# data[].attributes.location_name
Sony Corporation of America, Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA

# data[].attributes.body
North Koreans hacked it, stealing 3000 social security numbers of employees

One of their to-be-released movies slandered Kim - censorship

Released 5 movies before their date, costing millions in profit for Sony

NK demonstrating hacking power, publicized it intentionally

# data[].attributes.headline
FH.2.1 - Systems Approach - Unsustainable Farming

# data[].attributes.subject
FH.2.1 - Systems Approach - Unsustainable Farming

# data[].attributes.body
Potatoes are grown here to export to the UK\

Round-trip of 11,500 miles:

Seeds shipped from Scotland

Peat for packaging from Ireland

Potatoes go to UK

400,000 tonnes grown annually

Water extracted from fossil aquifers, needed because temperature is above 45 degrees in the shade

Energy-intensive

Non-renewable

Grown here because:

Backup for UK producers

Cheaper

Better labor supply

Can be shipped year-round

# data[].attributes.body
640,000 people live across thousands of islands

5 islands already submerged

6 are losing land to sea

Nuatambu lost half of its habitable area and 11 houses since 2011

Rising sea levels salinate soils and climate change brings varied rain

Devastate food supply and lifeline for farmers

Shift to unhealthy, imported foods

New varieties of crop need to be grown, that are more salt-resistant

# data[].attributes.body
Millions of older people never received education due to French dismantlement of Islamic education - 70% rural women are illiterate

2007, EFA opens school with boardhouses for 36 girls, as challenge was distance

6 years of education, through secondary school

Funded by donations (low costs with volunteer teachers)

Volatile to disruptions, like Arab spring or Covid

2017: Expanded to 185 girls, 90% pass rate and 50 enrolled in uni

Challenge: Cultural imposition (school, uni and work) and is this encouraging rural exodus?

# data[].attributes.body
90% of Londoners own mobile phones, and 80% of these are smartphones

Those sold to second-hand markets can be refurbished and resold

# data[].attributes.headline
2.1.1.3 - National Scale Population Distribution

# data[].attributes.subject
2.1.1.3 - National Scale Population Distribution

# data[].attributes.body
Core is in the south and east, where physical environment is better for construction, agriculture and transport

Migration is for economic reasons:

Urban areas have more jobs, higher salaries

Lots of domestic remittances

Rural -> urban migration is so fast that the government has to slow it, by forcing people to go to school where they're born

# data[].attributes.body
In Yorkshire, spending 500,000 pounds planting 40,000 trees helped reduce peak discharge by 20%

Would not prevent massive floods, but definitely more regular seasonal ones

F.2.3 - Benefits and Costs

Reduces flooding up to 20% if 20-25% of river is afforested

Reduced flooding downstream

More interception and infiltration

Issues:

Takes a long time

Must be native species

Not appropriate to certain environments (e.g forest fires)

It must be implemented along traditional flood defences to be fully effective

# data[].attributes.headline
E.1.2 - Challenges of Hot and Arid Environments

# data[].attributes.subject
E.1.2 - Challenges of Hot and Arid Environments

# data[].attributes.body
Lowest temps are around 30 degrees Celsius, highest in mid 40s

Extremely low precipitation - hyper arid (less than 100mm)

Only 2 million of Niger's 27 million live here

12% soil arable

Mineral extraction possible - 3000 tons per year of uranium

Homogenous relief of plateau, valleys in mountains of Algeria sometimes

# data[].attributes.body
Geopolitical Influence

Economic: Highest GDP, 2 most exports, 40% of global personal wealth

Population: 320 million

Military: Covert intelligence in 50 states, 3rd highest Military Expenditure as % of GDP

Global inviolvement: Influence over international orgs, 4th on the KOF index

Cultural Influence

Food: American fast food viewed as special, a luxury - sign of emergence from poverty

Clothes

Media - Hollywood, news sources

Language - more american slang

TNCs: Transport, oil, tech, food

# data[].attributes.headline
6.1.1 - Threats to Individuals - Surveillance

# data[].attributes.subject
6.1.1 - Threats to Individuals - Surveillance

# data[].attributes.body
Facial recognition used to track people and identify civil unrest

Culture, some view it as protection not violation of liberty

Asserts gov. control

Enforces social system

Makes people obey the law

Leads to more police interference

Mismanagement is possible?

# data[].attributes.headline
FH.2.1 - Systems Approach - Sustainable Farming

# data[].attributes.subject
FH.2.1 - Systems Approach - Sustainable Farming

# data[].attributes.body
Green beans for international export

165 million pounds shipped to UK by air

Sustainable because:

Workers' lifestyle is less intensive

Beans are chilled in a charcoal room, soaked with water that evaporates- temp at 13 degrees

Technology is sustainable and adapted to local infrastructure

# data[].attributes.body
City will be 95% submerged by 2050 from sea level rise

Exacerbated by illegal water extraction

City can only provide 40% of water needs

Tide rises by 5cm every year

Dyke built, but new wall needed

13 rivers need to drain

# data[].attributes.body
30% of their forests were being illegally logged at night

Harmed community

Diminished resources

Created conflict with outsiders

Using old phones and solar panels positioned in trees, sounds of logging are detected up to 1km away

Sends immediate alert to tribe and the authorities

Open source AI used to detect logging sound

Success: Covers large areas, and gives time for:

Conserving culture

Controlling their own territory (closing development gap non-hierarchically)

Reduces e-waste, uses renewable energy and existing infrastructure

# data[].attributes.body
99% of precious metals in a phone can be extracted, so Umicore does this

# data[].attributes.headline
2.1.1.3 - National Scale Population Distribution

# data[].attributes.subject
2.1.1.3 - National Scale Population Distribution

# data[].attributes.body
Cores are spread out, in major cities

East is where immigrants arrived, trade is possible

West is where gold rush, resettlement, asian immigration and tech occurred

South is extremely fertile and lots of infrastructure for trade/mineral extraction

People move for:

Tax differences

Geriatric care

Rural -> urban reasons

# data[].attributes.location_name
Three Gorges Dam, 秭归县 Yichang, Hubei, China

# data[].attributes.body
Benefits

Hydroelectric power generated saves 120 million tons of CO2 over long term

Tourism: in 2012, brought $30.5 million in 7 days

Politics: Symbol of China's economic and technical prowess

Costs

$188 billion (unofficial) to construct

Displacement of residents cost $100 billion

13 cities, 140 towns flooded

10.2 million displaced, several cultural heritage sites flooded

Decreased fertility downstream

Seismic risk

Extinction of birds and fish - biodiversity loss

# data[].attributes.body
450 km south of arctic circle

-39 degrees in Jan

20 degrees in July

Flatlands of permafrost with active zone in upper layer

350,000 people, 40% Yakut and 40% Russian

Mining industry is the main employer

Frost heaving means roads aren't paved, pipes are external

Agriculture difficult

More heating, energy and therefore infrastructure needed

Infrastructure needs to be adapted to temperatures

# data[].attributes.body
Geopolitical Influence:

Economic: 10th largest economy, 531 billion USD in exports

Population: 2nd highest life expectancy, 50 million people

Military: 4th highest military expenditure as % of GDP, strong regional influence

Barrier to DPRK, supported by western nations

Cultural Influence:

In 18 countries (2021), 39% of people say K-pop is very popular

BTS brings 4.65 billion USD annually (0.3% of GDP)

Food - Brands in asian markets

Beauty products - Beauty products and standards are widely renowned

Companies - Samsung, Hyundai, LG are everywhere

# data[].attributes.headline
6.1.1 - Physical Risks to Global Supply Chains

# data[].attributes.subject
6.1.1 - Physical Risks to Global Supply Chains

# data[].attributes.body
2011 Tsunami shut down large portions of industry

Japan produces 60% of water silicone

Other countries take advantage of this to fill their shoes, reducing their economic power

Boosts industry there though

# data[].attributes.headline
FH.2.2 - Variations in Food Consumption - Political Influences

# data[].attributes.subject
FH.2.2 - Variations in Food Consumption - Political Influences

# data[].attributes.body
Trade Liberalization

World Bank encouraged Senegal to grow ground nuts to save economy in 70s

Competitors increased the supply on the market, meaning Senegal had to borrow more

Liberalization worsened their debt and weakened their economy

# data[].attributes.body
West Nile Virus is a neurological disease transmitted by mosquitoes

80% are asymptomatic

Heatwaves favor mosquito reproduction

2017, 400 cases of the virus in Europe with 22 deaths

# data[].attributes.body
Gives small loans to people without access to traditional financial services

Allows them to develop a business and invest in community

Educate children

Invest in health and water

Connect to global markets

Small enough to be paid back

Empowers women, who receive more as they're more likely to repay them quickly

Allows donors to save money someplace stable

Issues:

You need to know how to access it in the first place

More successful you are, the less support you receive

Misused in bad investments sometimes

Creates dependence on Western lenders

# data[].attributes.body
Jeans are rented and then recycled completely at the end of the lease

Cotton is clean, no pesticides and less water

Jeans are shredded and re-made, although it does need more, new cotton

Weaving new jeans from recycled thread doesn't require new machines

# data[].attributes.body
Largest economic region in China, with largest stock exhange in Asia and container port globally

542 million tons of cargo in 2019

26 million inhabitants, 360 million tourists

Economic:

Housing prices inflated to 3,000 euro per m2

FTZ led to boost in GDP, 4.32 trillion yuan in 2021

Social:

Government policy to stop pollution and resource competition has led to population shrinkage

Urban growth increased income inequality

Less migration, but better transport means more commuters and urban sprawl

Environmental:

Heat islands led to more health issues

45,000 miles2 of farmland have been devoured by sprawl

Air pollution extremely high from construction, crop burning, coal power and transport

Closes schools, delays flights, halts construction - economic impact

Solutions:

Population caps (25 million in 2017)

Beautification efforts to free up space

Affects the poorest, informal communities though

# data[].attributes.headline
F.2.3 - Flood Mitigation - Channel Modification

# data[].attributes.subject
F.2.3 - Flood Mitigation - Channel Modification

# data[].attributes.body
Channel straightening, dredging, bank protection, spillways

Benefits:

Moves water away

Facilitates boat routes

Weirs slow it down

Revetments address erosion

Spillways create intentional floods

Costs:

Floods downstream

Increased erosion

Levees cause water to go higher, and prevent re-entry in flooding

# data[].attributes.location_name
Trans Alaska Pipeline, North Pole, AK, USA

# data[].attributes.headline
E.3.1 - Mineral Extraction in Cold Environments

# data[].attributes.subject
E.3.1 - Mineral Extraction in Cold Environments

# data[].attributes.body
Location:

150 degree F annual temp range

Covers a fault line:

Built on slides and not bolted to stilts for freezing and earthquakes

Suspended - ground difficult to excavate, permits caribou migration

Opportunities:

Energy security

(US has surplus, politically popular and resilient to outside)

Image

Overcoming significant environmental challenge shows power

Tax revenue

$26 billion in money for Alaskans between 1980 and 1986 (slowed recently)

Challenges

Accessibility

12 hours by unpaved road from Fairbanks

Planes can't carry enough oil to be viable - 1000 USD one way

Boats only in summer

Permafrost

Had to be built in zigzag for earthquakes

834 bridges

Environment

Risk of oil spill is catastrophic for neighboring ANWR

Still better than roads though, and avoids 10 of 12 caribou herds

Resource nationalism

Alaskans supposed to get 2200 USD per year - only got half in 2017

Opening ANWR would destroy Caribou hunting for Gwich'in, but provide needed subsidies to Inupiat

# data[].attributes.body
International economic cooperation to achieve global economic stability

Nations account for 80% of global economic output

Strengthened the role of emerging economies

Reformed financial institutions

Tightened oversight over national financial regulators

# data[].attributes.headline
6.1.1 - Political Risks to Global Supply Chains

# data[].attributes.subject
6.1.1 - Political Risks to Global Supply Chains

# data[].attributes.body
Political tensions with China led to riots and strikes

Disrupts manufacturing, ports

Reduces credibility, turns TNCs away

# data[].attributes.location_name
World Food Programme, Via Cesare Giulio Viola, Rome, Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Italy

# data[].attributes.body
Fed 90 million in 80 countries, with goals of

Building resilience

Good nutrition

better food system

Relies on donations - 93.5% go to operations, roughly 25.1 billion USD

Helped 3 million people in drought-afflicted areas of Ethiopia

# data[].attributes.body
100,000+ people live on the islands

Agriculture and freshwater are contaminated

People displaced inland

6000 acres purchased in Fiji - ensure dignified migration

75 people relocated to NZ every year

Otherwise, more money is needed to build floating islands

# data[].attributes.body
Alternative trading network that guarantees:

Labor rights

Environmental protection

Steady income and profit

Allows farmers to invest in education, health, infrastructure for community

Issues:

Impossible for all farmers to join - unaffordable

High price of goods dissuades consumers

Creates reliance on mainly western/HIC consumers

# data[].attributes.body
Make tags for clothing that show how it was produced, how many resources it consumed to produce it, and info on how to recycle it

Creates transparency around supply chains and production lines

# data[].attributes.body
Syria

Migration caused by:

Conflict

Lack of economic opportunity

Political instability/persecution

Lack of infrastructure/low standard of living

Natural and climate disasters

Consequences:

Pressure on resources in destination

Degradation of standard of living

Injury, death and health issues - 6.5 million children in Syria are in need of aid

Vulnerability to exploitation

Diaspora creation - Irani Bazaar in Turkey

# data[].attributes.headline
F.2.3/F.4.4 - Flood Mitigation (Wetlands) + Wetlands

# data[].attributes.subject
F.2.3/F.4.4 - Flood Mitigation (Wetlands) + Wetlands

# data[].attributes.body
Wetlands are natural flood defenses that absorb and filter water

Surround rivers - muddy and humid (attract mosquitoes)

Notion of uncleanliness and disease, contributed to by eutrophication and decomposition

Has led to their destruction and urbanization in the past

Contain large biodiversity\

Sponges, absorbing 1/5 of global carbon

Ramsar Convention 1975

Multilateral agreements on conservation and sustainable use of wetlands

Recognizes them as vital for biodiversity, conservation and sustainable development

169 signatories

2,200 wetlands on "List of Wetlands of International Importance"

Promotes collaboration and cooperation of preservation

Everglades

South of Lake Okeechobee, separated by Everglades Agricultural Area

Subsidized sugar companies there cut off water supply to Everglades by 50%

Provide South Florida's drinking water

Support major industry

Home to 68 endangered flora and fauna

Lake Okeechobee

Over-polluted with fertilizers from farming, shouldn't be let into Everglades

Water kept in the lake until levels too high

Released into gulf and Atlantic, harming wildlife and communities and wasting water

Invasive species introduced, threatening local habitats

Sugar Companies

2008, wanted to sell to State but they couldn't afford to buy

Now sugar is profitable, the deal is off

Solutions

US Sugar Land deal sold 26,000 acres back to state, to store polluted water

2014 Florida Land and Water conservation provides cash to fund relocation projects

2000, Senate approves Comprehensive Everglades Restoration plan

7.8 billion USD

Ensures government involvement

Changes Okeechobee from "reservoir" to "natural system"

Advocates storage in northern basin to relieve lake

# data[].attributes.headline
E.3.2 - Mineral Extraction in Hot Environments

# data[].attributes.subject
E.3.2 - Mineral Extraction in Hot Environments

# data[].attributes.body
AREVA (ORANO) Uranium mine

Bad location:

Close to conflict, terrorists and migration

Needs tons of infrastructure (water, housing, roads, electricity)

Niger depends on uranium prices for GDP, especially the 3500 tonnes France buys annually

Local Opportunities

Infrastructure

69 boreholes

30 teachers, 30,000 books for Arlit

Employment

Irrigation project for 2000 households - food security

Revenue for government - tax

Environmental checks

1000 samples per site annually

International Opportunities

AREVA pays low or no tax/export tarriffs

Niger loses 30 million euro annually

France gets cheap energy

China and Russia stepping in for security, get access to resources

2019, China gives $95.5 million for Sahel security

Sociopolitical Challenges

Tuareg people forced to migrate as land is purchased from them

Water contamination, desertification and radiation harm their livelihoods and health

Niger in constant political turmoil, and Europe depends on it for 25% of uranium

Economic Challenges

AREVA hires/fires people based off uranium prices

200 jobs cut in 2017

Environmental Challenges

Radioactivity makes water 10x more radioactive

Yellowcake kills soil and flora

Radiation 100x over WHO levels

Mining and refining pollutes water, yet still distributed to workers

Hospitals (funded by AREVA) lack equipment to diagnose radiation poisoning

# data[].attributes.location_name
OECD, Technicolor, Quai Alphonse le Gallo, Boulogne-Billancourt, France

# data[].attributes.body
Works to build better policies for improved quality of life

Important policy forum and place for dialogue

# data[].attributes.body
Canada loses approx 6 billion CAD per year to tax havens

Enough to fund 200,000 childcare facilities

Sets up deals with havens for transparency, but just makes it easier to set up there

# data[].attributes.location_name
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Italy

# data[].attributes.body
Efforts to defeat hunger and malnutrition, achieving food security reliably and of high quality

40% member state contribution

60% donation - 2.6 billion USD in 2019

1963, established CODEX alimentarius to standardize food quality exams

# data[].attributes.body
Town of more than 400 people on the northern coast

Storms cause yearly evacuations starting in 2008

No ice sheet due to melting sea ice, so nothing protecting from coastal erosion

People need ice to hunt and can't afford imports

400 million USD needed to relocate the town

Government doesn't want to pay this

Island will be uninhabitable in 10 years

# data[].attributes.body
Encourages businesses to be more eco-friendly, transparent about supply chain and ensure fair working conditions

Educates local communities, training them and linking them to global market

Issues:

Creates dependence on that company and prioritizes their commercial interests

Smokescreen, e.g greenwashing

May not affect outsourced suppliers who may not adopt change

M&S:

Supplies sustainable raspberries from South Africa during British winter

Provides farm workers training to become a farmer for themselves - practical training

Gives them a sense of hope, working not for a wage but for a future plan

# data[].attributes.headline
2.3.2.3 - Agbogbloshie - Recycling and Waste

# data[].attributes.subject
2.3.2.3 - Agbogbloshie - Recycling and Waste

# data[].attributes.body
Electronics are designed for the dump, as reversing Moore's Law (having devices break every 18-24 months) is profitable

Destination countries receive waste because:

Labor is cheaper

Environmental and labor laws are lax

Creates jobs

Flow of e-waste goes from Core HICs to Periphery LICs

Consequences

Severe damage to environment, with levels of cadmium, nickel being 100x higher than safe levels in water and soil

Air pollution from burning of unused parts *(20x higher than safe)

Health impacts on local populations:

Birth abnormalities

Reduced intellectual capability

Mitigation

Basel Convention bans illegal e-waste processing, but not applied

Germany investing 25 million euro to reduce/prevent e-waste, but doesn't address root of the problem

Positives

Grows local economy

Attracts migrants

# data[].attributes.body
Population peaked at 129 million in 2016, will fall back to 83 million by 2050

Dependency ratio of 51%

800,000 births only in 2022

1.3 fertility rate in 2023, compared to 2 in 1960

Main issue is culture

Acceptable to not have sex, but 98% of births are to married couples

Marriage rates also declining rapidly

Men expected to ask woman out

Never do chores (41 mins average, lowest in OECD)

Less need for sex with access to pornography

Woman expected to stay home and take care of kids

Boyfriends take up too much time, more pressure from parents to work instead

60% of women in university in 2010

Pride in ethnic homogeneity, 98% are Japanese, and little immigration

Current incentives (parental leave, creche, birth bonuses) must be improved

Impacts:

Crime offenses for 65+ have doubled from 1995 to 2015, they're lonely bored

Prison is appealing, with meals, company and healthcare

Solutions: Changing cultural norms and loosening immigration laws

Ikumen campaign: Promoting fatherhood, paterntiy leave to balance inequality

Only 5% of fathers actually used their leave

Angel program: Attracting foreign nurses for geriatric care didn't work, because assimilation, recertification and learning Japanese is difficult

# data[].attributes.headline
F.2.3 - Flood Mitigation - Preparation Infrastructure

# data[].attributes.subject
F.2.3 - Flood Mitigation - Preparation Infrastructure

# data[].attributes.body
$2 billion underground water storage system

2015, stored 670 million m3

Issue: Encourages development in flood-prone areas, false sense of security

Other infrastructure is personal flood insurance (same issue, and many just don't buy it so the cost falls on taxpayers to recover) and flood warning (effective, improving resilience)

# data[].attributes.headline
E.3.3 - Agricultural Opportunities/Challenges in Arid Environments - Irrigation

# data[].attributes.subject
E.3.3 - Agricultural Opportunities/Challenges in Arid Environments - Irrigation

# data[].attributes.body
Mountains in West create rain shadow

Reliance on depleting fossil aquifers

Agriculture incredibly developed (11,400km2 in 1961 to 35,000km2 in 2016)

Center pivot irrigation contains fertilizer, water and pesticide

Opportunity

Terracing, dams and channels to catch mountain runoff would conserve lots

Very expensive and temperamental

Would add 21,000km2 of arable land

# data[].attributes.location_name
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Helferstorferstraße, Vienna, Austria

# data[].attributes.body
Coordinate and unifies petroleum policies among member countries to secure fair prices and consistent supply

Failures: most members over-rely on government use of oil export income, enriching a small elite

Extort consuming nations and force them to pay higher prices by coordinating like this

# data[].attributes.location_name
Apple Headquarters, Apple Park Way, Cupertino, CA, USA

# data[].attributes.body
Apple announces return to US, boosting their image

Will pay $38 billion over 8 years, but they make $60 billion a year

Will use those funds to buy back shares and raise dividends

# data[].attributes.location_name
World Health Organization (WHO), Avenue Appia, Geneva

# data[].attributes.body
Connects stakeholders to promote health, serve the vulnerable and coordinate response

Assessed contributions paid by member states are 20% of budget

80% from donations

2024 - predicted 80% increase of cancer by 2050

Trusted information, centralizes research

# data[].attributes.body
Vulnerabilities

Environmental:

10% of population live only 1m above sea level

In mouth of Ganges, prone to floods

Prone to natural disasters and typhoons

Economics:

162 million people

9% of GDP from remittances

Extremely poor, agrarian

Floods destroy harvest and therefore employment

Social:

Job unstable people hit the hardest

Migration to deplorable cities, where workers are vulnerable as they send remittances back

Politics:

People move to avoid taxes, so low government revenue

Border fence entraps population, especially in coastal areas - literally nowhere to go

Perception:

Extremely aware, already affected

1km of land taken by sea in some places

# data[].attributes.body
Language: Globish has become widespread, although it doesn't replace local languages

English still dominant, with 200 million studying it any given time

Education:

Value placed on "British school of..."

Spreads british culture there

Sport:

Not imposed, but spreads cultural norms:

Cricket

Football

Rugby

# data[].attributes.body
Water security:

Water tower of Europe, used to make 65% of electricity from hydropower

80% of drinking water comes from springs and groundwater, although only 2% of rainwater makes it in these

Strictly regulated for quality

Water efficiency measures need to be implemented:

Urine separation, NoMix toilets

Collecting rainwater at home

Food security:

11th globally, and climbed 5 points on the food security index

Produces 60% of demand domestically

Spend the most per capita on bio products

Cost could be reduced, by opening market to imports from poorer countries - would impact local farmers though

Energy security:

Only 22% of primary energy is locally produced, no fossil fuel reserves

95% low-carbon electricity production however

85% of energy consumption is still imported fossil fuel - very insecure and vulnerable to price fluctuation

Should expand into nuclear, renewables but this creates other issues (political popularity, low off-season production)

Result

Economic prosperity - 2% yearly gdp growth, 68,400 USD GDP per capita

0.955 Human Development Index and high life expectancy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
3.2.2 Sam - Nexus - Switzerland Versus UAE

# data[].attributes.body
Borgen Project lobbies the government to shrink the pay gap and make this a political priority

In 2021, 40% of the parliament were women and equal pay was guaranteed in 2018

# data[].attributes.headline
F.3.2/F.3.3 - Agricultural Activities and Lakes

# data[].attributes.subject
F.3.2/F.3.3 - Agricultural Activities and Lakes

# data[].attributes.body
Rise of global middle class and demand for meat has led to greater agricultural activity in the area

More phosphate fertilizers needed to match production

Springtime rain washes it as runoff into lake and river basins

Warm temperatures and stagnant wind in spring favor eutrophication

Impacts - 2014

Massive algal bloom renders water undrinkable for 430,000 people in northwestern Ohio and south-east Michigan

Disparities - older, poorer people can't go buy or find water

Dead zones creates where water is anoxic - killed fish

Damage to tourism

Damage to fishing industry

Solutions- Possibilities

Fertilizer use procedures need to be implemented to minimize runoff and adapt to weather patterns

Water fees could be raised to fund:

Pipe renovation

Data collection

# data[].attributes.headline
E.3.3 - Agricultural Opportunities and Challenges in Arid Environments

# data[].attributes.subject
E.3.3 - Agricultural Opportunities and Challenges in Arid Environments

# data[].attributes.body
Valley has microclimates

700mm annually in mountains

50mm in south plains

Ouarzazate dam traps water

90% of agriculture wheat

Dates: drought-resilient, culturally significant, create oasis, good income and livestock feed

Watermelon Farming

2017: Require 30 million m3 of water from aquifer, 24000 hA around Zagora, leaving residents with no water

700 protest, but shut down and 23 arrests

204% increase in export between 2011 and 2020 - dominates European markets

Economic benefit for Morocco

Under-investment in water infrastructure and unsustainable crop choice are responsible for scarcity

Land Ownership

42% of Moroccan land owned by tribes - tradition never passed down to women

2018, government privatizes land through lottery

Solaliyatte women get equal share of the 15 million hectares

# data[].attributes.location_name
IMF, 19th Street Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

# data[].attributes.body
Mission: Furthering monetary cooperation, encouraging expansion of trade and growth, discouraging policies that harm prosperity

Large influence of USA and European countries over it, which has led to extortion of LICs into building their whole economies to serve them

Has helped a lot of countries bail out their economies - most recently, Sri Lanka

# data[].attributes.body
Luxembourg is a tax haven, allows companies to pay less tax through royalties to shell companies

Amazon was caught by EU, paid 250 million euro fine

# data[].attributes.headline
FH.3.1 - International Orgs - Government

# data[].attributes.subject
FH.3.1 - International Orgs - Government

# data[].attributes.body
Funds and supports UN orgs and NGOs doing aid

2024 - 100.2 million euro subsidy to Red Cross to develop credit-card system for 70,000 food-insecure families

2021-2022, donated 50 million covid vaccines to Covax

Passes legislation and bilateral agreements

# data[].attributes.headline
2.2.3.1 - Risk and Vulnerability - Pacific Islands

# data[].attributes.subject
2.2.3.1 - Risk and Vulnerability - Pacific Islands

# data[].attributes.body
Vulnerabilities

Environment: Highest point in most islands is below 5m above sea

Storms contaminate freshwater lenses

Economics: Warm seawater reduces calcification of coral

Fishing livelihoods destroyed

Islands dependent on remittances

Unemployment skyrockets

Social:

Poor people can't migrate

Less educated can't get jobs abroad

Politics: Trying to persuade HICs to help

Pay for them to adapt

Promote immigration

AUS/NZ/ROK should give visa free access

Addresses aging population, stimulates economy and provides for social benefit schemes

Perception: Migration increased drastically already

Capital cities being drowned

Communities being relocated

# data[].attributes.body
Flavors are made for traditional foods there - this glocalization enhances interest and excitement around tradition

# data[].attributes.body
Water security:

Water supply is half of the UN scarcity threshold of 1,000 m3 per person

Groundwater reserves are rapidly diminished, replenishing at less than 4% annually

25 desalination plants in the UAE, but environmental consequences (high saline concentration in Gulf, GHGs from fossil fuel use)

Possibilities:

Cloud seeding could improve precipitation by 15%

Conservation needs to be implemented at a large scale

New desalination technologies that are less energy-intensive

Water imports

Food Security:

98% of food is imported, but the country is technically food secure

If the political, economic situation changes globally, then they're vulnerable

81% of food supply passes through the geopolitically tense Straight of Hormuz

Possibilities:

Food reserve and storage facilities (exorbitantly costly)

Acquiring farms in foreign countries to guarantee supply

Diversify trade routes

Develop agriculture regionally

Energy Security:

5th largest oil producer in OPEC, with 96% of energy consumption being non-renewable

Diversification efforts have been made to avoid reliance on foreign energy prices being high for the economy to survive

Consumption needs to be reduced and production diversified to ensure true energy security

Overdependence on oil for economic prosperity needs to be changed

Result

Successfully diversified, as only 30% of GDP is from oil and gas

67,100 USD GDP per capita, with less than 2% unemployment

0.890 HDI

# data[].attributes.body
Blue Campaign educates the public about the risks and reporting human trafficking

Provides services to victims, resources for law enforcement and prosecution of convicted traffickers

Got around 55,000 reports since 2010, with 6,000 investigations

# data[].attributes.headline
F.3.2 - Agricultural Activities - Salinisation

# data[].attributes.subject
F.3.2 - Agricultural Activities - Salinisation

# data[].attributes.body
Development of agricultural industry, especially cotton industry, means that:

Vegetation cleared, preventing interception of salt in runoff- goes straight to river

$100 million AUD per year in damage to infrastructure

Salinisation makes it:

Undrinkable

Harmful to the ecosystem

Corrosive to pipes

# data[].attributes.headline
E.3.4/E.4.4 - Tourism - Val d'Isere and Morteratsch + Global Climate Change

# data[].attributes.subject
E.3.4/E.4.4 - Tourism - Val d'Isere and Morteratsch + Global Climate Change

# data[].attributes.body
Val d'Isere

Regular snow until the 1980s

2014 - race had to be moved to Sweden

Wealthiest resort in the alps

1.3 million sales

65 km2 of artificial snow capacity

500km of pistes in 2018

Challenge

2 degree rise in the Alps compared to 1.4 globally

1 day of skiing lost each year

90% of glacier volume will be gone by 2100

35% of ski resorts worldwide are already lost, with 200 abandoned

120 million tourists each year, what happens to that?

No glaciers = less water

Adapation

70km of pipes and 650 snow cannons pump water and air at high pressure to make snow

Maintains alpine lifestyle

60% of french resorts depend on it

Labor intensive (24 hour maintenance), energy-intensive and water-draining (6-12% of aquifer)

Upgrades are expensive - latest Val d'Isere upgrade cost 2 million euro

Hiking trails have to be redrawn to avoid rockfalls

Cultivation periods and greenery are longer

Morteratsch

Snow rope could sprinkle snow to cover glacier, equivalent to lowering temp by 1 degree

Very expensive

Energy intensive- each cannon is like a home boiler

Difficult to implement at scale

Snow farming: Gathering and preserving under wood chippings

Glacier wrapping is too pricey (65,000 euro for 3000m2)

Debate: Should money be going to support a wealthy, privileged industry+sport

Resorts should re-orient to summer activities - in Saalfelden, Austria, already 50/50 visitors from spas, biking and hiking

St Moritz, 10% increase in summer visitors as mediterranean also too hot

# data[].attributes.body
Facilitates economic cooperation between developing countries

15 billion USD in 53 projects across Green finance, Covid relief and more

No country has veto power, all equal

Very in-tune with needs of borrowers

Has progressed on all its objectives for itself

Hard time finding new members

# data[].attributes.headline
6.1.4 - Globalization and Nationalism - Boko Haram

# data[].attributes.subject
6.1.4 - Globalization and Nationalism - Boko Haram

# data[].attributes.body
Terrorist group founded in 2002 opposing wealthy Christian elite in South

Northern part of Nigeria is disproportionately impoverished, uneducated and poorly governed

Westernization has failed their region, crippled their progress

Anything western is haram, especially education for girls

It is seen as an imposition, and restoring sovereignty is getting rid of it

Terrorist attacks and kidnappings

Chibo, 2014 - 274 schoolgirls taken

Failing now:

99.9% Nigerian public opinion against them

People participate out of fear

Counter-insurgency reduced their activity significantly

-92% deaths from 2015 to 2021

# data[].attributes.location_name
The Trussell Trust Food Bank, Church Street, London, UK

# data[].attributes.body
Trussel Trust supports food banks

14 million in poverty in UK, helps feed them with donations

2023: 3 million food parcels distributed across UK

# data[].attributes.body
Vulnerabilities

Environment: Dry areas already, which will spread

Dry corridor in central america will cause more immigrants

Economics: Have the money to adapt

Building dams, cloud-seeding, sea walls will become necessary

Social: Inequalities persist

Poorest most impacted

Gender pay gap hurts women

Less educated can't adapt

Older people more vulnerable

Politics: Polarization prevents action

Federal funds are limited

Aid depends by state

Perception: Less risk, more polluting lifestyles

# data[].attributes.location_name
Shanghai Disneyland Park, Pudong, Shanghai, China

# data[].attributes.body
Attempted to make Shanghai feel more Chinese and less American

People actually preferred it to be American, were drawn in by its "foreign-ness" and the allure of American culture and lifestyle

# data[].attributes.body
Population of 54 million currently, expected to double by 2050

15 million are between 10 and 24 years old

Potential to drastically increase economic growth, infrastructure, tech and industry, and uplift the rest of the continent

Education has improved drastically (80% secondary completion in 2014), but unemployment still around 46%

Increased investment in health and education has been made by the government, which are crucial especially in rural areas

Girls enrolment in school must increase

Challenges:

High unemployment

Very high dependency - average 8 people means it is hard to save money

3.5 fertility rate, sustaining a heavy dependency

Inadequate institutions, so human capital still isn't competitive internationally

# data[].attributes.body
Australia - rain is received from onshore winds, dependent on El Niño

Majority of water is in aquifers, but the more you extract:

Less pressure to bring it up

Higher concentration of salt and minerals

Basin covers 1/4 of the continent

65 million megaliters of water, providing water for that whole area

Pastoral and other industries consume 500,000 mL of water annually

$12.8 billion of production yearly

Unregulated because legislation differs by state

Issues causing poor basin health

Overuse

Aging infrastructure

Water waste

Poor management

Indigenous communities and ecosystem affected

Solutions

1999 strategic management plan:

750 bores capped

22,000 km of pipes installed

250 gL of water waste eliminated per year

# data[].attributes.headline
E.3.4 - Tourism in Extreme Environments - Hot

# data[].attributes.subject
E.3.4 - Tourism in Extreme Environments - Hot

# data[].attributes.body
Challenges

Infrastructure

Food, water, transport, healthcare, police

Difficult to build in extreme environments

Tourists demand 2x as much

Environmental impact

Water, CO2, waste, overfishing and invasive species

Cultural barriers - conservatism

Economic reliance - vulnerable to disruption

Opportunities

Food imports diversify supply

Transport links attract more

Economic activity and employment

Shopping centres bring foreign investment

Luxury, architecture, history attract tourists

Possibilities

Towing iceberg from Antarctica to compensate for water scarcity - 20 billion gallons over 5 years

High cost

Technical difficulties towing

Layer of cold freshwater disrupts local marine environment

# data[].attributes.location_name
World Bank I Building, I Street Northwest, Washington, DC, USA

# data[].attributes.headline
4.1.1.3 - World Bank Global Organizations

# data[].attributes.subject
4.1.1.3 - World Bank Global Organizations

# data[].attributes.body
Lends money for actual projects, reconstruction and infrasture

Borrows money in markets and uses it for long-term loans

no interest rate for countries with a GDP per capita less than 1000 USD

Successes:

Reconstructed Europe, Japan after WW2

Lifted India out of poverty with irrigation, sanitation and power projects

$5 billion invested in 2010, improving education for 105 million children worldwide

Issues with bureaucracy and corruption, and serving US interests mainly

# data[].attributes.headline
6.2.1 - Transboundary Pollution - Chernobyl Disaster

# data[].attributes.subject
6.2.1 - Transboundary Pollution - Chernobyl Disaster

# data[].attributes.body
26 April 1986, controller not reset so power drops, and water sent to cool it

Another turbine shuts down, causing a surge

Increased steam from water leads to fracture and then explosion of cover on the core - radiation released

Children, elderly, rural, women are most vulnerable as they are the least mobile/independent, and have the worst health services

Wind blew radiation into elevated areas of Europe

Impacts

Health:

200-500% increase of leukemia

20% healthy births

4000 immediate deaths

200,000 deaths for Greenpeace from cancers and diseases since then

Political:

350,000 migrate away from exclusion zone

4000 km2 of exclusion zone

Environmental:

Endangered species reintroduced (Przewalski's horse)

Economic:

60,000 tourists per year

High unemployment as agriculture is banned

Compensated with subsidies - if exclusion zone lifted, then they stop getting those

Ukraine wants 800 million USD to build titanium cover over sarcophagus

# data[].attributes.location_name
Cargill headquarters, McGinty Road West, Minnetonka, MN, USA

# data[].attributes.body
160,000 employees, 70 countries, $115 billion in sales

Investing in future technologies

Diversifying production sectors

300 million in shrimp and crawfish farming

Emulsifier production for sweeteners

Helps companies source their food

Beef brought from US/NZ/Aus to McDonalds

Cultural influence:

Influences what we eat, its accessibility, where it comes from

Focusing on expanding into Africa

Rain-fed agriculture, right crops, tech and land

Making food system traceable, transparent and controllable

# data[].attributes.headline
2.2.3.3. - Mitigation Strategies - Shell Carbon Offsetting

# data[].attributes.subject
2.2.3.3. - Mitigation Strategies - Shell Carbon Offsetting

# data[].attributes.body
Shell invests in Casa gol corridor in Kenya

50,000 trees planted

Water to 25,000 people

Eco-charcoal

# data[].attributes.body
K-Pop fuses:

Lifestyle

Consumerism is promoted, very western

Meanwhile, prohibited from dating because their partner is their fans

Short-lived careers

Extremely hard work ethic, 12 hours a day practice

Fashion

Western designer brands fused with Korean streetwear brands

When they wear an item, fans go and buy it immediately- important visibility for brands

Groups are androgynous so fans can buy everything

Hoodies, baggy tops (western) are worn to be relatable

Sound

Writers come from everywhere, make it appeal to global audience

Upbeat sound, blasted into DPRK to transmit ROK's soft power

Spread

International audiences\

Communities of fans are international

Members of groups come from everywhere in Asia

Spread through communication technologies

Attracts tourism

# data[].attributes.location_name
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Bameza, Ethiopia

# data[].attributes.headline
F.3.4/F.4.2 - International Conflict and Multipurpose Water Scheme

# data[].attributes.subject
F.3.4/F.4.2 - International Conflict and Multipurpose Water Scheme

# data[].attributes.body
Nile River

Runs through 10 countries, originating in Ethiopia (blue Nile) and Sudan (white Nile)

All exploit it for drinking, agriculture, industry, sanitation, energy

Dams reduce sediment, water quality and quantity downstream

Egypt:

99% of 107 million people depend on it for water, irrigation and sanitation

Heavily reliant on fertile banks and sediment for agricultural production

Existential crisis

500 million people will live in the basin by 2050 - pollution, water availability issues will be exacerbated

GERD

7GW of electricity for 65 million Ethiopians

Accelerates development

9000 jobs created during construction

Electricity (exports to Egypt and Sudan), less flooding and more predictable flow downstream

New drinking water supply replaces dirty wells

Drought prevention locally

Attracts foreign investment

HEP is renewable

Asserts Ethiopia as a regional power

Costs:

$4.6 billion USD, all from government (12% of annual GDP)

20,000 displaced to construct dam and reservoir

74 billion m2 of reservoir floods forest and ecosystem

Hot climate created difficult working conditions for construction workers

Egypt:

Fishing and agriculture hurt by lower fertility and biodiversity

Drinking water totally controlled by Ethiopia who will keep it in drought

Sudan:

Dramatic reduction in water supply

100 million m3 of sediment lost

Water quality worsened with slower, lower flow (eutrophication)

# data[].attributes.headline
E.4.1 - Desertification - Managing Impact

# data[].attributes.subject
E.4.1 - Desertification - Managing Impact

# data[].attributes.body
Swiss NGO "We Make It"

Raised 25000 CHF to teach people to grow gardens

Plants used for eating

Combat desertification

Crops can be sold

Money used to build a school to teach permaculture, and fund the facilities for it

# data[].attributes.body
Aid tends to expect returns on investment, and is short term

Controversial because it can saturate the market, corrupt, create inequality, increase donor's influence and have white savior/altruist mentality

UK gives aid mainly to former colonies where it has close cultural and historical ties

Most aid goes to Afghanistan, with 40% being disaster relief but the rest is to facilitate military operations

£39.7 million to India, to build infrastructure so they can distribute their wealth, and done because return will be good

# data[].attributes.headline
6.2.2 - Environmental Impacts of Global Flows - Uranium Mining

# data[].attributes.subject
6.2.2 - Environmental Impacts of Global Flows - Uranium Mining

# data[].attributes.body
1/3 of french uranium mined at Arlit

Outsourced because it's:

Cheaper

Less environmental regulation

Political control

Waste is in open mines, blown into towns

Groundwater, soil and flora is all contaminated and killed

Aggravated poverty through health costs

France attempts to mitigate by a duty-of-care law in 2021

# data[].attributes.location_name
Avocados from Mexico, Calle Nezahualcóyotl, Centro, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico

# data[].attributes.body
Avocados

Versatile

Healthy (40% good fats, replace cholesterols, good in moderation)

Integrated in culture

Cultivated in Mexico/California on volcanic soils

Weather adapted

Affected by drought - require 2-3x more water than potatoes

Issues with links to cartel activity, deforestation

Popularized by:

Alligator-pear to Avocado (Ahuactl) to appear exotic

Health benefits emphasized

1990s, guacamole integrated to Super Bowl tradition

278 million eaten during the season

Californian lifestyle and Gwyneth Paltrow "Avo toast"

Commercial expansion

China: 2 tons in 2010 to 25,000 in 2016

Youth want to try western lifestyle

Marketed by companies

Only wealthy can afford them, as prices (especially of imports) increase

# data[].attributes.location_name
Marks and Spencer, Oxford Street, London, UK

# data[].attributes.body
M&S Plan A

100 social-environmental commitments

Energy efficiency

Clothes recycling

Less packaging

95% sustainable wood

Impacts

145 million GBP saved in a year due to energy efficiency

100% renewable

Carbon netural in UK in 2012, worldwide in 2014

Hard to implement things like clothes donation abroad

Everything can be returned and recycled

Possibilities

2025 Goals:

Halve food waste

Sustainable sourcing

Raise 25 million GBP for charity

Donate surplus food

-80% GHG emissions

# data[].attributes.body
Population grouped together outside of their geographic place of origin

Mix with the surrounding culture

Allows experience of microcosm

Reasons for creation:

Political instability/persecution (Hong Kong)

Employment opportunities

Diaspora already exists to welcome them

Education

Preservation of culture

Community gatherings for cultural holidays

Microcosm prevents erasure

Markets

Food

Language

Decorations

Music

Religion

Sports

Film

Education

# data[].attributes.headline
F.4.3 - Integrated Drainage Basin Management

# data[].attributes.subject
F.4.3 - Integrated Drainage Basin Management

# data[].attributes.body
Context

Causes of drought are human (overextraction and deforestation) and climatic (shifting weather patterns)

Deforestation, cereal and cattle farming, introduction of alien species have led to unsustainable water use

Salinisation of remaining water as flow into sea decreases as a result of higher consumption

Multi-dam system only solves year-long droughts, not for multiple years- just reduces flow

River no longer reaches the sea some years, harming the landscape

-80% of waterbirds, -90% of fish since pre-European times

Murray mouth closed in 1981 and 2002, and was 5x saltier than ocean

Dairy industry activity -70% since 2002

Solution- Murray-Darling Basin Plan (IDBM)

2750 GL of water to be returned through buybacks

450 GL to be recovered through $1.7 billion in infrastructure

Needs to be IDBM because:

State-by-state creates conflict

Tons of stakeholders - industry, aboriginal populations, ecosystem - 2 million people

Advantages:

Conserves livelihoods

Promotes research

Secures 1/3 national food supply

Establish Murray Darling Basin Authority (2007), which:

Incentivizes farmers putting water back into system

Places limits on seasonal extraction

30 billion AUD invested

Disadvantages/failures:

Struggled to survive millennium drought

1 million km2 of basin was over extracted

Regulation is politicized - slow and inefficient

Cotton industry takes more than allowed

Tampers with water meters

Consequently, towns downstream run out of water

# data[].attributes.body
Great Green Wall

8000km of trees across 11 countries

15km wide

$8 billion

Goals

Restore lifestyles

Combat 2 degree rise

Provide food for rapidly growing populations

2030

10 million hA restored

250 million tons of CO2 absorbed per annum

350,000 local jobs created

Issues

People already moved away - hard to start in unpopulated areas

Human practices must changes

Change to tradition - nomads have to stay put to take care of trees

Only successful on small scale

Successes

Protects soil, creates compost (leaves), provides shade

Higher humidity in these microclimates

Surplus of crops, which can be sold

Money used for education, health, better irrigation

Crops species diversified, avoiding monoculture and yielding year-round

# data[].attributes.body
Niger receives loans from UN amounting to a total of $3.2 billion

Funding 33 separate projects

9 of these projects work on improving public administration

8 on agriculture

5 projects for energy, health, water, education and social protection respectively

Loans do expect money back, and the country has to meet requirements and conditions to be considered

# data[].attributes.headline
6.2.2 - Environmental Impacts of Global Flows - Shipping

# data[].attributes.subject
6.2.2 - Environmental Impacts of Global Flows - Shipping

# data[].attributes.body
Biofouling: Species attached to hulls, transported long distances and dislodged in new environment

Ballast water: Drawn from environment, stored for balance - often contains animals

2006 and 2021, Canada requires filtration of ballast water

Dumping has to be done in deep sea

Biofouling resistant paint has to be used

Generally, shipping is 2nd most polluting, because:

Bunker fuel used, releasing 3000x more sulfur

Scrubbers to filter this which are energy-intensive

Sulfur dioxide water is dumped, causing acidification

Alternatives are still non-renewable and very costly

# data[].attributes.body
2017 -Kalimajari organization

Small cocoa farmers double income

Access to larger markets

Train women to grow and sell cacao too

# data[].attributes.body
2200 UK stores

Changes:

Energy - LEDs, fridge doors, insulation

Waste - less than 1% in landfills

Reduce food waste by 50% by 2030

700 stores have health product recycling

40% less wrapping

Plastic bags replaced with paper

Refill stations for water - 37,000 bottles saved in one store

Net zero goal for 2040

# data[].attributes.body
2018, half of Dunkin stores closed

Indians prefer sit-in, savory breakfasts

Glocalization didn't work

Unsuccessful business model for the place

Rapidly established 77 stores in 2017, but sales fell

Regarded as a luxury, indulgence rather than day-to-day

Failed because:

Operational costs too high - labor more expensive than expected

Poor brand positioning - started selling burgers to adapt, not on-brand

65% of sales in beverages rather than donuts

Portions too large

Poorly adapted to culture

# data[].attributes.body
2018, Day Zero in April

4 million people depend on water from dams

50% from the Theewaterskloof dam

When this hits 13% capacity, no more water can be extracted

Preventative measures:

50L water per resident per day

Hotels remove bath plugs

Shopping malls turn off taps, use hand sanitizer

Water is reused - shower->washer->toilet

Disparities:

4.5% of consumption in townships, but most affected by shortage

Wealthier people pay for private boreholes

Solution is extremely costly (200 million rand) and unsustainable

Turn off taps in 1 million homes

Distributing water - minimum of 25L

Nexus impacts:

Vineyards cut off

Discourages tourism

# data[].attributes.headline
E.4.2 - Competition for Resources - Willow Project

# data[].attributes.subject
E.4.2 - Competition for Resources - Willow Project

# data[].attributes.body
600 billion barrels to be extracted from federal lands in Alaskan National Petroleum Reserve

Indigenous population: Mixed (oppose for human and environment impacts, support for economic opportunity)

Destroys breeding grounds for 60,000 caribou

Pollutes water and air (toxic levels)

13 communities depend on the environment for

Food

Livelihoods

Culture

2500 construction jobs, 300 permanent jobs

$17 billion in returns for govt and Alaska natives

Conoco Phillips: $8 billion investment with hundreds of millions on R&D and approval

180,000 barrels of oil per day

Improve energy security

Environmentalists: Oppose, because

Infringes on protected areas (ANWR, endangered species habitats)

Releases 240 million tons of CO2 over 30 years

Meanwhile Biden pledged -50% GHGs by 2030

Biden proposed cutting $13 billion of oil subsidies over 10 years, but won't pass

5.6 million petitioned against it according to Greenpeace

# data[].attributes.body
Controversial, because what determines which countries get it?

Huge amounts of debt in the 80s, 90s made it impossible to invest in social services, and with relief, it frees up that expenditure

Now, 20% GDP goes to social services, with advanced healthcare and education

Debt stock of 35 HIPCs has dropped from $141 to $23 billion from these schemes

# data[].attributes.headline
6.2.2 - Environmental Impacts of Global Flows - Shipping

# data[].attributes.subject
6.2.2 - Environmental Impacts of Global Flows - Shipping

# data[].attributes.body
Mitten crabs are native to China, brought to the Thames in the 30s

No predators, outcompete others

Bank erosion as they burrow there

Eat fish eggs in spawn points, threatening Scottish salmon

# data[].attributes.body
UN Helps improve women's participation on local landscape management boards

Political power increased

# data[].attributes.location_name
Greenpeace UK Ltd, Canonbury Villas, London, UK

# data[].attributes.headline
2.2.3.4 - Civil Society Strategies - Greenpeace

# data[].attributes.subject
2.2.3.4 - Civil Society Strategies - Greenpeace

# data[].attributes.body
Uses social media campaigns with recognizable cultural references adapted to location to raise awareness

Petition signing and political mobilization

Barclays Boycott

30,000 sign a petition for them to divest in tar sands

6000 people threaten to move their accounts

100 branches shut down

Barclays was funding 85 billion GBP in fossil fuels between 2016 and 2018

# data[].attributes.body
Island pioneers organic food, sustainable development and zero-waste

McDonalds goes against all of that

Petition has 88,000 signatures

Mainland government is in favor of it

Creates variety and brings jobs

# data[].attributes.headline
F.4.1 - Management at the Local Level - Ice Stupas

# data[].attributes.subject
F.4.1 - Management at the Local Level - Ice Stupas

# data[].attributes.body
80% of Ley residents depend on glaciers for water

Agriculture, drinking, etc

Glaciers have receded 14% on average over 50 years

Stupas

Store winter water (2 million litres per stupa) and melt during shortage

Gravity, so no electricity- adapted to area

Dead trees and chicken wire- no wate, re-using done

Surface area minimized by pyramid strucutre

Avoids suns glare

Maximizes water catchment

School constructed to teach Stupa creation, built by community

5000 trees planted and irrigated by stupas- addresses global issue of climate change

# data[].attributes.location_name
Ouarzazate Solar Power Station, Ouarzazate, Morocco

# data[].attributes.body
Locational Context

Rural - space to develop massive solar

Desert climate - lots of solar radiation for solar

Project itself

2400 hA of solar panels + concentrated solar plant

Mirrors direct light into tower to heat oil and salts

Energy produced up to 8 hours after sunset

580 MW produced, enough for 600,000 people

2.5 billion euro investment - 60% from EU

Energy could be exported after Morocco hits its 52% renewable by 2030 target

Masen built, operates it

Benefits

Masen provided 25 farmers with sheep

Built roads, water infrastructure in 33 villages

2000 workers hired in construction

Clean energy

Downsides

Only 50-100 permanent jobs in this high-unemployment region

Manufacturing components locally would bring more

0.5% of El-Mansour dam used for cleaning and cooling- very water-intensive

New equipment and investment needed to switch to air for these

# data[].attributes.location_name
Apple Headquarters, Apple Park Way, Cupertino, CA, USA

# data[].attributes.body
Manufacturing outsourced to China

Cheaper, larger and skilled workforce

Weaker environmental laws

Import taxes low

Manufacturing infrastructure exists

Software development in California

Cluster in Shenzhen

Foxconn assembles parts from hundreds of suppliers from the area

# data[].attributes.location_name
Xintang Town, Zengcheng District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China

# data[].attributes.headline
6.2.4 - Global Shift of Industry - Polluting manufacturing

# data[].attributes.subject
6.2.4 - Global Shift of Industry - Polluting manufacturing

# data[].attributes.body
Manufacturing moved here due to low environmental and labor costs ($4 a day)

60% of the country's jeans produced here

260 million pairs produced in 2008

Environmental impacts:

Toxic dyes seep into environment through dumped untreated wastewater

Air pollution due to no cleaning of filters on machines

Health impacts:

Workers are severely impacted by bad air in factories

128x higher than safe levels of cobalt, cadmium in parts of the city

Solutions:

China trying to compensate (arguably to draw power away from the US), attracting foreign investment and ensuring political stability

105 GW of solar installed, before and above 2020 goal

Wind and solar combined could power Germany

Hydroelectric capacity powers 2 homes for every Chinese person