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Chinese culture emphasizes the hierarchy that the Emperor was at the top, followed by scholars, merchants, artisans, and farmers. Gender roles in society limit the opportunity for women to be confined from domestic duties to public roles, limiting their access to education and public life. While men took on public roles.

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The Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong, establishes the People's Republic of China.

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The Great Leap Forward, led by the Communist Party of China, was an economic and social campaign that aimed to transform China from an agrarian to an industrialized society. However, this effort led to widespread famine and millions of casualties.

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Fearing opposition within the CPC, Mao called for a Cultural Revolution to reinforce communist ideology and address the issues about the "bourgeois" infiltrators in his party and the government.

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Mao formally launches the Cultural Revolution. He shut down schools, and during the following months, he encouraged the Red Guards to attack all traditional values and "bourgeois" things and to test party officials by publicly criticizing them.

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The "January Storm" in Shanghai was a pivotal moment in the Cultural Revolution. Red Guards and workers, responding to Mao's call, seized control of the city government, demonstrating the movement's radical potential and inspiring similar takeovers elsewhere. This shift from targeting individuals to institutions drastically escalated the chaos and instability.

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Traditional Chinese culture, temples, and artwork are extensively destroyed as Mao Zedong orders an attack on the "Four Olds" (old traditions, culture, habits, and ideas).

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Millions of young urban intellectuals, primarily Red Guards, are sent to the countryside for "re-education" by peasants as part of Mao Zedong's Down to the Countryside Movement. The campaign primarily targeted rebels from the earlier, more populist phase of the CR.

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The peak of the revolution was marked by extensive destruction of cultural monuments, temples, books, and artifacts. Confucian temples and historical sites were attacked, and traditional religious ceremonies were prohibited.

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The 9th National Congress convened was used to "revitalize" the party with new ideas and cadres after much of the old guard had been destroyed in previous years' conflicts. The 9th Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party confirms Mao Zedong's leadership and Maoism as the governing doctrine. Lin Biao, the Party's Vice Chairman, is confirmed as Mao's successor.

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Mao Zedong, the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, died on 9 September 1976 at the age of 82, following a period of ill health. Marks the end of the Cultural Revolution, leading to a power struggle within the Communist Party and paving the way for economic and cultural reforms.

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“One-Child Policy”

The government enacted an aggressive birth-planning program to control the size of the country’s population, which it viewed as growing too fast.

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"Tiananmen Square Massacre"

The establishment of formal diplomatic relations between the United States and the People’s Republic of China in 1979, together with Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms, inaugurated a decade of vibrant cultural exchange and expanding economic ties between the two countries. However, the Chinese Government’s violent suppression of demonstrations in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989, cooled U.S.-Chinese relations considerably. To the present day, the Department of State marks the anniversary of the suppression by issuing a statement calling on the Chinese Government to end harassment of those who participated in the protests and to fully account for those killed, detained, or missing.

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Hong Kong and Macao handover, Asian Financial Crisis

China was largely unscathed by the regional financial crisis, thanks to the RMB (¥) currency’s non-convertibility. Meanwhile, the PRC regained the sovereignty of Hong Kong and Macau back from the UK and Portugal, respectively.

During the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, China largely escaped the worst impacts of the crisis due to its relatively closed financial system and strict capital controls, which prevented large-scale capital flight from the country, unlike other affected Asian nations like Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea; however, the crisis did highlight weaknesses within China's financial system, prompting the government to initiate reforms to strengthen its economy and banking sector.

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China’s entry into the World Trade Organization, and the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII) program – which let foreign investors participate in the PRC’s stock exchanges – contributed to the country’s economic growth. his marked a significant milestone in China's integration into the global economy. The accession process was complex and involved extensive reforms by China to align its trade policies and legal framework with WTO rules.

China's WTO membership has been transformative for both its economy and the global trading system, though it has also led to ongoing debates about trade imbalances and fair competition.

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This is a transformative decade for Chinese culture. The rise of social media platforms like Weibo provided citizens with unprecedented spaces for public discourse and social commentary, empowering them to express diverse views and challenge traditional norms. This newfound freedom, coupled with increasing exposure to global culture, fueled a surge in cultural diversity, leading to new forms of artistic expression in film, music, and literature that reflected a growing sense of individualism and a wider range of societal voices.

Consequently, debates about fundamental social values intensified, with discussions about individualism, consumerism, and the role of tradition taking center stage, signifying a society grappling with its identity in a rapidly changing world.

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Xi Jinping’s assumption of CCP leadership in 2012 marked the beginning of a new era for the party. His tenure has been defined by increased centralization of power, extensive anti-corruption campaigns, and an ambitious vision for China’s role on the world stage. Xi’s proclamation of a “new era for socialism with Chinese characteristics” at the 19th Party Congress in 2017 outlined China’s goals to become a global leader by mid-century.

Domestically, Xi has consolidated CCP power over political, legal, and social institutions and emphasized China’s ongoing rejuvenation and development. Internationally, Xi has attempted to increase China’s influence both economically and through more assertive geopolitical posturing. Under his leadership, China has promoted its Belt and Road Initiative to foster joint trade, infrastructure, and development projects throughout Asia, Europe, Africa, and Latin America; simultaneously, it has insisted upon its territorial claims over nearly all of the South China Sea despite an adverse ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague. Considered together, these policies are seen by many analysts as part of a broader Chinese strategy to reshape the international order.