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American evangelist

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Preached that God would accept anyone who chose salvation out of a pure heart
Influenced merchants and manufacturers of Rochester to give up drinking and to attend church
Worked to create a strong Christian community

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Enforced the idea that God gave man a free will to choose salvation
Attracted middle class people towards Evangelist beliefs because they wanted to take responsibility of their own lives

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Universalists disregarded Calvinism and preached universal salvation, which attracted thousands of converts
Meetings in SC, Tennessee, Ohio, and Kentucky swept the country and were also major sources of attraction
Baptist and Methodist preachers used these revival meetings to their advantage by influencing the Southern spiritual culture

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The Second Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals that attracted people of backgrounds relating to Calvinism, Baptism, Methodism, and more. Such upheavals in spiritual invited changes in the denominational makeup of American religion.

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Advocate for asylums for mentally ill

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Grew up emotionally abused, which was her inspiration to help children escape from similar situations
Started national movement for state asylums, which encouraged states to improve their hospitals and prisons too

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Lengthened the school year, set teaching standards for reading/writing/arithmetic, recruited well-educated women for the role of teaching

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Pioneered by Dorothea Dix and Horace Mann, the establishments of asylums and educational advancements were made possible. With the gradual acceptance of women as educators, the integration of women within general society found itself taking place.

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Convention held in Seneca Falls, New York to discuss women's rights

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ELIZABETH CADY STANTON
Worked in close connection with Susan B. Anthony to expand NY's Married Women's Property Law of 1848, established Women's Loyal National League, joined American Equal Rights Association

LUCRETIA MOTT
Directed Seneca Falls Convention alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Both began as antislavery advocates, developed into women's rights advocates

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Reinforced that men and women are created equal
Targeted how despite being created equal, most of history was just men mistreating women on the basis that they were "superior"
Women's rights activists wanted to correct this tyranny by petitioning state/national legislature in their favor

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Meeting in 1848 that gathered women's rights activists, both men and women
Enforced the ideologies stated in the Declaration of Independence, which stated that all men are created equal ("men" being inclusive of women)
Produced Declaration of Sentiments

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The women's rights movement stemmed from a growing dissatisfaction of women not receiving equal treatment as men—this included the fields of politics, social spheres, working opportunities, and more. One of the biggest changes in American culture originated from women's active fight for an equal positioning within society, which they did by challenging sexual behavior, marriage, and family authority.

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Political cartoon showing how the Know-Nothing Party took advantage of anti-immigrant sentiment to gather votes

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Stemmed from nativist movement, which wanted to end immigration and attacked foreign residents
Gangs of B'hoys was a group that attacked young Irish people, Irish people were only given limited jobs, temperance reformers attacked German beer culture

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200,000 Irish immigrants and 110,000 German immigrants in NYC
German culture consisted of sausages, sauerkraut, beer
Irish people became associated with Catholic Church and Democratic Party

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AKA American Republican Party
Had massive control over the city elections because it targeted the issues at hand: temperance, anti-Catholicism, nativism

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A rise in immigrants, particularly of Irish and German descent, became apparent in New York City by 1850. New York's culture began to develop according to these immigrants' tastes, which caused resentment to grow from natives.

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"Lips that touch liquor shall not touch ours" indicates how adamant 19th century Americans were about alcohol abstinence

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Primarily targeted young women during the 1800s because they were often pressured into sex in order to make profit
Prostitution became one of the most common methods of money-making for women mostly aged 15-20
Men believed commercialized sex was their right because of their "nature"
Even reverends attended "houses of ill repute"

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Movement that gathered over one million American followers in support of the limitation of drinking throughout the country
Drastically lowered alcohol consumption

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A group established by the middle-class women of New York (1834) that worked to protect the virtue of single women
Visited brothels, searched for runaway girls, morally guided working girls, made seduction illegal

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A form of American urban entertainment during the 1800s that promoted racist sentiment through the use of blackface
Black people were portrayed as unintelligent and uncivilized, and white people found amusement in mocking them

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In 1800, "big" American cities like New York and Philadelphia had populations at a staggering low due to skyrocketing death rates. By 1840, however, those populations increased rapidly from a mere few tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands; with this sudden surge in people, life in trademark American cities developed to accommodate to the desires of the general population.

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Mormons migrated from Illinois to Omaha, then followed Oregon Trail to Fort Bridger to eventually settle in Great Salt Lake basin

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States that Congress may not prohibit freedom of speech, press, assembly, petition, and most importantly in this case, religion
Mormonism should be practiced freely without receiving harassment or persecution

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Mormons practiced polygamy, which was a cause of harassment from Protestant ministers
Anti-Mormon mob stormed Illinois jail where Joseph Smith was held and murdered him with his brother
President Buchanan sent an army to suppress the Salt Lake Mormons

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Instigated because of anti-Mormon tensions present in NY, Missouri, and Illinois (all places that Mormons had to move to)
Brigham Young and around 6,500 followers migrated to Mexican lands and eventually settled in the Great Salt Lake basin

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Joseph's Smith disciple that took control of Mormonism after his death
Established the Salt Lake Mormons, where agricultural communities were fostered through cooperative labor and irrigation systems
Ruled as an authoritarian

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Mormonism was a movement that originated from Puritan families who believed strongly in the existence of supernatural deities, powers, and divine visions. Led by Joseph Smith, Mormons built a tight-knit community with reinforced norms of patriarchy and authoritarianism.

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A practice that was rejected by John Humphrey Noyes to liberate women from the idea of being "property" of their husbands

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NOYES
Follower of perfectionism, which said that the Second Coming already happened and people could work towards sinless perfection in their earthly lives
Rejected monogamy and marriage because he thought it encouraged exclusiveness, jealousy, quarreling
Believed in sexual equality; women followers cut hair short and wore shorter skirts

ONEIDA COMMUNITY
Women were encouraged to avoid multiple pregnancies and to participate in community affairs
Became self-sustaining when inventor of steel animal trap joined (1850s) and became a silverware production community

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MOTHER ANN
Cook from Manchester established a church near Albany, New York with the intent that she was Christ incarnated (1770)

DOCTRINE
After Mother Ann died in 1784, a group of followers called the Shakers honored her by  adhering to her doctrine: abstaining from alcohol, tobacco, politics, and war; celibacy; the belief that God was a dual gender entity.

COMMUNITY
Around 3,000 people in 1830s (mostly women) boosted Shaker population because they were attracted to the community's intimacy and gender equality
By the 1840s and 50s, pop. was declining due to increase in orphanages; eventually grew extinct by 1900s.

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Transcendentalism transformed American society by first introducing, then spreading the concept of self-realization. People began to reject the social constructs that they felt trapped by and focused more on their individual thoughts, needs, and spiritual understandings.

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Written by Walt Whitman, who highlighted relationship between the self and the community and how their "invisible boundaries" needed to be crossed

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Wrote "Life in the Woods" and spent his time reflecting in the woods in order to find meaning beyond the life of artificial society

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Argued that people wouldn't be able to reach their potential in spiritual understanding without freeing themselves from the constraints of customs/rules
Could only be achieved through pensive reflection with Nature

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Movement in NE that took place around the 18th century Enlightenment
Encouraged intuitive thinking and spiritual connection with God in order to have a broader understanding of the eternal universe

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Utopias were communities within the rural Northeast and Midwest portion of America that provided an environment suitable for people to live according to their spiritual needs. They were first created around 1820-1860 because Americans were growing dissatisfied with the lifestyle correlated to the economic market society.

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Transcendentalist value of reflection within nature