resources

Scribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks:

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A quick guide to working with sources Working with sources is an important skill that you'll need throughout your academic career. It includes knowing how

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Citation generator

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📖 MyBib – A New FREE APA, Harvard, & MLA Citation Generator

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Automatically create bibliographies, references, and citations in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and more with our fast and free citation generator.

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Citation generator

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Get well-formatted APA, MLA, and Chicago-style citations with a citation generator built by writing experts and powered by AI.

APA Full Citation Preview

Add your citation information, and we'll format it here.

A Better Way to Work

Feel confident you've done your best work with the help of Grammarly. Benefit from:
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Grammarly offers comprehensive AI-powered writing assistance to help you refine your ideas, improve your writing, check for plagiarism, and more.

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Grammarly's Citation Generator for APA, MLA, and Chicago

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Made by writing experts at Grammarly, this easy-to-use, ad-free citation generator builds well-formatted citations using the latest editions of APA, MLA, and Chicago Manual of Style.

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Link your Google Document here. Make sure you've shared it with me/visitor permissions are set to "anyone with the link".

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You may want to use this space to keep track of sources you might want to use. This way, you can easily find them later.

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JewishGen - The Global Home for Jewish Genealogy

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Explore millions of records from around the world, identify relatives, discover the towns of your ancestors, experience how they lived, connect with our global JewishGen community, and more!

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By Friday, 5/29 come up with a draft of 15+ questions you anticipate asking your interviewees. Place them here OR in your Google Doc, and link your doc here.

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Could be a starting point for neighborhood research

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Demographics & Economics of Neighborhoods in Providence, RI

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A look into home values, poverty, and population and their effect on flooding risk and access to transportation.

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potentially helpful information about immigrants in Rhode Island

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West End, Federal Hill, Reservoir

CITE THIS WEBSITE: https://www.providenceri.gov/

City of Providence. “Home - City of Providence.” City of Providence, 3 June 2025, www.providenceri.gov.

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Hartford, Silver Lake, Manton

CITE THIS WEBSITE: https://www.providenceri.gov/

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Note: This article describes the 9th edition of MLA style and the 7th edition of APA Style. The APA 6th edition rules can be found here.

APA and MLA are two of the most commonly used citation styles.

APA Style Is defined in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, currently in its 7th edition.

The rules of MLA style are found in the MLA Handbook, currently in its 9th edition (published by the Modern Language Association).

In both styles, a source citation consists of:

However, citations look slightly different in each style, with different rules for things like title capitalization, author names, and placement of the date.

There are also some differences in layout and formatting. Download the Word templates for a correctly formatted paper in either style.

APA template MLA template

Which style should I use?

You'll usually be told which citation style you should use in your writing by your department or supervisor. If you're not sure, look up your institution's guidelines or ask directly.

Occasionally, you may be allowed to choose a style yourself. If so, it's best to base your decision on your area of study:

APA is used primarily in the (social and behavioral) sciences and in fields related to education.

MLA is primarily used in humanities subjects such as languages, literary studies, and media studies.

In-text citations in APA and MLA

Both MLA and APA use parenthetical citations to cite sources in the text. However, they include slightly different information.

An APA in-text citation includes the author's last name and the publication year. If you're quoting or paraphrasing a specific passage, you also add a page number.

An MLA in-text citation includes the author's last name and a page number-no year.

When there are two authors, APA Style separates their names with an ampersand (&), while MLA uses "and." For three or more authors, both styles list the first author followed by " et al. "

APA

MLA

1 author

(Taylor, 2018, p. 23)

(Taylor 23)

2 authors

(Taylor & Kotler, 2018, p. 23)

(Taylor and Kotler 23)

3+ authors

(Taylor et al., 2018, p. 23)

(Taylor et al. 23)

APA reference list vs. MLA Works Cited list

In both APA and MLA style, you list full details of all cited sources on a separate page at the end of your paper. In APA this is usually called the reference list; in MLA it's called the Works Cited.

The formatting of source entries is different in each style. Some key differences are summarized in the table below.

APA

MLA

Author name

Last name, Initial.

Mounier-Kuhn, P.

Last name, First name.

Mounier-Kuhn, Pierre.

Capitalization of source title

Sentence case (but capitalize after a colon): Sapiens: A brief history of humankind

Title case: Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind

Formatting of titles

No formatting for chapters, articles, etc.; italics for books, journals, etc.:

Computer science in French universities: Early entrants and latecomers. Information & Culture: A Journal of History

Quotation marks for chapters, articles, etc.; italics for books, journals, etc.:

"Computer Science in French Universities: Early Entrants and Latecomers." Information & Culture: A Journal of History

Publication date

In parentheses after the author's name:

Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). ...

Later in the reference, not in parentheses:

... vol. 47, no. 4, 2012, ...

URLs & DOIs

No period after the URL or DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7560/IC47402

Period after the URL or DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7560/IC47402.

Using the interactive tool, you can switch between APA and MLA style citations for common source types to explore the differences for yourself.

You can automatically create your in-text citations and references in either style using the free Scribbr Citation Generator.

Generate accurate citations with Scribbr

APA vs. MLA paper formatting

The general formatting guidelines for APA and MLA are similar. Both styles recommend:

12 pt Times New Roman font

Double spacing

1 inch (2.54 cm) margins

The main differences between APA format and MLA format involve the title page, running head, and block quoting guidelines.

Title page and header

In APA, a separate cover page is required. It lists the title of your paper, your full name, your institution and department, the course the paper is for, your instructor's name, and the due date, all centered and double-spaced.

In MLA, no title page is required (though your instructor may require you to include one). Instead of a title page, you add a four-line header on the first page.

The header is left-aligned and double-spaced and lists your full name, your instructor's name, the course title or number, and the submission date. The paper's title is centered on a new line under the header.

Running head

In APA Style, include a right-aligned page number at the top of each page.

In manuscripts that will be submitted for publication, you should also include an APA running head with a shortened version of your paper's title (up to 50 characters long), all in capitals and left-aligned.

The running head is not required in student papers (unless you're instructed otherwise).

In MLA, your last name and the page number appear as a running head at the top of every page, both right-aligned.

Block quote formatting

Block quotes are long quotations that are set on a new line and indented as a block, without quotation marks.

In APA, any quote of 40 words or longer should be formatted as a block quote. In MLA, block quote formatting is used for quotes of more than four lines of prose or more than three lines of verse.

In both styles, the in-text citation is added after the period at the end of a block quote.

Frequently asked questions about citation styles

Which citation style should I use?

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

Who uses APA Style?

APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.

Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the "Cite this Scribbr article" button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2022, August 23). APA vs MLA | The Key Differences in Format & Citation. Scribbr. Retrieved November 29, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/apa-vs-mla/

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APA vs. MLA | The Key Differences in Format & Citation

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Note: This article describes the 9th edition of MLA style and the 7th edition of APA Style. The APA 6th edition rules can be found here. APA and MLA are

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When you have no page numbers:

MLA: Just use the author's name, the name of the organization, or the name of the source itself (whatever shows first in your citation)

APA: Same, but with the year, if you have a year.

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Both APA and MLA cite sources within a paper by using parenthetical, in-text references. MLA uses the author's last name and the page number as reference. APA uses the author's last name and the year of publication. If a direct quote is used, APA requires author's name, year, and page number.

The examples below are based on an excerpt from page 39 of French author Fifi LaRue's autobiography, My Fabulous Life, which was published in 1969.

Excerpt:

Paris in 1920 was simply exquisite! I embarked on my writing career that year and began building my reputation for letters among the Paris intelligentsia. Oooh la la! Fifi loved Paris and Paris loved her back, passionately and with wild abandon. I fondly remember 1920 as "L'anné Merveilleuse de Fifi."
APA
Paraphrase or non-quoted reference

Fifi's life was always flamboyant, but she remarked once that the year 1920 was her most marvelous year (LaRue, 1969).

Author's name mentioned in the sentence

Fifi LaRue (1969) remarked in her autobiography that she looked fondly on the year 1920 as one of the most remarkable of her life.

Direct quote

Fifi remarked in her autobiography, "I fondly remember 1920 as 'L'anné Merveilleuse de Fifi'" (LaRue, 1969, p. 39). LaRue (1969, p. 39) remarked in her autobiography, "I fondly remember 1920 as 'L'anné Merveilleuse de Fifi.'"
MLA
Paraphrase or non-quoted reference

Fifi's life was always flamboyant, but she remarked once that the year 1920 was her most marvelous year (LaRue 39).

Author's name mentioned in the sentence

Fifi LaRue remarked in her autobiography that she looked fondly on the year 1920 as one of the most remarkable of her life (39).

Direct quote

Fifi remarked in her autobiography, "I fondly remember 1920 as 'L'anné Merveilleuse de Fifi'" (LaRue 39). LaRue remarked in her autobiography, "I fondly remember 1920 as 'L'anné Merveilleuse de Fifi'" (39).

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LibGuides: Citation Styles: A Brief Guide to APA, MLA and Turabian: In Text Citations

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This guide covers standard citations for APA, MLA, and Turabian styles.

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Making MLA citations on your Works Cited page.

NOTE: Rearrange order of citations as needed to be in alphabetical order.

In the event that your map was a PDF and didn't come from a particular webpage/web address, you can cite the organization like in this example.

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Making APA citations on your References page.

NOTE: Rearrange order of citations as needed to be in alphabetical order.

In the event that your map was a PDF and didn't come from a particular webpage/web address, you can cite the organization like in this example.