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Title: Corruption and Palm Oil in a Cross-National Perspective: How India Contributes to Forest Loss in Peripheral Nations

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Title: Corruption and Palm Oil in a Cross-National Perspective: How India Contributes to Forest Loss in Peripheral Nations

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Some Findings:

-Total palm oil production is positively and significantly related to increased forest loss.

-Higher levels of gross domestic product per capita correspond with less forest loss in peripheral nations, contrary to expectations from ecological modernisation theory.

-Forest loss due to palm oil exports to India increases more in peripheral nations with higher levels of both petty and grand corruption, based on the calculated predicted values at different levels of corruption.

-Using data from the Solomon Islands, it's illustrated how forest loss would vary under different levels of corruption. For instance, at high levels of petty corruption, forest loss would increase significantly compared to medium levels, whereas at low levels of petty corruption, forest loss would decrease significantly.

The study emphasises the need for effective governance mechanisms to combat corruption and regulate trade activities, highlighting the role of policy interventions in promoting sustainable development and conservation efforts.(Sommer, Restivo, & Shandra, 2024).

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Title: Cargill widens its deforestation-free goals, but critics say it’s not enough

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Title: Cargill widens its deforestation-free goals, but critics say it’s not enough

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Some Findings:

-This journal looks at the company Cargill and their unethical business operations involving purchasing and distributing grain and other agricultural commoditise. This article highlights their new pledges to reduce deforestation that has been heavily criticized for being an "incomplete step for nature" (Radwin, 2023). This plan has not only been criticised for being ineffective but also for having a longer cut-off date of 2025, giving another 18 months of potential deforestation.

-"Agriculture is one of the top drivers of deforestation globally" (Radwin, 2023) which puts growing pressures on private sectors to revaluate their supply chain management and work towards sustainable development. Although these pressures, it is highlighted that businesses may still purchase agricultural products off suppliers who don't harvest resources sustainably. For example, a Global Witness investigation discovered soy from a Bolivian supplier who had cleared 20,000 hectares of Chiquitano dry forest.

-Although Cargill has pledged to reduce deforestation the article strongly highlights the problem with excluding "countries like Bolivia, Paraguay and Colombia, where deforestation from the expanding agricultural frontier continues to increase" (Radwin, 2023)

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The video explores the concept of sustainable development and its importance in addressing global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. It emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that balances economic growth with social equity and environmental control. Through the use of interviews with experts and examples from various countries, the video highlights successful initiatives and innovative solutions aimed at achieving sustainable development goals. It underscores the role of individuals, communities, businesses, and governments in driving positive change and creating a more sustainable future for all.

The video links to SDG 15, "Life on Land," by addressing sustainable development, it discusses initiatives and strategies aimed at preserving land resources, promoting biodiversity, and combating land degradation, all of which are central objectives of SDG 15. By showcasing efforts to protect forests, prevent desertification, and restore degraded land, the video aligns with the targets outlined in SDG 15. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of collaboration among stakeholders, including businesses, governments, and communities, to achieve these goals effectively. Overall, the video demonstrates how sustainable development practices contribute to the realization of SDG 15 and the broader agenda of environmental sustainability.

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World Business Council for Sustainable Development

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The article highlights how crucial it is for companies to support sustainable land use methods, as this is directly in line with SDG 15, "Life on Land." It goes over how biodiversity preservation, environmental sustainability, and the accomplishment of SDG 15 targets are all impacted by sustainable land management. The essay emphasises how companies may reduce land degradation and improve ecosystem health by implementing sustainable practices like reforestation, regenerative agriculture, and land restoration projects. The article emphasises the useful advantages and favourable results connected with such initiatives by presenting case studies and examples of companies using sustainable land use techniques. Overall, it highlights how important it is for enterprises to use sustainable business practices and responsible decision-making to address land degradation and advance SDG 15's goals.

Overall the article underscores the essential connection between sustainable land use practices and how it correlates with the objectives of SDG15. By promoting sustainable land management initiatives, business contribute to mitigating land degradation, conserving biodiversity, and protecting terrestrial ecosystems, all of which are central to achieving the targets set forth in SDG 15. Therefore, the article highlights the importance of businesses in advancing the global efforts to preserve and sustainably manage land resources, thereby supporting the overarching goals of SDG

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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 15, focused on “Life on Land,” stands as a pivotal directive in global sustainability efforts.

This Padlet will explore the intersection of business ethics, sustainable development goals and real-world challenges. The United Nations shows the necessity and goals aiming to preserve and restore terrestrial ecosystems, land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss by 2030. Businesses are hugely influential with land use and the impacts their operations have on life on land. One of the most pressing challenges addressed by this goal is land degradation, which sees 100 million hectares of land degraded annually, according to the United Nations.

Through research, we delve into the intricate relationship between businesses and land degradation, examining their contributions and the ensuing implications. Furthermore, we explore how businesses can pivot towards a pivotal role in attaining Sustainable Development Goal 15 (SDG 15) through the adoption of sustainable land management practices and careful decision-making. By dissecting the connection between business activities and environmental sustainability, we aim to reveal actionable strategies for mitigating land degradation. Ultimately, the goal is to propel the advancement of SDG 15, thereby safeguarding the integrity of life on land and securing a sustainable future.

Overall, businesses are at the forefront to affect SDG 15 both positively and negatively, we will explore how businesses can degrade the land. Alternatively, businesses can also do good by adopting sustainable practices, reducing deforestation, and investing in conservation initiatives. Ensuring businesses use sustainable practices they will be at the forefront of positively contributing to life on land and the achievement of SDG 15

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As a group we collectively identified logging companies, fracking and climate change as ethical themes from our journal articles. Through those highlighted ethical themes they each have sub-headed problems for an example, logging companies cause land degradation, fracking causes land pollution and climate change causing drought. All sub-headed issues each have their own problems that can become real-world challenges. This padlet will recognise those ethical themes and the significant problems they contain in each category as well as the global aspect.

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SDG 15 focuses on life on land and aiming towards sustainable development. Individuals who have studies in the field of SDG 15 would find employment opportunities in various sectors relating to, environmental management, sustainable land use, biodiversity, forestry, and, conservation.

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Job Ttitle: Toll - 2024 Sustainability Graduate Program - NSW

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Job Ttitle: Toll - 2024 Sustainability Graduate Program - NSW

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This job ad listed is a graduate program in environmental and sustainability at Toll Group, a global logistics company. The program offers two rotations over two years, to get exposure to all aspects of the company's operations. This role involves, assessing environmental risk, partnering with nationwide operations on environmental plans, and working on decarbonization, emissions, and, sustainable operations.

This job promotes sustainability within the company's operations, directly relating to SDG 15 and its targets. By choosing to hire graduates with relevant skills and knowledge in sustainability and environmental management, Toll Group focuses to mitigate its environmental footstep and work towards sustainable land management, directly aligning with the goals for SDG 15.

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Job Title: Field Officer (Conservation) (Relocation Assistance to Carnarvon Reserve, QLD!)

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Job Title: Field Officer (Conservation) (Relocation Assistance to Carnarvon Reserve, QLD!)

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This job ad offers an opportunity to be a Field Officer at Carnarvon Station Reserve in Queensland with Bush Heritage Australia, a not-for-profit organization focusing in conservation. Ideally, candidates would have experience in rural land management and be committed to conservation.

This job directly aligns with SDG 15 and their goals, as this job focuses on managing and conserving natural habitats and biodiversity. Bush Heritage Australia seeks to to protect Australia's wildlife and habitat and would be perfect for someone who has had relevant studies in SDG 15. Additionally, the job ad highlights their benefits such as flexible work arrangements, relocation, among others, promoting the fact that it is a sustainable workplace.

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Fantastic opportunity to work within a leading conservation organisation!

Embark on a crucial position and help manage the day-to-day operations of the Carnarvon Station Reserve!

Earn an attractive salary circa $68,724 - $83,996 PLUS super, relocation assistance, a modern 2-bedroom house, flexible working arrangements, 20 days personal leave and much MORE!

Bush Heritage

Bush Heritage Australia, an independent, leading conservation not-for-profit, operates to make a very real contribution to the protection of Australia's unique wildlife and it's habitat.

Bush Heritage's vision of Healthy Country protected forever sees the business work where they are needed most: in areas of high conservation value with low levels of protection. With the help of donors, Bush Heritage buy's and manages land, so they can protect our irreplaceable landscapes and our magnificent native species forever.

Currently Bush Heritage owns 37 reserves, and protects and helps to manage 11.3 million hectares of land across the country. Bush Heritage seeks to return the bush to good health, providing habitat for 6,700 native species, including at least 226 threatened species. Two proven approaches underline what Bush Heritage does: carefully selecting, purchasing and managing landscapes of high conservation value; and working in partnership with others, including Traditional Owners to achieve key conservation outcomes.

Your Opportunity

We are now looking for a full-time Field Officer based at Carnarvon Station, QLD.

This role is instrumental in managing the day-to-day operations of the Carnarvon Station Reserve, reporting directly to the Carnarvon Reserve Manager and contributing to the execution of the Reserve Management Plans.

More specifically, your responsibilities include but are not limited to:

Conducting land management activities including weed spraying, fire management, and controlling feral animals

Implementing soil conservation techniques

Complying with health, safety, and environmental policies

Managing infrastructure projects such as repairs and maintenance of fences, roads, and buildings

Operating and maintaining small plant and equipment

Supervising contractors and volunteers, including delivering inductions

Participating in both formal and informal training

What You'll Need

To qualify, you will need at least a minimum of 2 years demonstrated experience in rural land management or on-ground natural resource management.

Additionally, the following skills and background will be highly valued:

Employment experience in protected area management or the pastoral industry

Mechanical skills or experience with earthmoving

Computer literacy and proficiency with word processing and email applications

First aid certificate

Chemical use accreditation ACDC

Basic firefighting and chainsaw certificates

Firearms license and humane destruction training

Tractor, loader, bobcat operation and associated attachments

4WD experience including recovery skills

As our ideal candidate, you will possess the ability to communicate well in both written and oral forms, and demonstrate the capability to work independently as well as part of a team. Your resilience and adaptability, especially in remote and challenging environments, will make you succeed in this role, as well as your commitment to conservation and the values of Bush Heritage.

This is a unique role that combines hands-on practical skills with a passion for environmental conservation, making it ideal for someone who is ready to make a significant impact in a remote setting.
Please note: A manual drivers license is an essential requirement for this role.
Benefits

In return for your hard work and dedication you will be rewarded with an attractive salary circa $68,724 - $83,996 PLUS super and additional benefits such as:

Great life-work balance: flexible work arrangements with hybrid working.

Relocation assistance (for the right candidate)

Modern 2-bedroom house with utilities covered

Access to 20 days personal leave per year, 10 of these available from commencement if employment. We also offer cultural leave and gender transition leave.

Employee Resource Groups and Clubs for women. LGBTQIA+ and neurodivergent employees as well as a social group for bird lovers.

Professional development activities including access to LinkedIn Learning.

Equitable 12 weeks paid leave to all parents, irrespective of their role as primary or secondary carers.

Remote staff are supported through an education allowance for kids, additional annual leave and possible casual works arrangements for partners.

Access to support and counselling via our Employee Assistance Program and free access to Headspace app.

Don't wait - Apply now and take on a key regional leadership position!

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Field Officer (Conservation) (Relocation Assistance to Carnarvon Reserve, QLD!) Job in Sydney NSW - SEEK

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Opportunity to work within a leading conservation organisation! Embark on a crucial position & manage the day-to-day operations of the reserve!

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Job Title: Environmental Advisor, Transgrid

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Job Title: Environmental Advisor, Transgrid

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This job ad is for an Environmental Advisor position at Transgrid, a major high voltage electricity transmission network that is operated in NSW and the ACT. The role involves assisting in the updating of the Environmental Management System (EMS) to ensure it meets the requirements of the new ISO standards and legislation. The advisor will work with the business to develop processes for collecting environmental and sustainability perform ace data and providing guidelines on environmental issues and obligations.

This job aligns with SDG 15 and their goals, as the job focuses on ensuring that Transrid's operations are up to standard with environmental regulations. By aiming to actively monitor and update their environmental practices, the company will reduce on their impact on the environment, and contribute to the sustainability of renewable energy projects and the reduction of land degradation.

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Environmental Adviser Jobs in All Australia - SEEK

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Find your ideal job at SEEK with 413 Environmental Adviser jobs found in Australia. View all our Environmental Adviser vacancies now with new jobs added daily!

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Title: Fracking in the UK: planning and property issues

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Title: Fracking in the UK: planning and property issues

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Some findings:

- Toxic chemicals used in gas exploration operations (hydraulic fracturing) are bound to generate significant dangers of polluting communal waterways through caves and small-scale aquifers.

- 20-40 per cent of dangerous and possibly radioactive water is used in the fracking unsheathing process which flow back to the surface.

- Highlighting unsustainable planning processes for fracking applications such as landscapes (e.g. water and soil quality contamination), pollution, waste management, health risk due to contamination of ground and water areas.

- Due to fracking creating environmental risks, planning policies are implemented to advert such risks however it has been criticised as the planning policies aren't good enough. This sabotages the UK's plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as failing to ward off groundwater contamination.

- Despite this, if planning permits investigation and development of shale gas then residential property value will decrease.

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Also known as hydraulic fracturing is a drilling process which is used to uproot oil or even natural gas deep within the ground/planet.

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Job Title: Aviation Manager, Biodiversity Australia Pty Ltd

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Job Title: Aviation Manager, Biodiversity Australia Pty Ltd

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This job ad is for an Aviation Manager position for Biodiversity Australia, an environmental management consulting firm. This position involves preparing airport wildlife management plans, overseeing wildlife risk assessment, and advise on services related to aviation and wildlife management.

Connecting this to SDG 15, the position aims to address wildlife hazards in aviation, and overall mitigate biodiversity loss and habitat destruction. Not only this but by conducting wildlife risk assessments and implementing solutions, the company aims to minimize any negative impacts on their surrounding ecosystem and supports biodiversity conservation efforts. This role aligns with SDG 15 and its goals with its contribution to protect local ecosystems and biodiversity.

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Wildlife Biologist Jobs in All Australia - SEEK

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Find your ideal job at SEEK with 100 Wildlife Biologist jobs found in Australia. View all our Wildlife Biologist vacancies now with new jobs added daily!

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Title: Status of food insecurity in dryland areas of Ethiopia

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Title: Status of food insecurity in dryland areas of Ethiopia

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Ethiopia is “classified as a least-developed country” (Working Paper Series, 2023) with a population of almost 130 million natives in 2024 (Ethiopia Population, 2024).

Alarming droughts and drylands causing water scarcity with 6 major droughts between 1988-2015 (Spotlight on Ethiopia’s Drought, 2015)

Seasonal rainfall was 60% below average” (Asrat & Anteneh, 2020)

The challenges that remain in Ethiopia’s way of achieving food security is the lack of resources and technology available to farmers, therefore they are forced to be reliant on rainfall if able

Ethiopia is on its last resort to using unclean and contaminated water such as lakes and rivers in order to maintain their daily lives

Ethiopia's food poverty is a result of climate change and the country's fluctuating rainfall patterns, which contribute to agricultural droughts and the collapse of Ethiopia's crop-producing capacity. The most concerning issues at hand, where people are now pressured to rely on ‘external food aid’ (Asrat & Anteneh, 2020), which result in the undernourishment of Ethiopia's local population and food scarcity.

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Job Title: Coordinator Sustainability Integrator, Townsville City Council

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Job Title: Coordinator Sustainability Integrator, Townsville City Council

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This Job advertised is for a position in the Townsville City Council, focusing on sustainability management. The council emphasizes its commitment to maintaining a healthy city. Their approach is to promote an active lifestyle through events, providing recreational facilities, all while protecting the natural environment. This role would involve managing the sustainability efforts throughout the council including, energy, carbon, water, and environmental cycles within the council and community.

In relation to SDG 15, this position plays an important role in promoting sustainable urban development and environmental conservation. The council aims to mitigate environmental degradation with sustainability strategies, which directly aligns with SDG 15 and its goals.

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Sustainability Coordinator Jobs in All Australia - SEEK

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Find your ideal job at SEEK with 2436 Sustainability Coordinator jobs found in Australia. View all our Sustainability Coordinator vacancies now with new jobs added daily!

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Job Title: Coordinator Waste & Sustainability, Corangamite Shire Council

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Job Title: Coordinator Waste & Sustainability, Corangamite Shire Council

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This job ad offers an opportunity for a leadership role at Corangamite Shire Council, focusing on environmental sustainability, circular economy initiatives, and manage waste services. The ad states that the team in passionate about the environment and is looking for others likeminded.

This position aligns closely with SDG 15 as this position promotes responsible waste management and environmental respect. This role includes creating policies and practices to minimize waste generation and enhance recycling. The emphasis on regulatory compliance ensures they are adhering to environmental standards, further supporting SDG 15 objectives.

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Coordinator Waste & Sustainability Job in Melbourne VIC - SEEK

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Are you a collaborative leader who is passionate about environmental sustainability? Join our friendly team in beautiful Southwest Victoria.

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Logging companies are at the epicentre of creating land degradation which completely goes against UN SDG 15 "Life on Land". Logging is at the forefront of unsustainable methods toward the environment due to corrupt companies that are based in high populated countries (predominantly third world nations) such as India, Brazil, Africa, China etc. An example of this is significant forest loss due to oil transportation to India has been growing in less important nations. Those lesser nations have a high rate of corruption, this corruption highlights the elevation of land degradation which leads to natural resources loss, habitat destruction, animal loss (extinction), oxygen levels (climate change and job/farming. Natural resource can endanger environments even threatening livelihoods, can lead to food and economic insecurity. Food and economic insecurity can cause a decline in mental health which leads to individuals becoming unhappy and decrease their enjoyment in life. 9.3 per cent of men were more likely to feel un-content about their life than 7.2 per cent of women. Adults who are aged between 45-64 had a higher percentage of feeling un-content with their life (11.1%), whereas ages 18-44 had only 6.8% and ages 65 or older was 7.2% (Christy Hagen, 2023).

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Hydraulic fracturing methods (fracking) is a growing global concern about the environmental well-being, physical conditions and business effects this method leaves behind. This combats against our UN SDG 15 "Life on Land. Fracking has been put to blame for contaminating waterways, water wells, groundwater, leaking out a large amount of methane which is far more potent than carbon dioxide. Along with being connected to aerial hydrocarbon causing severe respiratory health problems. All of these environmental issues have lead to land pollution which has only increased contamination which effects various environmental forms such as air, waterways, soil, ecosystems and agriculture. Contaminated air or air pollution can lead to smog or acid rain, this affects both air and the soil plants inhabits. This is able to lead to restricting agricultural output along with the harming of plant roots and leaves, all of these issues leads to food pollution. Food pollution can impact the physical well-being of individuals, such as critical poisoning or even long-lasting diseases (e.g. cancer). An approximate of 600 million people which is about 1 in 10 people in the world, become unwell after consuming polluted food with 420,000 of those individuals prematurely ending their life (World Health Organisation "WHO", 2022). 2019 found nearly 100% of the population were living in areas where WHO deemed the air quality poor as it did not meet the guideline levels (World Health Organisation "WHO", 2022).

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Climate change is ever changing our ecosystems due to the lack of our sustainable practices, and now it has become a major discussion point for world leaders when looking at improving sustainable practices. This completely contradicts UN SDG 15 "Life on Land" that tries to restore, protect and promote better life quality. Unfortunately, countries have add to suffer the consequences of climate change. Ethiopia is a perfect example as this country is categorised as "under developed". The country even suffers from disturbing droughts which has affects on natural survival factors such as food, water, resources and sustainable practices. For instance when a drought occurs water levels tend to drop, the flow of streams and even rivers decline in height, water levels in lakes and reservoirs decline along with water wells being increased. That water flow decline can lead to a decrease of water quality, this then can lead to poor life quality of plants and animals. This can lead to lack of natural resources being able to produced in supermarkets or stores leading to hunger or even starvation. Those factors can ultimately weaken individuals physical health. This can lead to constipation, cardiovascular complications, decreased metabolism, brittle bones etc. As drought greatly decreases water flow a shortness of water supply influences 40% of mankind with as many as 700 citizens are at risk of being disposed of in 6 years time (2030) (World Health Organisation “WHO”, 2023). About 20% of the world suffers from drastic food scarcity. Along with the population 30% of adolescents under the age of 5 years old are also in agony from severe malnutrition (Concern Worldwide US, 2023).

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All three ethical themes have an end point and with all the underlying categories each ethical theme presents they all lead to a decrease in life expectancy. Those themes can all turn into real-world challenges. For an example, mental health can lead to premature deaths through suicide, malnutrition stemmed from drought can lead to death and air pollution or polluted waterways stemmed from fracking can lead to death.

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Addressing Environmental & Ecological Challenges through the implementation of SDG's

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Addressing Environmental & Ecological Challenges through the implementation of SDG's

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An article titled “Addressing environmental and ecological challenges through the implementation of sustainable development goals”, was written in 2022 by authors Julia A. Nagy and Jozsef Benedek.  As their article elaborates on how sustainable development goals are implemented to address environmental and ecological challenges, inclusively looking at SDG 15 (life on land), where it is examined, that certain steps can help resolve the negative impact on the environment left by businesses as well as urbanization.

The first recommendation was Policy Initiatives, these are government led actions or programs designed to achieve certain goals or address issues within a society. In the context of SDG 15 (Life on Land), policy initiatives related to businesses' impact often focus on regulating and incentivizing businesses that use sustainable land management practices. Policy Initiatives play a crucial role in shaping the behaviour of businesses and influencing their impact on SDG15. “By creating clear regulations, standards, and incentives, policymakers can create a advantageous environment for businesses to adopt sustainable practices and align their operations with the goals of conserving and sustainably managing life on land” (NAGY & BENEDEK, 2022).

Secondly, Community Engagement was labelled as a crucial need for businesses to effectively address environmental challenges and promote sustainable land management practices, specifically for SDG15. By involving stakeholders in decision making processes and initiatives, businesses improve their own reputation as well as gain valuable insight, build trust and ensure that their operations align with community needs and priorities in regard to positively contributing to SDG15 targets.

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A substance made up of only hydrogen and carbon. Example of hydrocarbon are petroleum, natural gas, coal and tar. Those examples are used as energy sources.

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Land degradation is the loss of soil/surface of the earth that greatly impacts the present and future. Some of the elements that land degradation impacts is air, water, plants, soil. All valuable resources to humankind.

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The UN SDG of ‘Life on Land’ has a specific target (15.9) to achieve poverty reduction by 2020 (United Nations, 2023). As such, a real-world ethical challenge is Ethiopia is experiencing food poverty as a result of climate change, despite the fact that access to nutritious food is a fundamental human right.

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Furthermore, the nation’s inconsistent rainfall is what appears to be the underlying cause of food poverty in Ethiopia. The ethical issue presented is the impact of climate change and erratic rainfall in Ethiopia, which creates droughts in agriculture and reduces Ethiopia's capacity to cultivate crops. The most concerning issues in Ethiopia include malnutrition and food scarcity, which have driven residents to rely on "external food aid" (Asrat & Anteneh, 2020).

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Moreover, due to the overpopulated country with almost 130 million people (Ethiopia Population, 2024), Ethiopia is having difficulty keeping the economy strong enough to meet the needs of the nation. Therefore, because of the need for pipelines, homes, and industrialised projects to improve toilet plumbing and encourage hygienic practices, there is an especially high demand for water. Due to concerning drylands and droughts, Ethiopia's water supply is insufficient to meet the needs of the population, with six prominent droughts transpiring between 1988 and 2015 (Spotlight on Ethiopia’s Drought, 2015). As a result of these burdens, Ethiopia has been "classified as a least-developed country" (Working Paper Series - Ethiopia 2030, 2023).

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Huge declines in rainfall and an increase in droughts, "where seasonal rainfall was 60% below average," are indications of climate change (Asrat & Anteneh, 2020). In addition, according to Extreme Weather Events: Drought, "85% of Ethiopia's population is farmers," who are completely dependent on rainfall due to the country’s disadvantaged access to resources and technology in these poor financial rural areas. Consequently, Ethiopia's agriculture suffers greatly from recurrent droughts as a result of decreased livestock and crop yield, which leads to food poverty.

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All things considered, the most detrimental effect of climate change is the consequent unpredictable rainfall, which is a crucial component of Ethiopia's agricultural process. As a result, Ethiopia's ability to produce crops for the food industry is impacted by the decrease in rainfall, which lowers the country's total production supply of food. Additionally, if Ethiopia's drought persists at its current rate, it will negatively impact the country's capacity to endure without food, leading to food poverty. Businesses should concentrate on using water supplies wisely going forward due to people in less fortunate nations, like Ethiopia, are unable to grow food without these resources, such as water, which results in malnourishment.

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Water that exists in underground/beneath the soil in saturated zones. It can be found in cracks and spaces in the soil, sand and rock.

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A chemical compound that is in most cases in the form of gas. A natural chemical that is commonly found in the air. It is also a colourless gas having a faint or even sharp odour.

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1) Promote sustainable logging practices 

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1) Promote sustainable logging practices 

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Sustainable Development Theory puts emphasis on balancing economic growth with environmental preservation and social equity. Research suggests that sustainable forestry certification, like those provided by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), can mitigate deforestation and land degradation Mensah and Ricart Casadevall (2019). According to Mensah and Ricart Casadevall (2019), "Sustainable development frameworks advocate for logging practices that do not deplete forest resources, ensuring that forest ecosystems remain intact for future generations while supporting local economies."

Some recommendations would be to encourage and support Logging companies to adopt certification programs that government and international bodies should be implementing with strict regulations to ensure logging practices do not exceed regenerative capacities and that logged areas are replanted.

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2) Implementation and development for strict environmental regulations for hydraulic Fracturing

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2) Implementation and development for strict environmental regulations for hydraulic Fracturing

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The Climate Resilience Framework (CRF) is described as "an analytical, systems-based approach to building resilience to climate change. The goal of this structured framework is to build networked resilience that is capable of addressing emerging, indirect, and slow-onset climate impacts and hazards."

Establishing regulations that mandate environmental impact assessments and continuous tracking of fracking sites. Implement policies that use best practices and to minimise water contamination and methane emissions through use of technology. These regulations need to be enforced by local and national Governments to enforce penalties for non-compliance.

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3) Foster Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Extractive Industries

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3) Foster Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Extractive Industries

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Going off CSR theories again Governments need to be encouraging industries to adopt CSR practices that focus on environmental sustainability and community welfare. Examples of these can be reforestation projects, community health programs, and investments in local infrastructure. Governments and NGOs can support this through public recognition, awards, and partnerships.

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4) Implement Economic Incentives for Sustainable Practices

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4) Implement Economic Incentives for Sustainable Practices

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Economical things such as taxes, subsidies, and tradeable permits, can be effective in promoting sustainable environmental practices. Research shows that economic incentives can drive behavioural changes towards sustainability.

According to Climate-ADAPT (2019) , EPIs "are incentives designed and implemented with the purpose of adapting individual decisions to collectively agreed goals. EPIs can significantly improve an existing policy framework by incentivising, rather than commanding, behavioural changes that may lead to adaptation."

subsidies for sustainable farming techniques, tax breaks for companies that reduce their environmental footprint, and penalties for those that engage in unsustainable activities. These incentives can help align economic interests with environmental sustainability goals. By integrating these recommendations, businesses and governments can address the ethical challenges posed by unsustainable practices, protect ecosystems, and promote the objectives of SDG 15, ensuring a healthier and more sustainable future for life on land.

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Aristotle focuses on the character and virtues of individuals rather than specific actions. It emphasizes developing moral virtues like honesty, courage, and compassion.

Virtue ethics can be connected to SDG 15 by fostering virtues like integrity and empathy through education. This can then lead to generational change in behaviour in students that can lead to more ethical future leaders and professionals.

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Shaw, Barry, and Muntean (2020) explains utilitarianism as an ethical theory that argues that an action is moral only when it brings about the greatest level of happiness. People that stand by this theory base their moral decision making around the consequences of the actions aiming to provide an optimal or more positive outcome when it comes to levels of satisfaction.

Focusing on SDG 15 Life on land, Utilitarianism would provide context to providing businesses with implementing solutions such as economic incentives, sanctions and strict environmental regulations as they will affect the business’s in the spaces of logging and fracking companies financially but overall will help communities, and more people when it comes to greatest good for the greatest number.

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egoism offers a perspective that prioritises self-interest and personal benefit. Utilitarianism, while not inherently egoistic, can align with egoism to some extent by emphasising the pursuit of individual or group interests in decision-making (Shaw, Barry, & Muntean, 2020).

Egoistic tendencies may manifest in decisions that play on short-term economic gains over the long-term health and sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems. For example, industries or individuals may exploit natural resources for profit without considering the environmental consequences, leading to deforestation, habitat destruction, and biodiversity loss.

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The ethical challenges related to SDG 15 but also closely interconnected with several other SDGs, including SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 1 (No Poverty)., such as deforestation and biodiversity loss, can be addressed through a combination of utilitarian, Egoism, and virtue ethics approaches. By strengthening policies, promoting sustainable practices, raising awareness, providing support, and fostering collaboration, significant progress can be made towards achieving the targets of SDG 15 and ensuring a sustainable future for all.

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the condition or process of degrading or being degraded