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Barbara Johns Walkout (April 1951 – Farmville, VA)

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Barbara Johns Walkout (April 1951 – Farmville, VA)

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Description: At just 16, Barbara Johns led a student protest against poor school conditions for Black students. the principal was lured off campus, and all 450 students were called into the auditorium. After the students asked the teachers to leave, Barbara convinced her classmates that they should walk out until a new building was under construction.
Why It Matters: Her walkout led to a lawsuit that became part of Brown v. Board, showing how young people played key roles in the movement.

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 Brown v. Board of Education (May 17, 1954 – Topeka, KS)

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 Brown v. Board of Education (May 17, 1954 – Topeka, KS)

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Description: The Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. This historic decision marked the end of the "separate but equal" precedent set by the Supreme Court nearly 60 years earlier in Plessy v. Ferguson and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement during the decade of the 1950s.
Why It Matters: It overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and laid the legal foundation for ending segregation.

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 Montgomery Bus Boycott (Dec 1955–Dec 1956 – Montgomery, AL)

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 Montgomery Bus Boycott (Dec 1955–Dec 1956 – Montgomery, AL)

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Description: Sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest, Black residents refused to ride city buses for over a year. It involved the Black citizens of Montgomery, Alabama, boycotting the city's segregated bus system for over a year. The boycott ended with a Supreme Court ruling that declared bus segregation unconstitutional.

Why It Matters: The boycott led to a Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses was illegal, and it launched Martin Luther King Jr.’s leadership.

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 Little Rock Nine (Sept 1957 – Little Rock, AR)

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 Little Rock Nine (Sept 1957 – Little Rock, AR)

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Description: Nine Black students integrated a white high school under federal protection. Their attempt to attend the school was met with significant resistance, including opposition from the governor and a hostile mob. Ultimately, President Eisenhower intervened by sending federal troops to ensure the students' safety and allow them to attend classes.
Why It Matters: It showed how local resistance to desegregation required federal intervention and national attention.

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Greensboro Sit‑Ins (Feb 1, 1960 – Greensboro, NC)

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Greensboro Sit‑Ins (Feb 1, 1960 – Greensboro, NC)

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Description: Four college students sat at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter and refused to leave. Four African American college students, known as the "Greensboro Four," initiated the protest by sitting at a segregated lunch counter at the local Woolworth's department store. They were refused service but remained seated, sparking a wave of similar sit-ins across the South.

Why It Matters: Sparked a wave of sit-ins across the South and helped launch the SNCC.

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Freedom Rides (May–Nov 1961 – Southern U.S.)

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Freedom Rides (May–Nov 1961 – Southern U.S.)

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Description: Integrated groups rode interstate buses to challenge segregation in bus terminals. a series of bus trips organized to challenge segregation in interstate travel. A diverse group of Black and white activists, organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), aimed to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia, which outlawed segregation in interstate travel facilities.
Why It Matters: Faced violence but forced federal enforcement of desegregation laws for public travel.

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March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963 – Washington, D.C.)

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March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963 – Washington, D.C.)

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Description: Over 250,000 people gathered for jobs and freedom; MLK gave his “I Have a Dream” speech. It was a massive demonstration organized to advocate for civil and economic rights for African Americans. The event is best known for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech.
Why It Matters: Pushed national attention toward civil rights, leading to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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 Selma to Montgomery / Bloody Sunday (March 7, 1965 – Selma, AL)

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 Selma to Montgomery / Bloody Sunday (March 7, 1965 – Selma, AL)

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Description: Peaceful marchers were beaten on the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Bloody Sunday refers to the brutal attack on civil rights marchers by law enforcement on March 7, 1965, in Selma, Alabama, during a peaceful protest for voting rights. The marchers, attempting to walk from Selma to Montgomery, were met with violence at the Edmund Pettus Bridge.
Why It Matters: TV coverage shocked the nation and helped lead to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.