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1. Synthetic dyes are man-made colors that we use to dye all sorts of things like fabrics and paper. They really took off during the Industrial Revoultion.

2. Manchester is often called the first industrial city, and it was one of the first places to use synthetic dyes on a large scale because of its booming textile industy in the 19th century.

3. Because synthetic dyes, we got a wider range of colors and more vibrant shades in fabrics than we ever had with natural dyes.

4. Scientists like William Henry Perkin played a key role in developing synthetic dyes, like mauveine, which was the first synthetic dye made from coal tar.

5. The production of synthetic dyes really helped Manchester’s economy grow, creating lots of jobs and boosting local businesses.

6. However, the dyeing process often led to pollution in rivers and waterways, which hurt local ecosystems and communities.

7. The availability of bright and diverse colors in clothing influenced fashion trends and allowed people to express themselves more through what they wore.

8.The development of synthetic dyes marked a big shift in manufacturing and chemistry, paving the way for more advancements in the chemical industrey.

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Sir william Henry Perkin was a research chemist working as Hofmanns research assistant at 18 years old.

In 1856, perkin was assigned a task by the head of royal college.

This was to oxidize aniline using potassium dichromate, a colourless aromatic oil derived from coal tar.

During his experiments he found that the oxidation made a black substance that dyed silk purple after the color was removed.

He called his latest and greatest invention maunevine.

His thoughts and conclusions of the experiment are in his notebook, which the museum holds on loan from the city of London school.

His discorveres made him very wealthy and changed the dyeing industry.

The unexpected find he made was among the first mass produced chemical dyes at the time and made his name big in the chemistry industry.

After this, Perkins retired at 36 and spent the rest of his life carrying out research in other areas of chemistry.

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Cotton built Manchester. It helped support ideas, stability on financial funds, and etc. But cotton wasn’t only beneficial, it was also destroying. Labour became a huge problem, not only wearing out kids but also women.

The African people were a major tribute to the production of cotton. By the help of these people, Manchester’s city wouldn’t have been as big as we know. But as we all know, African people had to suffer with slavery as time went by.

More than a million African people were sent from Africa to America to take part in a slave trade. Most of theses people had a job on producing significant products such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton, which were to then be sent to Europe where their slave owners were. While many European countries benefited, African people did not.

During the 18th century, the demand for cotton goods were the prime for slave trade which had also taken an important role in the Manchester textile production. But Indian textiles started to take a toll, fortunately British slave traders continued to obtain Manchester’s products.

While produced cotton was a big product, producers also required on fresh picked cotton. By the 1780’s most cotton production in Manchester was by enslaved Caribbean’s and South America. As the demand reached the higher, the more the manufacturers demanded for raw cotton supply. But with more demand for cotton, the more supplies and land and people were needed. For then Manchester turned to the U.S.A which caused slavery to sky rocket.

The U.S.A was environmentally better for cotton production. Enslaved people have already been producing tobacco and rice. While the production of cotton grew, they were to find out that there were different types of cotton for example upland cotton which were short and tightly packed to seeds as well as sea island which were long, silky, and very high quality. But having to separated the seeds from the cotton took too much time and effort so Eli Whitney had created the gin which had sharp metal teeth to vastly separate seeds from the cotton. With this invention it gave enslaved people to work 10x harder to keep up with the speed of this invention.

This got incredibly tiring for the people. To avoid having to work these hard, long labour hours either they’d have to act as if they were sick or to run away. Knowing the consequences, they’d have the commitment to escape these treacherous conditions they’d have to go through. Regardless of the horrible treatment, they never stopped having hope. Food, music, religion, helped remember who they were and give them the hope they needed.

During 1806, Manchester signed the Foreign Slave Trade Abolition Bill which would eventually put an end to slave trade in Britain. But without enslaved people, the business would have an immediate fall out, which gave people a reason to disagree to this petition. Eventually with the help of people, campaigns, and war, slavery had finally came to an end in the city.

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Textile is what could tell the stories of people, places, and products that have made it. Manchester is practically built on cotton, what is Manchester without it?

Why Manchester? You may ask.. well

Manchester once was the world’s international centre of the cotton industry.

They had the ability to import up to a billion tons of raw cotton each year.

the towns which are called Bolton and Preston while had become where the cotton was manufactured and old hams platt brother & co. Ltd that had built some textiles machines for mills.

Textiles Gallery paints clear pictures of how cotton is or could be transformed Manchester into an urban metropolis and shapes lives there and all round the world.

%80 of cotton was processed by enslaved people

With research , partnerships and consultation, they had worked to reveal link between Manchester and slavery in the museum.

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William Henry Peterkin and the World’s First Synthetic Dye

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William Henry Peterkin and the World’s First Synthetic Dye

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Sir William Henry Peterkin was a research scientist, who at 18 was on his second year of working as Hofmann’s research assistant.

During the Easter holidays he got tasked with oxidizing aniline using potassium dichromate.

The oxidization made a black substance that dyed silk purple after the color was removed.

He wrote down all his findings in a notebook, now housed in the museum on loan from the City of London School.

He called the color mauve and named the substance Mauveine

He took out a patent on his accidental discovery on August 26, 1856 and it was one of the first mass produced chemical dyes.

This accidental discovery led to a great fortune for Peterkin, letting him retire at age 36.

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution in the Industrial City-Anushka Sikka

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution in the Industrial City-Anushka Sikka

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The pollution in city’s would cause big health problems to the people

As Manchester was producing cotton industry, coal-powered steam engines drove the city’s towering cotton mills, filling the air with a lot of smoke

People would have to suffer through dark skies, dirty homes, dirty clothes, and diseases

The urban pollution is known as ‘the smoke nusiance’

The first steam powered cotton mill was built in 1782 by Richard Arkwright in Manchester

Around the 1840’s there were about 500 industrial chimneys in Manchester’s skyline which caused harmful living conditions

Coal smoke was associated with the thriving industry even, with Manchester’s residents and workers

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Manchester's Smoke Nuisance

Most people were impacted by air pollution except the ones in the low and middle income countries.

World Health Organisation concludes that around 7 million people die due to polluted air.

Burning fossil fuels caused air pollution.

Symptoms of the effects of air pollution were coughs and staining eyes.

The urban air pollution was known as the smoke nuisance.

Smoke became significant for economic success.

Manchester had the most polluted air.

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Maira Botic- Strangeways Brewery in Manchester 

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Maira Botic- Strangeways Brewery in Manchester 

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Strangeways Brewery in Manchester was founded in 1778, it was founded by grain merchants. The merchants were Thomas Caister and Thomas Fray.

Boddingtons beer was was brewed for 227 years. The last days of brewing that were recorded was in 2005.

Boddingtons was a family business runner by Henry Boddingtons. Three of his suns also joined their father in managing the brewery.

The 1870s-1880s was a big time of expansion at Boddingtons.

On 22 in December 1940, the  brewery was struck whenever Manchester had gotten hit by a massive air raid. Leading the site to be highly damaged and the brewery was forced to shut down for seven months while getting repaired.

In 1994 Boddingtons production increased from 200,00 to 600,000 barrels. This was after making a large-scale investment under Whitebread in the Strangeways site.

In 2005 was whenever the decision to close down the Strangeways site happened. Although this beer was said to be brewed at another brewery before as well until 2012. This was when that brewery had closed as well.

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Picture captioned, “The opening of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway Sept. 13. 1830, with the Moorish Arch at Edge Hill as it appeared on that day.”

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The First Inter-City Railway: The Liverpool and Manchester Railway -Sabrina Shaikh

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The First Inter-City Railway: The Liverpool and Manchester Railway -Sabrina Shaikh

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The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the worlds first intercity railway.

Opened on September 15, 1830

Built to connect the port city of Liverpool with the industrial city of Manchester.

Facilitated faster movement of goods, mostly cotton, between the two cities

One of the first railways to carry passengers and freight

Built by George Stephenson, and it took 4 years for him and his team to build 63 bridges across the valleys.

After only a month of its opening, 1,200 passengers were traveling by rail.

The railway significantly boosted industrial growth and also set standards for future railway development around the world.

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Siddhesh labhe- Clogs for children that worked in factories. More about child labor in the insdustrial revoloution.

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Siddhesh labhe- Clogs for children that worked in factories. More about child labor in the insdustrial revoloution.

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children borrowed these clogs because they were poor

Children were forced to work for long hours at a time

Children were forced to work in super hot temps.

child labor as allowed back then

Poor families would send their kids to the factories for money

They were not receiving education

They were mistreated

They used children. To work in mills

Children worked in farms too.

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William Henry Perkin and the World’s First Synthetic Dye - Zoey Runtevski

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William Henry Perkin and the World’s First Synthetic Dye - Zoey Runtevski

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On August 26 1856, William Henry Perkin Patented the world’s first Synthetic Dye.

Perkin was a research chemist, and was curious from a young age.

The dye was an accidental discovery.

Perkin’s notebook in which he recorded his findings in is now in the City of London School.

Perkin called the color on the silk in his recordings mauve, and then named his unique synthetic dye mauveine.

Perkins made a fortune off of it, and the dye changed the dyeing industry forever.

The textile dye had the same chemical structure as mauveine ( aniline purple).

Perkin’s hid from his competitors in France and Germany that there were other ways to make they dye by changing its key components.

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In 1860, a good percentage of the cotton processed in mills in and around Manchester was grown by enslaved africans

clogs were the normal day shoe of industrial Manchester’s women, kids and men.

In the early 19th century, the rapid growth of Manchester's cotton industry started showing as the town inevitably expanded.

When French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville visited Manchester in 1832, he witnessed first-hand the paradox of Manchester’s economic expansion and environmental deterioration.

Boddingtons brewed beer for 227 years.

Manchester’s manufacturers only got the cotton in the quantities and at the prices they wanted because of this system of human exploitation, slavery.

Workers could earn good wages in Manchester’s textile mills, but work was never guaranteed.

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-Strangeways Brewery was founded in 1778, by merchants Thomas Caister and Thomas Fray.

-Built outside the boundaries of Manchester in order to evade paying tax to a school.

-The brewery has been brewing beer for 227 years and ended in 2005.

-Henry Boddington worked at the brewery for 16 years until he was made a partner in the business in 1848.

-Within five years of being a partner, Boddington became sole proprietor of the company.

-Boddingtons Brewery became the biggest brewery in Manchester by 1877.

-Also in 1877, the brewery had become the first business in Manchester to install a telephone link between two of its sites.

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Richard Arkwright by: Harshini Varatharaj

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Richard Arkwright by: Harshini Varatharaj

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The Transformation in the Textile Industry

Made a spinning machine

Replaces the work of human hands

Water fame had mad it to spin the cotton yarn more quickly

Cotton Craze

It was lighter and brighter that could be washed and dried more easily than the woolen fabric.

Is a valuable trading material.

Made entrepreneurial makers in Britain to search for new ways greet the rising demand.

They started experimenting with the creation of spinning machines.

Arkwright had been keeping track of Lewis Paul and John Wyatt attempts in making a roller spinning machine.

He realized that water power was way more sufficient than horsepower.

Giant waterwheels installed at the mill is driven by the river and gave a rotated motion to make the machine work.

Arkwright’s machines were known as water frames.

Transformation of Lives

1000 men, women, and children were employed in his mills

Working live had made a huge transformation

Arkwright made it possible to set up a built factory of purpose to make profit.

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Boddingtons beer brewed beer for 227 years, believed to have started in 1778 and ended in 2005.

The factory was built just outside the boundaries of Manchester in to avoid paying tax to the Manchester Grammar School.

Even though Henry Boddingtons arrived at the brewery in 1832 to work as a traveler for the company, he became sole proprietor of the company five years later. He then made the company a family business so that three of his sons could join in management of the brewery.

Boddingtons was the biggest brewery in Manchester, becoming one of the few in the country to brew more than 100,000 barrels of beer each year.

In 1877, the local and national press reported that the brewery was the first business in Manchester to install a telephone link between two of it’s sites.

In 1887, Boddingtons Breweries Ltd became a publicly registered company

In December of 1940, the brewery was struck when Manchester was hit by an air raid. Afterwords, Boddingtons took the opportunity to upgrade equipment in the brewery during the repairs.

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The urban air pollution in Manchester was known as “The Smoke Nuisance.”

By the mid-1840s, there were about 500 industrial chimneys in Manchester with the number steadily increasing.

The smoke was deemed a sign of economic success by wealthy industrialists, engineers, factory workers, etc.

Burning coals and fossil fuels was the primary cause of air pollution. Coal smoke leads to heart and respiratory diseases.

As engines got bigger and more were installed, more coal was consumed and the more smoke was put into the air.

In 1842, the Manchester Association for the Prevention of Smoke was founded. This organization fought for solutions for the smoke nuisance.

In 1956, the Clean Air Act established smokeless zones, which improved air quality significantly.

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Our work to explore Manchester, cotton and slavery -Raina Pramod 

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Our work to explore Manchester, cotton and slavery -Raina Pramod 

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Manchester was the world’s first industrial city which was also shaped by cotton

The manufacturing of new, machine filled cotton mills turned the town into a blooming, hustling industrial centre.

Manchester’s cotton innovation and profits turned into exploitation, on a local and global scale

Manchester’s transformation was very reliant on the transatlantic slave trade

Millions of enslaved African people were forced to grow the cotton which supplied Manchester’s mills.

Manchester’s cotton industry, mainly those connected to colonialism, enslavement and global movements of people and goods

They way Manchester was able to grow into the worlds first industrial city was by the African men, women, and children and their descendants whose labor and exploitation fueled the city’s industrial expansion.

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1.Cotton picking and factories was the center of 2.

2. Manchester Manchester was the worlds first industrial city

3. Manchester had good mills for cotton picking

4. Women and children worked in the factories and they had to keep thier long or it was seem as inappropriate

5. If someone got thier arm/hand stuck in a machine nothing could stop it and a lot of people got hurt by this

6. A lot of people died from sickness because the conditions were horrible there

7. People had to share “houses” and beds with people they dident even know and got all the filth from them and there was rats and bugs on the ground and all over the complex

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Boddingtons beer was founded by Thomas Caister and Thomas Fray in 1778

Caister and Fray did not want to pay taxes to the Manchester Grammar schools so they built the brewery right outside Manchester

Henry Boddington worked for the company but within 16 years, he became a partner. 5 years later he owned the business by himself

Owned 71 houses available to the public, and had the ability to brew over 100,000 barrels a year

Eventually, the brewery became a family business with Boddingtons three sons joining the management.

This business was the first business to install a telephone at two of their locations

After 162 years of business, the brewery fell apart due to a disastrous air raid.

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Boddingtons beer was brewed for 227 years and it is supposedly believed that the Brewery was founded in 1778.

Grain merchants, Thomas Caister and Thomas Fray founded Strangeways Brewery (Bonndingtons Brewery).

Henry Boddington arrived at the brewery and was made a business partner soon a sole proprietor.

In 1870s and 1880s it was the time when Bonndingtons Brewery expanded. Many other breweries were brought during this time. Soon Bonndingtons breweries became the strongest in Manchester.

One of the only company of 30 to brew more than 100,000 barrels and own houses.

Bonndingtons Breweries became the first company to install a telephone link between two of its breweries.

Due to the First World War and the Great Depression it became a stronger company in North West England.

On 22 December 1940, a huge air raid hit the brewery causing months of fixing. This made the Bonndingtons take opportunity to make the brewery modern.

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In October of 1989, the brewing section was purchased by a company’s called the Whitbread Beer Company.

- But then after 227 years of operation, a decision was made to finally close down the Strangeways site in 2005.

At Hyde’s brewery, Boddingtons beer was under license at this brewery, but closed sown in 2012. This indicates that Boddington’s beer is no longer brewed in Manchester.

They were supported by a famous place , ‘Cream of Manchester’ which was advertising campaign. This helped to catapult Boddington into the national arena

Boddington was forced to fight off many attempts to take over the brewery.

Memebers of the Boddington family continued to run the business until the year 1989.

While Boddington was under Whitbread, a large-scale investment into their Strangeways site allowed the brewing to increase all their production by a massive landslide.

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Manchester was the world’s best cotton industry of the industrial revolution, dubbed as the “cottonopolis”

Growing up to 1 billion tons of raw cotton annually.

This absurd amount of cotton was mainly picked by slaves in cotton fields, allowing for lowered prices at the expense of the slaves.

Heavily contributing to the transatlantic slave trade bettween multiple countries.

While also leading to the extremely successful and wealthy Textile Industry.

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air pollution in the industrial city - Valentina Francisco

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air pollution in the industrial city - Valentina Francisco

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Burning fossil fuels was and still is a primary source of air pollution for a source of energy.

The 19th century in Manchester was when coal was established as the main source of energy for powering the industry

The use of fossil fuels caused pollution which resulted in people suffering from the poor air quality

‘ Shock City’, the world's first industrial city, is covered in smoke, dirt, and an awful stench from the chimneys used in the factories.

coal powered steam engines were the primary reason for the success for the city's cotton mills, making the air smell and difficult to breathe in.

mid 1840s about 500 smoking industrial chimneys on manchester's skyline and constantly increased

Coal smoke created many opportunities for the industry but had many consequences for the residents

smoke started to represent economic success and technological progress

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Ronak Agarwal, Programming Patterns: The story of the Jacquard Loom

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Ronak Agarwal, Programming Patterns: The story of the Jacquard Loom

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Jacquard loom ties together Manchester’s most important historic industries.

He revolutionized how cloth could be woven with his Jacquard machine.

This machine made complex and detailed patterns in a fraction of the time it took a master weaver and his assistant.

This invention made patterned cloth’s price to drop so low!

It was now mass produced for the wide wind market of consumers.

This machine essentially took 2 peoples jobs and increased productivity.

It was able to do this because of its unique nature and holes.

By the 1820s his technology already spread to Britain where it was an instant hit.

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Manchester became the worlds first industrial city during the 19th century.

Cotton mills proliferated, driving massive growth in manufacturing and employment.

Steam engines revolutionized production, increasing efficiency in textile factories.

The population exploded, attracting workers from rural areas and abroad.

Child labor was widespread, with harsh conditions in factories and mills.

Railways expanded, linking Manchester to other industrial cities and ports.

The city’s wealth grew, but so did poverty and overcrowded living.

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Manchester used to be the center of the cotton industry.

The textile industries were abundant in wealth, but the profits were shared unequally.

The transformation of Manchester highly depended on slave trade.

Cotton shaped and changed Manchester to an urban metropolis.

They imported over a million tons of cotton yearly.

80% of cotton was processed by enslaved people.

The desired amount of cotton produced only because of human exploitation.

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It’s poor living conditions And lots of pollution.

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1)The Manchester was the first industrial city, it grew really fast and most of what it was driven by was mostly cotton. The city’s climate was pretty damp, mostly made up of canals and rivers.

2)Coal made it ideal for cotton processing and manufacturing.

Most of its innovations were creating machines to spin and weave cotton so they wouldn’t have to do it by hand.

3)The population tripled its size between the 1800 to 1850, this shows that lots of citizens made their way into Manchester England due to their “good living conditions”

4)Speaking of living conditions, Manchester was always overcrowded and polluted, very small alleyways and poor living conditions. Lots of people in a smallish city where lots of pollution happened.

5) Manchester’s architecture included grand boulevards as well as factories and warehouses.

6) its transportation included mostly canals, rivers and transportation systems like extended rail roads helped the city’s growth a ton.

7) all n all Manchester is mostly known for its textile manufacturing and computing during the industrialization

My bullets aren’t work!!