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In summary, the climate, the flood affects IDP, so there is a direct impact on displacement here.

Water distribution points, that's more small areas. Flood and draughts are the climatic hazards in our area. Rising temperature and water scarcity are the most common things in WASH

There are issues in the land, HLP, scan, and throughout the duration of the war, we thought it would be over in a year or no. But because of climate change, one of things that impacted Yemen the most, was the floods, especially in agricultural spaces, one of the most biggest governarates in Yemen had "enzelaqat torabeya" that killed a lot of people.

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Regarding climate change, in the context of Gaza, shares the same thing as the Middle East, there are rising temperatures and water scarcity, anything that is in Jordan is probably in Gaza.

When we talk about climate hazards, especially in the context of Gaza, people have been displaced, most of Gaza's population lives in only two governrates, the spaces are so dense. When we talk about displacement and climate hazards, the floods and the tide of the sea. People were living by the beach (had tents on the beach), so when the tides increased, their makeshift shelters got destroyed. So, this really affects all the humanitarian programming, not just WASH.

Gaza is a small place. This war impacted and affected the level of groundwater, most water that is used in Gaza is treated water from the sea water. Drinking water is now treated water. Domestic water still has salty water and this is the reality that people are living there.

Infrastructure and hygiene, the war destroyed the water infrastructure so it really affects hygiene. there is a mix of el Sarf el se7y and the drinking water, so it is not

Who is responsible for the water: the drinking desalination plants that are managed CMWU (masl7at meyah baladeyat el sa7el), PWA (Palestinian water authority), there are some by private companies that treat water and then sell it for people.

It is purely an emergency response now. So it is all random. Latrines, all of them exist randomly, people

NRC will be involved in this. We did intervene but we only worked on collective sites. The schools and public buildings weere people have access to basic infrastructure.

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The first thing is raising the capacity building of the current water committee. In Yemen, there is no WASH strategy for the government. If this was the case, we would also have the bare minimum capacity and leverage with the authorities to maintain the bare minimum.

But in the big cities, there is the basic infrastructure. In rural areas, there is no treated water, there is no water infrastructure.

Giving people spare parts and equipment to maintain current infrastructure and sanitation projects.

The second thing is to turn boreholes from diesel into solar. In more than 100 boreholes, we solarised them. So this is something that we are doing as well. We actually discovered that we are actually consuming a lot of way by doing this.

Why do people not talk about the obstacles. The donors care about the emergency responses, there are little people that focus on development (World Bank, KW),

The solarisation solution led to over-extraction, NRC has a study on 5 "a7wadth" water that are big. We are doing this study with government stakeholders. In mountain areas, there are 50 wells that have no water. So boreholes and wells need to be deeper. But NRC can't work without the authorities permission, so we don't know what to do.

In emergencies, if floods happen, we do something to mitigating the floods in emergencies.

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Our priority is now just in terms of life saving activities. However, before the war, we had a lot of development activities.

Before the war, NRC would get the construction workers and work with the relevant authorities and would install solar systems, for pumps and water systems. But we couldn't proceed with it because of the war.

There was a 'mina' that NRC was working on with GIZ, a place for fishermen

There was a solar system that was supporting all of this, on environmental livelihoods and infrastructure support.

But we now focus on life-saving activities more than anything else.

For floods we would work on sandbags, and mitigating the impact of the floods.

Maybe for the future, WASH and S&S are very interconnected. So, maybe the two things should be connected together.

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FAO is the only organisation that works on the land use section of the excel sheet

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Gaza: its not knowledge or attitude, it's about practices, and practices is related to resources.

Give people the tools, they will do it by themselves.

They [NRC] are installing solar lights in the sanitation sites.

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Gaza: 7afr ja2er lel 2abar, we already have an issue with aquifers, so we over-extract this makes it worse. After the war, we need to focus on community awareness.

On the 1st of October, I started working, but so I don't have a lot of information. But I know NRC was working on things that are no longer applicable.

At the end of the day, the community knows best the situation that they are in.

Community-driven tools and engagement: basic tools, sandbags, Khartoum. People can make their own drains, even to now cause in between people.

Conflict: do you think water scarcity and emergency responses causes conflict. Context Gaza is.. 100% of people are IDPs, prior to that they were all refugees. "bel hawa sawa"

So people are in this together. What they were like a year ago compared to what they are like now, of course this causes a lot of mental and emotional stress so people might get in conflict sometime yes.

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NRC has any potential lookout what is our role vis a vis climate challenges is inherent to our responsibilities towards life, so it's hard for me to talk about climate challenges whilst only sticking to WASH. But if you want me to talk about WASH, I can start with the following

Extreme deterioration in water management, but things are mainly structural. Water issues are a result of how poor the systems were set up. We

One problems feeds into another, and that leads to a cycle, which then further deteriorates.

There is an issue historically regarding how water has been provided in Lebanon; we've been in a colonial era, that created the Republic of Lebanon, which oversaw the ruling group having more access and power on water, these utility companies and banking has expanded such privileges on water. There is still legal restrictions on who owns water, and which lands the water goes to, etc.

Malbury planting? Industry of silk with southern Europe. And yet, there is definitely issues with resources, the country is famous for water abundance, but that's not necessarily the reality. The water balance does not sit pretty in Lebanon. There is a physical deficit. So it's not just a governance and structural issue.

There are policy gaps of course. There are a number of people that have all

CDR, South council, ministry of water, any technical arm that is involved with the ministry of public arm, has a jurisdiction on water.

We have to realise the damaging role that the international community has played, as well as NGOs, did on us. The reforms, the world bank law, etc. (laws were written by consultant),

They create documents, water is a right, polluters pay, but all of these are principles but there is no executive degree to it.

And then the next level is governance, of course.

Litane river crossing hundreds of village in Lebanon, yet all have issues with cancer, smell, cultural heritage is lost with the destruction of the river.

In terms of Water programmes that are happening in the country, it's all NGOs.

Consultation is a play, we are consulting you about things, with a lot of emphasis on technical people, WASH specialists, while it's never a technical issue, it's more of a common sense. Who you want to benefit?

People in my region, South Lebanon, wanted a project for export

Governance at the moment, manifests on the

Infrastructure depleted, layers and layers of destruction, civil war, so there has been a lot of pressure on water infrastructure, but that really ties into poor planning.

There are networks over networks built of each other, with huge non-revenue, 50% of 60%

We do not even measure water in Lebanon.

But beyond that, we can talk about Syrian refugees. Additional population and how they strain the water systems in Lebanon. Especially when Syrian refugees in Lebanon has been

Informal settlements are serviced by water trucking, borehole management, etc.

Last piece is management: you're also aware how management is in public entities, huge staffing gaps, things are not filled properly, the workforce is very old, non-skilled, so the system how it's set up, paper referaells and bureaucracy, all of this sits on top of this

where do we see ourselves in this hierarchy?

Ministry of energy and water, are people we keep satisied

We do not focus on

We are closer to the lower base of the pyramids, trying to engage with the community and the people, assisting directly in households, cash for water, bottled water, hygiene,

We're we feel more comfortable putting

Generate vision to the areas we work with, regarding how this is going to be in 10 15 years, what metrics are accepted by people to say whether this is satisfactory or unsatisfactory

That's why we engage

This is on the infrastructure side^^ we still work with water jurisdictions to get things going.

Beqa3 water

Zahleh, and the surrounding area

Deir all ahmar, and the surrounding area, all of these are water shed

A water shed; an area that has the same water systems, that's how we split the area

How do we do that? We put ourselves in a position where we are their allies, we're not leading this as NRC, but we're just there to support them

The Lebanon market is quite really functional if you want.

Establishment-led services and improvement. If they dont have a mechanical engineer, we provide that to them.

Try to understand how that can work.

Water governance presentation. This is a new modality that is quite important. But it's already ongoing, we have not had a milestone where we pushed this fully.

Rainwater harvesting in South Lebanon, yet these are any available

Rainwater harvesting for herders as well.

Circular economy on a local level, and we don't have to think about

We do emergency Water sanitation services and hygiene,

Informal settlements in Lebanon: 5K informal settlement with a quarter million people, the kind of agricultural land, they asked to rent it out, and the landowners were not renting it out, and the Lebanese government, you're not allowed to link them to a network even if that network exists.

Informal settlements have a limited service. The water sector tried to make alternatives that are profitable. Let them buy the water, etc.

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There are regular programmes that are for WASH related to climate and the environment. Already, we have some activities that are connected to the environment, where we forced to be implementing such activities. It was initially planned, to have like standalone activities, but we were pushed activities.\

When we were doing solar pumping activities for water supplies, we were pushed because of lack of access to electricities.

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Innovation challenge, a fund provided by NRC, which NRC staff can apply with innovative idea, recently in December, we were implementing bio-gas activities, but unfortunately it wasn't completed, due to the current situation the project was stopped. by providing but-=gas tanks to 15 households.

This shows how we decide to go to activities related to climate change. We do have some challenges regarding including climate aspects in our need assessments. I don't think we are doing very well in this regard.

What drives and motivates climate change in NRC's measures?

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The way we thought about responding to this,

The alternative is, looking at arrangements that are community-made, so sometimes not only Lebanese Syrian issues, but like upstream-downstream, even sectarian issues.

We never managed to solve anything on a national levels.

If we cover camps in ??? and ???

central beqaa and zahla, and hoping that our efforts trickle down.

We have efforts that are not so legit but not so illegal, to work with the community.

If a system can produce a surplus level of water, then it's wise to do cost recovery to sell the service.

Beqaa is the central place where we have the largest informal settlements.

In the north, if you want water in the camp, you need to dig a borehole in the camp, and there has been an over extraction of the groundwater. And the Lebanese government

We've been doing WASH services in school. Lighting, libraries, and that's when we started support in energy production, there is a big win to be made in energy efficiency.

Sample of energy auditing for the school.

The solarisation of boreholes, a lot of energy lost, a lot of not used, it's not smart to think about energy in each of things that we build.

Democratisation of utilities, if the CEO is sitting in my village, then I have a say to them.

Especially with a lot of production now, it is important to see

One thing maybe I didn't mention on water, what we are not cut to do, which is the building awareness, or like movement-building, or like what supports the visible. How can water become visible.

The situation in Litaneh, become a national issue for Lebanon. to see who's with and who;s against. But unfortunately NRC cannot incubate this,

This is when partnerships come, how can we work with big organisations and youth movements, to support water systems and promote water as an issue that needs to be resolved. That's why I'd rather have some local groups that are leading this rather than

A strong recommendation for the tip sheet is on the integration.

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This year, we did a lot for agriculture. Pressing farmers.

The economic crisis and the conflict, but climate is one of that. In response to that, we start putting as part of any agricultural activities, we put smart aspects in our programming and training.

We started doing training on climate smart agriculture, it is one of the big components. It is targeting farmers,

Climate finance to incorporate some of the new approaches to address the arising climate issues.

This is all related to food security and food production. As for now, we only have the training

Climate smart agriculture study to guide us to develop.

Fund to support small hold farmers; there are two levels, one is secured, one outcome is focused on agriculture and food production

One pillar is fully related to climate resilience and agriculture.

It started last year, and it was a pilot phase, and this fund is ... It is a 4 year project. The fund is secured for the next 4 years, and in 2025, we will have a heavy work on the smart agriculture. The nature of the fund... small grants to farmers that will be trained and will be adopted these approaches, and then will use the grants to buy these equipments.

Work with development institutes to develop a climate smart products, and what kind of products would be more suitable for farmers to adopt smart practices.

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-Winter assistance; safe shelters, heated shelters, we have been discussing this recently. In the winter months, we have been seeing developing winter conditions, we have start to procure winter clothes, then the market got crazy, and then we went back and decided

Our objective is to provide very light habilitation; in these harsh winter conditions, they’ve started to procure winter clothes then the market got really crazy and made it hard - also takeaway

-Solarisation of water heating, and providing hygiene kits.

-They were planning on securing winter assistance, but the past 10 days have made it so difficult. They used to do it every year.

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-Access to water, is the rehabilitation of water infrastructure, borehole, water networks, etc.

-Sanitation; the rehabilitation of water networks, and wastewater treatment plan, but this is much larger than NRC cause this requires a huge fund. Almost 90% of wastewater

-Hygiene promotion; usually in regular programme, the main activity we do, is in the creating welcoming school programme, so we do rehabilitate the school within the WASH facility, and we do hygiene promotion session with students, parents, and teachers. 'Welcoming school programme'

As you can see, we are pushed into these actions because of the circumstances.

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Individual activities that do not look at the whole system, we have a multi-year projects, some of them took time, which gives us a good platform to work throughout these years to address some of the issues that are brought by the climate, water shortage, and energy issues are brought up by the climate.

A lot of climate factors are affecting the soil condition, the soil fertility, the farmers use the wrong fertilisers that damage the soils, all of these factors are things that we are collectively looking at. The challenges are to operationalise is one on the financing side, cause they don't have the finance.

The other problem is that they don't have the technicality, the technical knowledge, the training and lack of trainings, which is what we are missing to build these climate capacities. This our focus in the coming years, regarding how to mitigate negative coping mechanisms.

'Syria community ???' name of fund

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Khaled: we do our activities, specifically the solarisation of infrastructure, without measuring water aqua??... what I mean is the overextraction of water. We don't know if we're over extracting water, the ratio that have been decreasing actually recently. So, with this aspect, we dont know how much we're impacting the aquafR?

We have limited capacity, so we. don't have hydrophilic studies to us as to whether

We need to better measure impact to the climate and environment. I don't think we are doing well in this regard, whether we cn include in the post-project M&E tool. These are the things in my mind.

Tauqeer: purely from an LFS perspective, like putting some monitoring indicators, like climate change elements, like what could be.. or how.. or there are some resources and updated information on the climate, and monitoring status, but apart from these technical things.. more is on how to work with institutes, how to build their capacities, and make them take ownerships, and how to make them take climate as a serious subjects.

Working with the private sector, how can the finance institutes be brought into the discussion.. advocacy messaging can be helpful to make things more accessible and not too technical.

Awareness is also helpful. How in NRC and in our programming can we have more tips.

One of the things that is very impressive we use sometimes to convince farmers to change their practices, for them the productivity and profit, the measuring aspect of that needs to be changed.

When you bring them case studies, that actually convinces them.

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Tauqeer: internally we need to figure out to what extent are we including climate. we are not climate experts, and we work in displacement contexts, but to what will er be including these important climate aspects in the work and the emergency responses that we do.