# data[].attributes.body
"As I said this, I suddenly beheld the figure of a man, at some distance, advancing towards me with superhuman speed." (Shelly 83)

Here Victor is witnessing the supernatural ability of his creation. This supernatural element is a characteristic of a gothic novel, and ties into the nature motif as we see the extent of what it can do.

What else do you think the monster is capable of?

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"My papa is a Syndic-he is M. Frankenstein-he will punish you." (Shelly 122)

Syndic-a government official in various countries.

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"CURSED, CURSED CREATOR! Why do I live?" (Shelly 117)

Here the creature is overcome with a mix of emotions. He finally revealed himself to the family in the cottage, and they were mortified of him. The monster being overcome with these dark emotions is an element of a gothic novel, and ties into the isolation motif, as he can not find companionship.

What would change if the De Lacey family welcomed him?

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"Man's yesterday may ne'er be like his morrow; nought may endure but mutability!" (Shelley 82)

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"Man's yesterday may ne'er be like his morrow; nought may endure but mutability!" (Shelley 82)

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This quote depicts one of the many texts alluded to in this novel. The poem "Mutability" is about how change is inevitable in everyday life for humans. In the context of the romantic era, Shelley likely put this excerpt in to showcase the ideology that true romantic artists where inspired creators and not technical masters.

Discussion: To what extent do you think the allusions and excerpts to other literary works help develop the themes of the novel? Do you think that Shelley could have conveyed all these ideas without these allusions?

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"Ruined castles hanging on the precipices of piny mountains; the impetuous Arve, and cottages every here and there peeping forth from among trees, formed a scene of singular beauty." (Shelly 78)

Impetuous-acting or done quickly and without thought or care.

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"My first resolution was to quit Geneva for ever; my country, which, when I was happy and beloved, was dear to me, now, in my adversity, because hateful." (Shelley 171)

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"My first resolution was to quit Geneva for ever; my country, which, when I was happy and beloved, was dear to me, now, in my adversity, because hateful." (Shelley 171)

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This quote exhibits elements of a gothic novel due to its gloomy aura. Victor's hubris is the reason why his home country, Geneva, is filled with bad memories as most of his family died there because of his actions and the creatures vengeance.

Discussion: Throughout the novel Victor struggles with his mental health and contemplating suicide. Why do you think he didn't resort back to this thinking when he went after the monster in the end?

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";a sense of mortal agony crept over my frame." (Shelly 64)

Victor is physically feeling pain because he knows he is responsible for William's death. This extreme agony is an element of a gothic novel, and ties into the responsibility motif, as he severely lacks it.

Would Justine have not been executed for William's death if Victor came forward with what he had done?

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"Accursed creator! Why did you form a monster so hideous that even you turned from me in disgust?" (Shelley 111)

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"Accursed creator! Why did you form a monster so hideous that even you turned from me in disgust?" (Shelley 111)

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This quote is peak monster culture, as it depicts the creature as something its own creator can't stand to look at. Whether Victor despises the creature because of its looks or the nature of its creation, he still causes the creature to feel isolation and loneliness, which cause the creature hate himself and human kind, especially Victor.

Discussion: Had the creature not ended up at the De Lacey's cottage, do you think he would've been as smart as he is?

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"Company was irksome to me; when alone, I could fill my mind with the sights of heaven and earth; the voice of Henry soothed me, and I could thus cheat myself into a transitory peace." (Shelley 135)

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"Company was irksome to me; when alone, I could fill my mind with the sights of heaven and earth; the voice of Henry soothed me, and I could thus cheat myself into a transitory peace." (Shelley 135)

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This quote shows how Victor's mental state changes once he starts working on the new creature, and how it mirrors his isolated state from the beginning of the novel when he created the first creature. The addition of heaven and earth being mentioned places this quote in the romantic novel era because of its allusion to nature and earth.

Discussion: Do you think Henry had any clue about what Victor had done and is doing right now?

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"The anguish that was visible in my countenance" (chapter 5)

Countenance-The appearance or expression of a person's face.

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"My father's care and attentions were indefatigable; but he did not know the origin of my suffering" (Shelley 157).

Indefatigable-(of a person or their efforts) persisting tirelessly

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"For some time I was lost in conjecture as to the cause of this" (Shelley 130).

Conjecture- an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information

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"and there was none to lament my annihilation" (Shelley 110).

Lament- a passionate expression of grief or sorrow

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"I perceived, as the shape came nearer (sight tremendous and abhorred!) (Shelley 83).

abhorred- regard with disgust or hatred

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"She was there,lifeless and inanimate, thrown across the bed, her head hanging down, and her pale and distorted features half covered by her hair." (Shelley 166)

Just as he had promised, on Victor's wedding night the monster was there. Victor did what he could to save Elizabeth by telling her to just go to bed, but while in her room, the monster got to her and murdered her. Elizabeth being thrown in the middle of the monster's wrath towards Victor with no defense makes her a damsel in distress, an archetype commonly found in Gothic novels. Additionally, Victor not taking extra measures to protect Elizabeth on their wedding night is an example of the motif of responsibility and Victor's inability to take responsibility for his actions.

If Victor had been with Elizabeth, do you think he could have saved her or do you think the monster would kill him trying to get to her?

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"She could not bear the prospect of returning to Asia and being walled up in a harem" (Shelly 160). Prospect - the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring.

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"I will be with you on your wedding night" (Shelley 143)

The monster requests that Victor make him a female companion, and in the middle of creating another creature, Victor destroys it and the monster is enraged. In his anger, the monster warns Victor that he will be there on the night he marries Elizabeth. This warning weighs in Victor because of how threatening and ominous it is. Such an ominous promise I soften found in Gothic stories as a prophecy that will eventually manifest as a tragic conflict later in the story. Victor receiving such a promise from the monster is a part of the motif of dangerous knowledge because he now has to return to Elizabeth and possibly marry her while knowing what is waiting for them.

Do you think there is any way Victor could have protected Elizabeth from being a target for the monster?

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"Frankenstein! you belong then to my enemy--to him towards whom I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim." (Shelley 122)

The monster goes to Geneva in search of revenge on Frankenstein, and on arrival he comes across young William. When he discovers William's relation to Victor, the monster is immediately enraged and murders the boy. Such a rash reaction is a common piece of Gothic literature and creates drama within the story line. In this moment in particular, the monster is retelling the story of his crime to Victor, and Victor is realizing that it truly is his fault that William was murdered, adding to the motif of responsibility that strongly applies to Frankenstein through the novel.

If the monster had somehow come across Victor instead of William, so you think he would have killed him immediately or still talked to him like he is in these chapters?

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"I had never yet seen a being resembling me, or who claimed any intercourse with me. What was I? The question again recurred, to be answered only with groans." (Shelley 103)

Following his escape, Frankenstein's monster found himself stumbling upon a cottage in the woods and observing a family of cottagers. His observations taught him about the world and humanity, causing him to question the circumstances surrounding his own existence and he begins to crave the connection humans have. An aspect of the monster theory is the trend of monsters being viewed as outcasts or "dwelling at the gates of difference." As he questions his being, the monster recognizes that he is different from humans and because he does not know of a being like him, that may be the cause of his loneliness. The monster becoming aware of his lack of companionship while observing the cottagers applies to the motif of isolation that follows the monster through the novel.

What do you think would be different if the monster had observed the cottagers before their guest arrived?

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"Dear mountains! my own beautiful lake! how do you welcome your wanderer?" (Shelley 61)

After receiving a letter from his father saying that his brother had been murdered, Victor returns to Geneva, and on his way he is soothed by the scenery of his old home. His appreciation of nature in the midst of his troubles with not knowing the whereabouts of his creation plays into the romantic origin of this novel. Mentioning and focusing on the beautiful nature and its ability to soothe Victor also relates to the motif of nature and its power as seen through the novel.

If Victor had been more consistent with keeping in contact with his family in Geneva, do you think there is any way he could have prevented William's death? Why or why not?

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"But on the day that was to fulfill my wishes and my destiny, she was melancholy, and a presentiment of evil pervaded her; and perhaps also she thought of the dreadful secret which I had promised to reveal to her on the following day." (Shelley 162)

Pervaded- to become diffused throughout every part of

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"As it was, I lived unfazed at and unmolested, hardly thanked for the pittance of food and clothes which I gave; so much does suffering blunt even the coarsest sensations of men." (Shelley 139)

Pittance- a small portion, amount, or allowance

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"Take possession of your tenement, and let me fly from this place." (Shelley 118)

Tenement- a house used as a dwelling

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"He approached; his countenance bespoke bitter anguish, combined with disdain and malignity, while its unearthly ugliness rendered it almost too horrible for human eyes." (Shelley 83)

Malignity- an instance of malignant or malicious behavior or nature

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"With this resolution I traversed the nether highlands, and fixed on one of the remotest Orkneys as the scene of my labors" (138). 

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"With this resolution I traversed the nether highlands, and fixed on one of the remotest Orkneys as the scene of my labors" (138). 

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Victor's journey to the far off mountains underscores his shame for what he has done, and plans to do. Through his isolation, we understand that Victor wishes to remove himself from society completely. He feels this way because he has become a monster in many ways. As such monster theory applies to him just a it does his creation. His journey to the mountain is sort of an escape, because the monster always escapes.

Do you believe Victor is a monster?

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"I read and re-read her letter and some softened feelings stole into my heart and dared to whisper paradisaical dreams on love and joy" (Shelley 160).

Paradisaical- (of a place or state) ideal or idyllic; heavenly.

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Quote - “but even human sympathies were not sufficient to satisfy his eager mind,” (Shelley 134) highlights Victor’s dangerous ambition. It shows that ordinary human connection is not enough for him; he craves greater knowledge and achievement. The line suggests that when ambition outweighs empathy, tragedy follows.

Question - Does the novel imply that valuing human relationships over personal ambition could have prevented Victor’s downfall?

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"I acquiesced in this arrangement, and by degrees I began to reflect on the best means of accomplishing my end." (Shelley 132)

acquiesced - consented

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quote - "I have copies of these letters; for I found means, during my residence in the hovel, to procure the implement of writing; in the letter letters were often in the hands of Felix or Agatha." (Shelley 106)

This connects to Gothic Romanticism through its focus on isolation, emotion, and the pursuit of knowledge. The Creature secretly teaches himself to read and write while living alone, reflecting the Gothic theme of the suffering outsider. At the same time, his desire to learn shows Romantic ideals of self-improvement and deep emotional awareness. However, instead of bringing happiness, knowledge increases his pain by making him more aware of his rejection.

question - to what extent does the Creature’s self-education make him more human and does society’s rejection suggest that monstrosity lies not in appearance, but in the failure of compassion?

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"This lady died; but her lessons were indelibly impressed on the mind of Safie, who sickened at the prospect of again returning to Asia and being immured within the walls of harem, allowed only to occupy herself with infantile amusements, ill suited to the temper of her soul, now accustomed to grand ideas and a noble emulation for virtue." (Shelley 107)

emulation - an ambition, aspiration

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Quote - “Fear overcame me; I dared no advance, dreading a thousand nameless evils that made me tremble, although I was unable to define them.”(Shelley 61)

This quote uses Gothic Novel by using the words “nameless evils” and “tremble” to show the intense fear that Victor was going through when he found out William died. Victor was scared that William’s death was going to be his fault and he didn’t want to face that fact.

Discussion question- do you think things could have turned out differently if Victor has just told the truth about Williams death?

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Quote - “ They evelated me from all littleness of feeling; and although they did not remove from my grief, they subdued and tranquilized it.”(Shelley 81)

This quote uses the element of Romanticism by showing that Victor prioritized his passions over trying to deal with his grief and problems. He tries to distract himself instead of trying to fix the problem which is in turn going to make his situation worse than it already is.

Discussion question- Do you think Victor sees the monster differently now that he has heard his story?

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Quote - “ as the night advanced, a fierce wind arose from the woods, and quickly dispersed the clouds that had loitered in the heavens: the blast tour along like a mighty avalanche, and produced a kind of insanity in my spirits and burst all bounds of reason in reflection.”(Shelley 119)

This quote uses Gothic Novel through the words, “fierce winds” and “insanity” to show the power of nature and the emotional conflict that they are going through. It creates a spooky and intense atmosphere by basically showing how a strong emotion can overwhelm and overcome a persons thoughts.

Discussion question- Do you think things would have been different if they cottages accepted the creature?

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Quote- “ remember that I have power; you believe yourself miserable, but I can make you wrenched that the light of day will be hateful to you. You are my creator, but I am your master;— obey!” (Shelley 143)

This quote uses the monster theory by the monster trying to assert his power over his creator. He says that his is now the “master” and says that he can make Victor miserable and suffer just the way Victor has made him feel showing that he now has the power to do so.

Discussion question- Do you think Victor was right to destroy the creatures companion?

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Quote - “ By the Sacred Earth on which I kneel, by the shades that wander near me, by the deep and eternal grieve that I feel, I swear; and by thee, O Night, and the spirits that preside over thee, to pursue the daemon who caused this misery until he or I shall perish in mortal conflict.” (Shelley 172)

This quote uses Gothic Novel by using supernatural elements in it, using the words, “spirits” and “misery” to show that the monster had brought Victor to an all time low making him swear that he’s going to hunt the monster down until he “perishes.”

Discussion question - Do you really think that Victor can hunt down the monster?

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Definition- a coffin

Quote- “ everywhere I turn I see the same figure— her bloodless arms and relaxed form flung by the murderer on its bridal bier.” (Shelley 166)

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Definition- a roof constructed of grass or reeds

Quote- “The thatch had fallen in, the walls were unplastered, and the door was off its hinges.” (Shelley 139)

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"and at a distance, surmounting all, the beautiful Mont Blanc," (Shelley 162)

surmounting: overcome a difficulty or obstacle.

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"The course of the Rhine below Mainz becomes much more picturesque." (Shelley 133)

picturesque: visually attractive, especially in a quaint or pretty style

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"A thousand times would I have shed my own blood, drop by drop, to have saved their lives; but I could not, my father, indeed I could not sacrifice the whole human race" (Shelley 173).

The hyperbole highlights Victor's intense guilt for unleashing his creation. He recognizes that the monster's purpose, unlike humans, is to destroy. This epitomizes the theses of Monster Theory that The Monster Is the Harbinger of Category Crisis. The creature refuses to conform to Victor's ideology and proposed solitude. Victor's sorrow portrays the motif of his responsibility. He takes sole blame for both the destructive nature of the monster and the loss of his loved ones.

Do you think Victor would have ever been physically or emotionally capable of killing the monster?

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"I had created, the miserable daemon whom I had sent abroad into the world for my destruction" (Shelley 168).

In this quote, monster theory is used when the words, "miserable daemon" show the emotions that Victor is feeling about sending the creature out into the world to suffer and destroy. Connecting to the motif of dangerous knowledge, if Victor wouldn't have even created the monster in the first place he would never have had to go through all this emotional pain of what the monster is doing to him.

Discussion: Why do you think Victor hasn't killed the monster?

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"We passed a considerable period at Oxford, rambling among its environs" (Shelley 137).

Environs- Environs refers to the surrounding area, district, or outskirts of a specific place, town, or city.

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“And wherefore was it glorious? . . . because danger and death surrounded it, and these you were to brave and overcome” (Shelley 180).

Victor’s speech to the men of Walton’s ship illustrates the Romantic element of inspiration. He sees Walton’s desire to carry out his glorious purpose, and he is trying to will the crew to carry on their mission. It also reflects the Romantic element of idealism because Victor and Walton both believe that a strong will can overcome the harsh impasse that is the arctic north. This belief in mind over matter connects to the motif of ambition as Victor demonstrates his continued belief that legacy is more important than survival. He reframes suffering as proof of greatness, and just like when he first started creating the monster, he continues to glorify peril and conquest. Both right now when he is inspiring the crew and when he was creating the monster, he showcases his belief that inspiration is inseparable from ambition. Through this, Shelley demonstrates that while he regrets his past mistakes, the general tenets of his being remain the same from the start of the book.

Discussion question: How do you think Victor has changed throughout the novel, and how has he remained the same?

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"Liberty, however, had been a useless gift to me, had I not, as I awakened to reason, at the same time awakened to revenge" (Shelley 245).

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"Liberty, however, had been a useless gift to me, had I not, as I awakened to reason, at the same time awakened to revenge" (Shelley 245).

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Shelley utalizes the Monster Theory element of "The Monster always escapes" to further drive Victor down the path of self hate, and a almost crazy ferver as he begins his journey to capture the creature, and put an end to his suffering. This futhers the motif of isolation, and how Victor is truly alone in his grief, and how he feels the only way to repent for his actions is to destory the creature. DQ: Do you believe that the deaths of Victor's loved ones is his fault?

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"She looked forward to our union with placid contentment, not unmingled with a little fear, which past misfortunes had impressed, that what now appeared certain and tangible happiness might soon dissipate into an airy dream and leave no trace but deep and everlasting regret" (Shelley 235-236). Placid - (of a person or animal) not easily upset or excited.

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“This letter revived in my memory what I had before forgotten, the threat of the fiend— ‘I will be with you on your wedding night’ (Shelley 159-160)!

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“This letter revived in my memory what I had before forgotten, the threat of the fiend— ‘I will be with you on your wedding night’ (Shelley 159-160)!

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This connects to gothic novel because Victor just remembered what the monster had said about his wedding night and he is terrified. This also connects to the motif of revenge because the monster is going to take everyone Victor loves and kill them because Victor broke the promise of making him a companion.

Discussion Question- Who has really suffered more, the creature or Victor?

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"A thousand times would I have shed my own blood, drop by drop, to have saved their lives; but I could not, my father, indeed I could not sacrifice the whole human race." (Shelley 158)

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"A thousand times would I have shed my own blood, drop by drop, to have saved their lives; but I could not, my father, indeed I could not sacrifice the whole human race." (Shelley 158)

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Within this quote from Victor Frankenstein builds the monster theory for him putting all this destruction on himself. Within this same quote it also has the motif of dangerous knowledge because of what he knows but no one else does. Victor knows all this destruction happened cause he created this monster but no one else does and even thinks of him as mad.

Discussion question: Would Victor still seem this mad if he never left the creature in the first place, to help this creature learn with the presence of his creator as well?

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"the remembrance of which I preserved in my convalescence." (Shelley 158)

Convalescence - time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment; recuperation.

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"I will confide this tale of misery and terror to you the day after our marriage shall take place" (Shelley 160).

This quote connects to the idea of gothic novel when the words "misery" and "terror" are stated to show the atmosphere of mystery and suspense. This shows the reader that what Victor needs to tell Elizabeth is not good. The motif secrecy is also displayed when Victor is still waiting to tell Elizabeth what is causing him pain and misery, forcing her to wait until their wedding day.

Discussion question: Do you think this could have been prevented if he told Elizabeth the truth instead of waiting?

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"I disencumbered the dogs of their dead companion, gave them a plentiful portion of food" (Shelley 175).

Disencumbered- to be freed from a burden, load, or hindrance, literally or figuratively, leaving someone unburdened and relieved

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"A fiend had snatched from me every hope of future happiness: no creature had ever been so miserable as 1 was; so frightful an event is single in the history of man" (Shelley 167).

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"A fiend had snatched from me every hope of future happiness: no creature had ever been so miserable as 1 was; so frightful an event is single in the history of man" (Shelley 167).

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In this quote, Gothic novel is used when the words "frightful" and "miserable" show the emotional pain Victor is feeling after Elizabeth is now killed. This connects to the motif of human suffering because his creation, ambition, and the losses have caused him to be miserable.

Discussion: In what ways does Elizabeth's death now change the story's mood?

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"I now also began to collect the materials necessary for my new creation, and this was to me like the torture of single drops of water continually falling on the head. Every thought that was devoted to it was an extreme anguish, and every word that I spoke in allusion to it caused my lips to quiver, and my heart to palpitate" (Shelley 147).

The metaphorical torture portrayed in the excerpt contributes to the metonymy and gloom of the novel. It exemplifies an element of Gothic fiction with its comparison of animating a new creation to mental torture. He is tormented at the thought of replicating his own creation, and his description of such agony creates a tense and dreadful atmosphere. This affliction further plays into the motif of his self-destructive ambition.

How do you think it would have actually gone if Victor created the second monster?

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"I must perform my engagement, and let the monster deport with his mate, before I allowed myself to enjoy the delight of a union for which I expected peace." (Shelley 130)

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"I must perform my engagement, and let the monster deport with his mate, before I allowed myself to enjoy the delight of a union for which I expected peace." (Shelley 130)

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In this quote it includes the monster theory and the motif of responsibility. The monster theory because Victor was the one who created this destruction and the responsibility because he now sees what he has to do to keep other's safe from this creation of his and to become happy again. Victor states in this quote that he won't allow himself to be at peace until this creature is dealt with one way or another.

Discussion question - Would thing have been resolved a lot quicker if Victor just created a female for the creature and why?

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"I thought of Elizabeth, of my father, and of Clerval; all left behind, on whom the monster might satisfy his sanguinary and merciless passions." (Shelley 146)

Sanguinary - involving or causing much bloodshed.

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"...future ages might curse me as their past, whose selfishness had not hesitated to buy its own peace at the price, perhaps, of the existence of the whole human race." (Shelley 142)

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"...future ages might curse me as their past, whose selfishness had not hesitated to buy its own peace at the price, perhaps, of the existence of the whole human race." (Shelley 142)

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Victor shows how heavy the burden of creating a monster is, shown through the motif of responsibility. If Victor created the 2nd monster he would be responsible for all the future misfortunes caused by the monster. The monster itself representing the monster theory of a monster dwelling at the gates of difference, the creature pushes the laws of not only life but of the humans. Forcing Victor to do the same. Threatening to kill another, if Victor doesn't do as he command. Later killing Henry for possibly that very reason.

Discussion Question: Do you think Victor will regret not making the 2nd creature, only realizing it when it's too late?

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“I was now about to form another being, of whose dispositions I was alike ignorant” (Shelley 141).

Victor’s wandering thoughts that center around the endless possibilities in the actions and character that his female creation could take and have aligns with the Monster Culture Theory element that the monster is the harbinger of category crisis. Victor does not know if she would be peaceful and fulfill the promise that the male monster made, so he feels a sense of duty to the rest of mankind to not release another monster upon the world due to the other malignant ways that she could act, which connects to the motif of responsibility. However, another possibility is that he is only scared of the mental toll of going through the process of creating another monster, which he so despises. While when he was creating the first monster, he was blinded by the allure of power and knowledge, Victor’s evolution is shown because, whether out of fear or responsibility, he thinks his actions through and does what he thinks is best for mankind as a whole.

Discussion question: Do you think Victor made the right decision in not creating the female monster? How do you predict she would act if he did not make this decision?

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"Could I enter into a festival with this deadly weight yethanging round my neck and bowing me to the ground? I must perform my engagement and let the monster depart with his mate before I allowed myself to enjoy the delight of a union from which I expected peace" (Shelley 184)

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"Could I enter into a festival with this deadly weight yethanging round my neck and bowing me to the ground? I must perform my engagement and let the monster depart with his mate before I allowed myself to enjoy the delight of a union from which I expected peace" (Shelley 184)

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Shelley utalizes the motif of responsiblity in describing Victor's grief and anguish at the thought of the monster that he has created. The monster is described as a, "deadly weight" around his neck, tying into the High Overwrought emotions of Romanticism. The monster serves as a weight for Victor, and until he rids himself of the weight he cannot find peace.

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"and, on the sudden turn of a promontory" (Shelley 143).

Promontory: a point of high land that juts out into a large body of water; a headland

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"A change indeed had taken place in me; my health, which had hitherto declined, was now much restored; and my spirits, when unchecked by the memory of my unhappy promise, rose proportionably" (Shelley 181). Hitherto - until now or until the point in time under discussion.

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"You are my creator, but I am your master; obey" (Shelley 143). This quote highlights the monster theory and the forbidden doom by showing how the monster feels about his creator and how he can control him. It also connects to the motif of the dangerous knowledge because if Victor wouldn't have known how to create a monster he wouldn't be being controlled by him right now.

Discussion: Why has Victor not killed the monster yet after knowing that he has killed William?

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"It was in the latter end of September that I again quitted my native country" (Shelley 132).

This quote uses the individuality part of the Romanticism I's to convey that Victor is trying to get his personal life back with the guilt he is feeling from the monster. The use of the motif "Abortion" explains how Victor ends up destroying the female creature because he feels that is what is right.

Discussion question: Do you think Victor made the right choice or will he end up with consequences from it?

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"I trembled violently at his exordium, and my father continued-" (Shelley 130).

Exordium- the beginning, introduction, or introductory part of a speech

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"And then I thought again of [the creature's] words--'I will be with you on your wedding-night.' That then was the period fixed for the fulfillment of my destiny" (Shelley 143).

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"And then I thought again of [the creature's] words--'I will be with you on your wedding-night.' That then was the period fixed for the fulfillment of my destiny" (Shelley 143).

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The above quote references a crucial aspect of the Gothic Novel because it is exhibiting the moment that Victor Frankenstein knew that his fate would have something to do with the creature. A key part of the Gothic Novel is the inclusion of an inevitable fate, and he realizes that his creation of the monster has permanently changed his life in another way. This connects to the overall meaning of the work because it portrays the idea that the creation of artificial life should not be within human capabilities. This connects to the motif of responsibility because it demonstrates another way in which Frankenstein is being held responsible for his creature.

Discussion: Why do you think Victor wanted to go to a remote island to create a companion for his creature instead of working in isolation at the university dorm as he did before?

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"I may die; but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery. Beware; for I am fearless, and therefore powerful. I watch with the wellness of a snake, that I may sting with its venom. Man, you shall repent of the injuries you inflict." (Shelley 143)

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"I may die; but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery. Beware; for I am fearless, and therefore powerful. I watch with the wellness of a snake, that I may sting with its venom. Man, you shall repent of the injuries you inflict." (Shelley 143)

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This quote represents gothic elements through the monsters terrifying tone and gothic imagery, like when he compares himself to a snake with venom. His deep emotions for revenge show that real horror of the novel comes from agony, not just his presence. This connect to a motif of revenge because both the monster and Victor let their rage control what they do, and leads to destruction.

Discussion: How does this threat change the relationship between Victor and the monster?

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“Begone! I do break my promise; never will I create another like yourself, equal in deformity and wickedness” (Shelley 143). 

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“Begone! I do break my promise; never will I create another like yourself, equal in deformity and wickedness” (Shelley 143). 

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This connects to monster theory because Victor was trying to create a female monster but then decides to destroy it and break his promise. It also connects to the motif of the fear of unknown because Victor destroys the new monster because he is scared of the bad things it might do.

Discussion Question- Was Victor right or wrong to destroy the female creature and why?

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"I saw him on the point repeating his blow, when, overcome by pain and anguish, I quitted the cottage and in the general tumult escaped unperceived to my hovel" (Shelley 115). 

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"I saw him on the point repeating his blow, when, overcome by pain and anguish, I quitted the cottage and in the general tumult escaped unperceived to my hovel" (Shelley 115). 

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The above quote references a crucial aspect of monster theory, that the monster always escapes. The monster is being pummeled by the cottagers, which demonstrates the cruel nature of humanity, especially towards the unfamiliar. This leads the monster to run away, returning to his cottage in a state of isolation. Overall this quote shows how lonely escape can be, because though the creature always escapes, what has he to run to? Nothing but his isolation.

How does isolation shape the creature's perception of itself.

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"I found on the ground a leathern portmanteau" (Shelley 109).

Portmanteau- a large trunk or suitcase, typically made of stiff leather and opening into two equal parts.

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"But it was all a dream; no Eve soothed my sorrows, nor shared my thoughts; I was alone." (Shelley 112)

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"But it was all a dream; no Eve soothed my sorrows, nor shared my thoughts; I was alone." (Shelley 112)

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This quote is formed by both the monster theory and the motif of isolation as the creature reflects on himself being alone. This quote occurs right after he makes himself known to the cottagers and then is rejected by them. After learning everything from them in the shadows and then being rejected by the only people he grew to trust made him feel even more alone and hated than he already did before.

Discussion question: What could the creature also be feeling in this moment and where will these feelings eventually lead to?

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"A few days after, the Turk entered his daughter's apartment, and told her hastily that he had reason to believe his residence at Leghorn had been divulged, and that he should speedily be delivered up to the French government." (Shelley 108)

Divulged - make known

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"But again, when i reflected that they had spurned and deserted me, anger returned, a rage of anger; and unable to injure anything human, i turned my fury to inanimate objects." (Shelley 119)

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"But again, when i reflected that they had spurned and deserted me, anger returned, a rage of anger; and unable to injure anything human, i turned my fury to inanimate objects." (Shelley 119)

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The quote resembles the romantic element of high, overwrought emotions, developed through the monster's loneliness. Portraying a motif of isolation, the creature is in despair and angered by the state in which he was left alone. Enraged by the actions of the humans towards him, he became a man of rage left alone to his thoughts.

Discussion Question: Do you think that Victor will create a woman for the monster and that the monster will keep his word?

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"But again, when I reflected that they had spurned and deserted me, anger returned, a rage of anger; and, unable to injure anything human,i turned my fury towards inanimate objects." (Shelley 119)

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"But again, when I reflected that they had spurned and deserted me, anger returned, a rage of anger; and, unable to injure anything human,i turned my fury towards inanimate objects." (Shelley 119)

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AP Lit. Frankenstein Padlet 14-17 Quotation Analysis

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"I am alone, and miserable; man will not associate with me" (Shelley 123). This quote highlights the romantic elements of heavy emotions about the monster not being able to interact with the regular man. This quote also highlights the romanticism motif because it shows the monsters feeling about having to be suffering along.

Discussion: Do you think the monster is evil or do you think he is the way he is because of how he has been treated?

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"I am alone, and miserable; man will not associate with me" (Shelley 123 ). This quote highlights the romantic elements of heavy emotions about the monster not being able to interact with the regular man. This quote also highlights the romanticism motif because it shows the monsters feeling about having to be suffering along.

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"[Adam] had come forth from the hands of God a perfect creature, happy and prosperous, guarded by the especial care of his Creator, ...but I was wretched, helpless, and alone" (Shelley 111).

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"[Adam] had come forth from the hands of God a perfect creature, happy and prosperous, guarded by the especial care of his Creator, ...but I was wretched, helpless, and alone" (Shelley 111).

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The quotation above illustrates how Monster Theory is a crucial aspect of Frankenstein because the monster compares himself to Adam, and Victor to God, contrasting himself and Adam by mentioning that Adam had been created through love, while Victor had created him as a result of desire for glory. This connects to the aspect of Monster Theory that the monster is often a desire, not a creature that is truly cared for. This connects to the motif of hubris because Victor used his hubris as motivation to create the monster, as well as the motif of isolation because the monster's isolation from society is the primary cause for his vicious nature.

Discussion: Do you think the monster still respects Victor as his creator, or is the respect gone as a result of Victor abandoning him as soon as possible?