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A scientist collects water at a location using water sampling tools such as a Niskin bottle, which can be attached to a CTD rosette or remotely operated vehicle. The samples are labeled with their latitude and longitude, depth, and filter material, as well as the salinity and temperature of where the water was collected. The eDNA is then separated from the water with a cellulose nitrate membrane filter and run through other cleaning processes. Then, each eDNA sample is either frozen or preserved in a buffer, which is an aqueous solution that both prevents degradation of the sample and makes DNA soluble (dissolvable). This allows the DNA to be stored for several years, which is important when scientists come across an unknown species and need to revisit samples.

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Technical divers use specialized expertise to study the underwater environment and utilize scuba or other diving equipment as a tool. The primary role of a scientific diver is that of an observer and data gatherer. Common activities include visual measurements and counts of living organisms, collection of biological or physical samples, underwater surveys, photography, and placement of scientific equipment.

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A geographic information system, or GIS, is a computer-based conceptualized framework used for organizing and analyzing data related to positions on Earth’s surface. By organizing data spatially along with tabular data (also referred to as attribute data), GIS can increase our understanding of the ocean. Instead of just displaying data in a spreadsheet, GIS provides a digital platform for viewing and processing layers of spatial information using maps and three-dimensional scenes. Given enough data, a GIS can essentially create a virtual ocean inside of a computer.

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What is GIS? An introduction to Geographical Information Systems

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Trawls, which are nets towed behind a boat to collect organisms, have been used by fishers for centuries. Trawls can be divided into three categories based on where they sample the water column: surface, midwater, and bottom. They may be divided further by their design and the materials used in their construction. The type of trawl used by researchers is determined by the type of organisms they are collecting and/or which part of the water column they are interested in sampling.

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Using a plankton net to collect cyanobacteria samples | cyanoScope