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-Can be cultured, but it looks a little different
-Viruses can be grown in vivo (inside a whole living organism) or in vitro (in a test tube, agar plate, cell culture flask)

-On agar plates: Bacteriophages need a bacterial lawn first! They will not grow without any cells to infect.

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Preparing Petri Dish:
-Always read directions on how to prepare the agar!
-On the petri dish, write this on the agar side:

Your Name

Date

Time

Sample

DO NOT WRITE ON THE lid

Plating Techniques:

1.  Triple-Z

2.  4-Quadrant Streak

Incubation:

1. Wrap parafilm around the edges of the petri dish.

2. Place dish into incubator (can stack dishes to save time).

3. Make sure plates are turned upside down!

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Hemocytometer:
-Cells that are white (not filled in with blue) are living cells!

-Solid blue cells are dead cells.

-Equation for Total Viable Cells:

(Average Viable Cells) x 10,000 x DF

(DF = Dilution Factor)

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How?

1. First, we need to make sure we practice aseptic technique.

2. Second, we need a media to grow them on.

3. Third, we’ll need to wipe surfaces with a sterile applicator (looks like a really long Q-Tip or cotton swab).

4. Fourth, we would inoculate the agar plate using a spreading technique.

5. Fifth, wrap plates in parafilm and incubate 48-72 hours!

Medias
-LB Agar: Not very selective
-Potato Dextrose: Grows Bacteria and Fungi
-Yeast-Mannitol: Soil
-Sheep's Blood: Blood
MacConkey: Lactose Fermentation

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Antibiotics-
-Used for a Bacterial infection

-Common Bacterial Infections:

Bronchitis, ear infections, UTIs

-Common Antibiotics: Doxycycline, Penicillin, Amoxicillin

Antivirals-
-Used for a viral infection

-Common Viral Infections:

Influenza, HIV, Herpes

-Common Antivirals:

Tamiflu, Retrovir, Zovirax

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Factors-
Invade the Host-->Cause Disease-->Evade Host defenses
Adherence Factors-use pili to stick to cells
Invasive Factors- easier invasion of host cell
Capsules- Protection
Endotoxins- released when cell dies
Exotoxins- Secreted- neurotoxins, cytotoxins, enterotoxins
Siderophores- Iron binding

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Chain-
Organism-->Reservoir-->Portal of Exit-->Transmission-->Portal of Entry-->Susceptible Host

Spread-
Airborne- Suspended 6 ft
Common Vehicle- Contamination
Vector-Borne- From host to carrier
Direct Contact
Droplet- 3ft

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Structure-

Consists of a nucleic acid

DNA or RNA

This is its genetic material

Single or double stranded

Outer layer is the...

Capsid: rigid structure to withstand harsh environments.

Envelope: can only survive in aqueous solutions (usually transmitted via fluids)

Shapes-

Complex,

Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria)

Helical/Filamentous

Tobacco mosaic virus, Ebola

Spherical

COVID-19, Influenza, Hepatitis B and C

Enveloped

Polyhedral

Poliovirus, adenovirus, rhinovirus

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Space-Waste

pH and Gas Concentration

Nutrients-Temperature

Water

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Gram Staining- Gram+: Thick layer of peptidoglycan, Gram-: Thin or No layer of peptidoglycan

Catalase Test- Bubbles if positive, No bubbles if negative.

Thioglycolate-

1. Obligate Aerobic: Love O2

2. Obligate Anaerobic: Avoid O2

3. Facultative: Prefer O2, but not hurt by the lack of O2

4. Microaerophiles: Low O2 levels

Aerotolerant: They do not care

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Bacilli- Rod-Shaped

Cocci- Round, Spherical Shaped

Spirilla- Rigid Spiral-Shaped

Filamentous- Thread like cells that don't divide

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Microbial Taxonomy- Fungi, Viruses, Helminths

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Microbial Taxonomy- Fungi, Viruses, Helminths

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-Fungi: Mushroom, molds, yeast, Cell wall contains chitin, Reproduce by releasing spores, Decomposers

-Viruses: Non-Living, non-cellular entities, Consist of:
-DNA or RNA (nucleic acid)
-Surrounded by a protein coat
-Require a host to reproduce

-Helminths: Not technically microorganisms, part of life cycle is microscopic, Flatworms, Lung Fluke Disease (Paragonimiasis), Roundworms, Ascariasis (infection of small intestine)

Their parasitic tendencies are important for clinical reference

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- Protozoa: Aerobic eukaryotes, Cellulose in cell wall, Many ways of locomotion (movement), Cilia (hair-like), Flagellates (whip-like), Pseudopodia (fake feet)

- Algae: Unicellular or multicellular, Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae, Photosynthetic, Live in damp soil, water, and on rocks

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-Bacteria: Unicellular, may possess flagella or movement, Lives in O2(Aerobic), Can't live in O2(Anaerobic) Facultative(Lives in either environment), Gram+ and Gram- depends on peptidoglycan.

-Archaea: Unicellular, Lives in extreme environments, Thermophiles(Hot temps), Halophiles(Salty), Methanogens (methane-producing), Psychrophiles (extreme cold)

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-Fermentation: A natural metabolic process in which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into byproducts such as alcohol, Carbon Dioxide, or acid.

-No Oxygen
-Lactobacillus- Breaks down lactose into lactic acid
-Penicillium-Preserves shelf life of dairy and meat

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Cell Cycle
-Mitosis (Somatic, Body Cells)
-Meiosis(Gametes, Egg/Sperm)
-Variation comes from mutations

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Autotroph- Carbon obtained directly from CO2 (Photoautotroph - Light (Chemoautotroph - inorganic oxidation (of water, minerals, nitrogen gas)

Heterotroph- Carbon obtained not directly from CO2 (Photoheterotroph - Energy from light) (Chemoheterotroph - depend on organisms for carbon)

Genetic Transfer/Bacterial Conjugation

Prokaryotes can grab stray DNA from the environment

Plasmid transfer

How Variation Occurs

Binary Fission (Rapid reproduction of 2 identical daughter cells)

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Eukaryote: Complex, Cell Membrane Bound, Grows and Reproduces via Miosis and Mitosis (Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals)

Prokaryote: Simple, No Nucleus, Not Membrane Bound, Grows and Reproduces through asexual, Reproduction(Binary Fission), Rod, Spherical, or Corkscrew Shaped. (Bacteria and Archaebacteria)

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-Cells are the simplest unit of living
-Cells Arise from pre-existing cells
-Cells are the basic unit of life
-Cells can be unicellular or multicellular