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Systematic phonics instruction is proven to boost reading skills by linking letters to sounds (Sysoev et al., 2021).

Classroom Activities:

1. Letter-Sound Hopscotch: Jump on letters while saying their sounds. Differentiation: Trace letters in sand for motor challenges.

2. Word Family Flip Books: Create -at family books (cat, bat). Differentiation: Use audio-recorded flip books for non-verbal students.

At Home: “Letter Hunt”—circle target letters in grocery lists. Reinforces letter recognition.

Resource: Starfall.com offers multisensory phonics activities aligned with research (National Reading Panel).

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Direct vocabulary instruction enhances comprehension and is critical for early readers (Gray, 2023).

Classroom Activities:

1. Word Jar: Draw a word (e.g., enormous) and act it out. Differentiation: Pair with pictures for language delays.

2. Picture-Word Match: Match vocabulary cards to images. Differentiation: Include textured objects for tactile learners.

At Home: “Story Time Conversations”—ask, “What do you think ‘frustrated’ means?” during read-alouds.

Resource: PBSKids.org’s vocabulary games use visuals and audio to support diverse learners (National Reading Panel).

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Fluency—reading with speed, accuracy, and expression—frees the brain to focus on meaning (Lexia Learning, 2024).

Classroom Activities:

1. Choral Reading: Read aloud together. Differentiation: Provide audiobooks for struggling readers.

2. Partner Reading: Paired students take turns. Differentiation: Use leveled texts or whisper phones.

At Home: “Echo Reading”—parent reads a line, child repeats. Models fluent pacing.

Resource: Raz-Kids.com’s leveled books include audio support for repeated reading (National Reading Panel).

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Comprehension is the ultimate goal of reading. Explicit strategy instruction is essential (NICHHD, 2025).

Classroom Activities:

1. Puppet Retelling: Use puppets to summarize stories. Differentiation: Provide story sequence cards for scaffolding.

2. KWL Charts: Track Know/Wonder/Learned. Differentiation: Use symbols instead of text for pre-readers.

At Home: “Question Dice”—roll to ask, “What happened first?” Encourages critical thinking.

Resource: ReadWorks.org offers leveled passages with comprehension questions (National Reading Panel).

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Phonemic awareness—the ability to hear and manipulate sounds in words—is the foundation of reading. Research confirms it significantly improves decoding skills (Hulme et al., 2021).

Classroom Activities:

1. Rhyming Word Sort: Students group pictures by ending sounds (e.g., cat, hat). Differentiation: Add tactile objects or sound amplification for students with sensory needs.

2. Sound Isolation Game: “What’s the first sound in ‘sun’?” Differentiation: Use visual cues (e.g., mouth-shape cards) for speech delays.

At Home: Play “I Spy Sounds”—find objects starting with /b/. Builds sound awareness through play.

Resource: ReadingRockets.org provides free, evidence-based games for all learners (National Reading Panel).