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This is Alfred Adler who I would consider to be a minority due to the time period he lived in. He received a lot of hate due to being Jewish during the time of WWII. Because of this he experienced a lot of bullying and trauma. He is the founder of Adlerian Therapy, aka Individual Psychology. He coined some techniques such as "Push Button" to help with regaining control of emotions and "Acting As If" to boost confidence and sense of belonging. He also closely collaborated with Sigmund Freud until they got into some disagreements about whether personality was predetermined by genetics or whether it was structured by life experience. They went their separate ways after. Alder's therapy was focused on communities needing to collaborate together in order for the best potential. (Professor Bonwell's Slides, pgs.1-9). -Angela Sanchez

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Dr. Martha Bernal was born on April 13, 1931 in San Antonio Texas to Mexican immigrant parents. As a child, Dr. Bernal experienced racial discrimination and forbidden to speak Spanish in school. Furthermore, her father was against the idea of her continuing a higher education and encouraged her to focus on marring and starting a family. Dr. Bernal was a Lesbian of color who was determined to pursue a career in psychology. In 1962 she became the first Latina to earn a PhD in the United States in clinical Psychology from Indiana University. She began in the psychology field working with children with conduct disorders, further exploring and addressing the absence support in cultural and ethnic psychology. She worked along within APA, emphasizing in teaching and advocating to improve the opportunities for ethnic people in psychology with the help of Dr. George P. Knight. She started the National Hispanic Psychology Association, APA's Commission on Ethnic Minority, Recruitment, Retention and Training as well as being a Committee member for The Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual's Affairs. Bernal published 60 articles and books, several award including a Life time achievement award from APA's and The Public Interest award in 2001. She was unable to receive that award due to her health, passing away from cancer at the age of 70 in 2001

Sources:

Vasquez, M.J.T. The Life and death of a multicultural feminist pioneer: Martha Bernal (1931-2001).

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1. Dr. Reiko True is a Japanese-American female psychologist who has achieved great things in her life in psychology. Dr. True went to the California School of Professional Psychology in Berkeley, California and graduated from Alliant International University. She became active in the community in the 60s and helped promote the advancement of minority voices for over 25 years. Not only that, but she contributed to the Asian American Community Mental Health Program in Oakland, California. She was also the first female director of Mental Health, Substance Abuse and Forensic Services. Throughout her life, she stressed the importance of diversity and programs that were multicultural. One thing worth mentioning was that when the Kobe earthquake hit Japan in 1995, she flew over to provide mental health services to the victims. Today, she is located in San Francisco, California and still practices today. One major accomplishment she had done was earned the 2003 Lifetime Award from the Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA).

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Margaret Floy Washburn was an advocate for equal educational opportunities for women and became the very first woman in the United States to be awarded a doctoral degree in psychology. Born into a wealthy New York City family, Washburn received her bachelor's degree from Vassar College in 1891, majoring in Chemistry and French. Through persistence, Washburn convinced Columbia University to allow her to audit classes taught by noted psychologist, James McKeen Cattell.

About a year later Cattell recommended that Washburn apply to Cornell University, one of very few institutions that would accept females as graduate students. At Cornell Washburn worked with an early icon in American psychology, E.B. Titchener. She became Titchener's first doctoral student and, in 1894, the first female in the United States to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology.

Washburn subsequently taught at several colleges but spent the bulk of her career as a psychology professor at Vassar College. By all accounts Washburn loved teaching and mentoring undergraduates. She declined to marry, at least in part, because she would have been expected to give up her paid teaching position. Washburn was an expert on animal behavior as well as sensation and perception. She authored multiple editions of one of the earliest and most successful textbooks in comparative psychology, The Animal Mind. She also wrote a book on her motor theory, Movement and Mental Imagery. Washburn was a co-editor on very early volumes of the American Journal of Psychology, was ranked among the top 50 psychologists in the country in 1903, served as President of the American Psychological Association in 1921, and was elected to the National Academy of Science in 1931

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Inez Beverly Prosser became the first black woman in the U.S. to receive a PhD in psychology. Prosser was born and raised in Texas where she completed most of her K-12 education in a Texas 'colored only' school. By the time she entered university, schools in Texas were still segregated, which forced her to complete her masters degree in Colorado, and her PhD in Cincinnati.

Her dissertation research concluded that black children performed better attending black schools. Black schools had a sense of community that integrated schools did not. Black children in integrated schools were found to have lower self esteem, and a more difficult time forming social relationships.

She passed at the young age of 38, but she spent the last decade of her life teaching at black universities where she helped students obtain the funds to further pursue academia.

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Celebrating Women’s History Month: Dr. Inez Beverly Prosser – A Pioneer in Psychology

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During March, we celebrate Women’s History Month — not as a one-time event but as a reminder of the countless pioneers and brazen revolutionaries throughout history who were instrumental in fighting for a better future and in whose footsteps we continue to follow.

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Elizabeth Loftus was born on October 16, 1944 to a Jewish family in Bel Air, California. Her father was a doctor and her mother was a librarian, who passed away when Loftus was 14. She has her BA in mathematics and psychology and her MA and PhD in mathematical psychology from Stanford. She is most known for the misinformation effect, false memory, and criticizing recovered memory therapies. She has also written a couple books related to those topics and has testified for many cases in regards to those topics as well.

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Beverly Daniel Tatum, post by Brooklyn Umali

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Beverly Daniel Tatum, post by Brooklyn Umali

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Beverly Daniel Tatum is an African American clinical psychologist who contributed to the field of psychology through her research on race and education. She was born. in. Tallahassee, Florida on September 27, 1954. Tatum had. been born only 4 months after the 1954 Supreme Court hearing of Brown v. Board of Education. She received her PhD in Psychology at the University of Michigan. She first worked in the Department of Black Studies and then was chair of the Department of Psychology and Education (Ildefonso 2015). Tatum did some research on how black families assimilate into white neighborhoods. She also talks about how success in school can be based on race based on how diverse a school is. She advocates for minorities and continues to research the psychological side of racism.

-Brooklyn Umali

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Born a farmer's daughter in 1886 in Tomioko, Japan, Tsuruko Haraguchi was the first Japanes woman to ever earn a PhD in any field (Society for the Psychology of Women, n.d.) After graduating high school two years early, Haraguchi was unable to attend a graduate program in Japan so she left for New York where she earned her P.H.D. in 1912. After returning to Japan with her husband, Haraguchi studied the effects of metal work and fatifue. Haraguchi had two children, and sadly died in 1915 of Tuberculosis at the age of 29.

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Hortensia Amaro, PhD

Professor at Northeastern University, associate vice provost of Community research, and Deans professor of social work & preventative medicine at USC.

She has produced over 100 publications focusing on epidemiological development, behavioral interventions for HIV? AIDS prevention and substance abuse for Latina, African American women, and incarcerated men.

She has also served on boards and committees for National institutes for health (NIH) along with the US dept, of Health and Human services.  She has also established the institute on Urban health research that focuses on ethnic health imbalances, community-based research, and overall health in urban communities, including discrimination in health care, obesity, Sexual risky behaviors, etc. Amaro is the recipient of the 1993 distinguished contributors to Psychology in the public Interest Early Career reward. Along with founding 3 substance abuse programs, outpatient programs for women. And a huge focus on the Hispanic women's concerns, which leads to her being a member of the National Latino Psychological association.

~Alexis Suseberry

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Doctor Reiko Hammo Trust was born in 1933 in Japan and is widely known in the community for her work with pionerring advancing mental health work and other social services with Asian Americans along with South East Asians and other minories. After graduating from the University of Tokyo she was accepted into UC Berkeley's Social Work graduate program thus beginning all her work in the United States. Over 25 years of her career she devoted herself to help advance the affairs of minorites; in 1976, her and a group of other similar minded Asian-American women at the California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP) worked together and was able to introduce and start teaching a course about the psychology of Asian American women as an Asian American Studies course at UCB. She was one of the first female directions of the Mental Health, Substance Abuse and Forensic Services (American Psychological Association, 2012). True lobbied for the creation of the first ever mental health center in California for Asian Americans, leading it and making sure the staff was trained in other languages and cultures to truly be able to connect with clients. She currently still practices in San Fransisco but only part time and caters specifically towards non-English speakers and other minorites living in Japantown.

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Mrs. Clark was a psychologist who researched child development including racial prejudice which helped generations of children. Born in Arkansas Clarks mother was a stay at home mother, while clark's father was a respected physician therefore her mother did not have to work as many other wives did. She was very successful in highschool,and multiple scholarships were offered after her graduation.  She originally got her degree to become a teacher however later on she met Kenith Clark. She was introduced to professors and pursued a B.A in psychology. During her journey to get her pHd she noticed that harmel lacked variable resources for homeless african american women. She tried advocating for more mental health resources but was met with silence. As a response in 1946 she ran a Northside child development center until her retirement in 1979. The child development center is still running to this day. She played a major part in the “Board vs Brown” case. She conducted a study called “The Doll Test.” This took place in the 1940’s. 253 African American girls ages three to seven were given dolls to place with and characterize. The research concluded that the girls preferred to play with the white dolls and characterized the white dolls with more positive traits than the brown dolls. She testified against her Phd advisor and segregation was ended 1954. She later died from lung cancer. Rothberg, E. (2022)

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Mary Salter Ainsworth was a developmental psychologist best known for her “Strange Situation” experiment and her contributions to attachment theory. Mary Ainsworth was born on December 1st, 1913 in Glendale, Ohio (Bretherton, n.d.). Her interest in psychology first arose as a teenager when she read the book, ​​Character and the Conduct of Life, by psychologist, William McDougal (Bretherton, n.d.). She continued to study psychology and eventually earned her bachelor’s, master’s, and PhD in 1939 (Bretherton, n.d.). Mary became very interested in John Bowlby’s (British psychologist) work on infant-mother attachment (Bretherton, n.d.). In 1963, Mary started the research that led to her “Strange Situation” experiment, in which she observed infants' reactions in the presence of a stranger, with and without their mother in the room (Bretherton, n.d.). This experiment led to the identification of three different attachment styles: secure attachment, insecure-resistant attachment, and insecure-avoidant attachment (Cohen, 2017). Research has since shown that these attachment styles in childhood have lasting effects on adult relationships and relationship related behaviors (Cohen, 2017). Mary's findings were published in several journals and her work inspired many major attachment studies in the field (Bretherton, n.d.).

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Mamie Phipps Clark, post by Eden Marie Dilinila

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Mamie Phipps Clark, post by Eden Marie Dilinila

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Mamie Phipps Clark was born on April 18, 1917 in Hot Springs, Arkansas. She had a generally happy and comfortable childhood, despite her growing up during the racism and Depression (Karera, 2010). Growing up, she didn't really have a lot of opportunities to pursue higher education, but despite the challenges, she was offered several scholarships for her education. The scholarships she was offered were at the most prestigious black universities in the country which are Fisk University in Tennessee and Howard University in Washington D.C. She decided to attend Howard University and majored in math with a minor in physics (Karera, 2010). She initially didn't study psychology, but when she met her husband, Kenneth Bancroft Clark, he introduced psychology because "unlike mathematics and physics, the field appeared promising in terms of employment and opportunities, and would allow her to explore her interests in children's development (Karera, 2010)." As Mamie was towards the end of her education journey into psychology, she graduated magna cu laude from Howard University and enrolled into a psychology graduate program. During her graduate program, she investigated when black children became aware of themselves as having a distinct "self," and when they became aware of belonging to a particular racial group. Her thesis, titled "The Development of Consciousness of Self in Negro Pre-School Children," was the start of research that became historic when it was used to make racial segregation unconstitutional in American public schools (Karera, 2010). As she continued on with her education, she received her Ph.D. from Columbia University, which made her the first black woman to earn a psychology doctorate at Columbia (Karera, 2010).

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Kenneth Bancroft Clark by: Dylan Barbick

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Dr. Clark (1914-2005) was a pioneer in psychology for African Americans. Dr. Clark grew up in Harlem graduating from high school in 1931. He later attended Columbia University with his wife. "The Clarks then went to Columbia University to study psychology, and, in 1940, Kenneth Clark became the recipient of Columbia's first Black psychology Ph.D" (AAR, 2). This was a huge step forward for the African American community. Dr. Clark stood up for equal rights for all people however he specifically stood up for African American people. Clark's most recognized achievement is a study he conducted on the effects of segregation in schools. "Clark concluded that segregation was psychologically damaging. This conclusion was pivotal in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education, which outlawed segregated education" (AAR, 3). Dr. Clark's research did a lot for the African American community helping reshape and desegregate schools allowing for a new time of diversity to come about.

scource: Kenneth B. Clark, educator, and psychologist born. African American Registry. (2024, July 24). https://aaregistry.org/story/kenneth-b-clark-pioneering-educator-and-psychologist/

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Dr. Karen Horney (1885-1952) was a psychoanalytic pioneer who was born in Germany and moved to the United States in 1932. One of her main contribution was her work on feminine psychology. She pointed out Freud’s psychoanalytic studies were focusing on investigate boys and men rather than girls and females (Horney, 1967). In contrast to Freud’s famous “Penis Envy” concept, Dr. Horney raised a concept of “envy of pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood.” (Horney, 1967, p. 60). She provided a more positive view of the world than Freud (Horney, 1967) by investigating from a female perspective into daily practice.

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Dr. Inez Prosser achieved her doctorates in 1933, becoming the first black woman to earn her doctorates in psychology. However, sadly the next year she died, at age 38. Dr. Prosser spent her entire life educating others because she understood the power that education brought to others. She wanted to share as much knowledge as she could and that took priority of her teaching methods. The accomplishment in the field of psychology comes from her dissertation research which was done on black children who went to integrated schools, and black children that went to segregated schools. (Benjamin, 2008) The findings were shocking, black students did a much better job at black schools than integrated schools. This research proved valuable to the field of psychology because it helps us understand just how much value the human brain puts into fitting in. 

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Dr. Inez Beverly Prosser, post by James Wilkinson

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Dr. Inez Beverly Prosser, post by James Wilkinson

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Evelyn Hooker was an American psychologist known for her groundbreaking research on homosexuality. Her most influential work, which was published in 1957, challenged the view at the time that homosexuality was a mental disorder. In her study, she compared the mental health of homosexual and heterosexual men and found no significant differences between the two groups. This research played a key role in removing homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1973. This influenced both the field of psychology and the LGBTQ+ rights movement (Hooker, 1957).

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Dr. Derald Wing Sue, post by Jessica Winkler

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Dr. Derald Wing Sue, post by Jessica Winkler

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Dr. Derald Wing Sue is Professor of Counseling Psychology at the School of Social Work in Columbia University. He is Co-Founder of the Asian American Psychological Association and has many other positions within various psychological associations (Psychology Today, n.d.). Like me, he is a second generation Chinese-American, so someone who is born in the US to immigrant parents, and his early memories of this lived experience (being bullied for his ethnicity) led him to later pursue psychological research about micro-aggressions (American Psychological Association, n.d.). He is considered a pioneer in his field of multicultural psychology, through which he has positively channeled his personal experiences with racism toward his family into many accomplishments and awards in the field (Psychology Today, n.d.). For example, he is the most cited multicultural scholar to this day with over 150 publications (American Psychological Association, n.d.).

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Margaret Floy Washburn was born in New York in 1871. attended Cornell University and, in 1894, she was the first woman to receive her Ph.D. in psychology and she served as the second female president of the APA (American Psychological Association). She also authored several influential books and made significant and lasting contributions to the field of psychology. She was best known for her experimental work in animal behavior (Huffman, Dowdell & Sanderson, 2018). Dr. Margaret Floy Washburn is mentioned briefly in the Gender and Cultural Diversity box on page nine of our textbook.