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re renewable energy sources like solar or wind integrated into these systems, and if so, how does their variability affect optimization?

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re renewable energy sources like solar or wind integrated into these systems, and if so, how does their variability affect optimization?

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Converting energy from mass using a black hole is the most efficient way. But how do spinning black holes get more energy out of the mass, and why is the event horizon smaller, and how does that matter?

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Converting energy from mass using a black hole is the most efficient way. But how do spinning black holes get more energy out of the mass, and why is the event horizon smaller, and how does that matter?

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The Penrose Process: Energy from Black Holes

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The Penrose Process: Energy from Black Holes

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The Penrose Process is where energy is extracted from black holes.

The name itself originates from Roger Penrose, who is actually the one who had come up with this idea.

Black holes rotate in angular force, which generates something called the ergosphere that is outside the horizon of the hole.

The ergosphere is where energy is gained or lost.

The Penrose Process also decays its particle, basically splits into two where one part reduces the mass energy. While the other escapes and contains more energy.

Only 20% of the energy that is extracted from the rotating black hole can be used.

Next Question

What is the specific process the black hole takes in a larger event horizon to gain more energy? Is this more efficient than getting energy from a smaller event horizon?

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The Penrose Process: Energy from Black Holes

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The Penrose process is a fascinating theoretical framework that explores the potential of extracting energy from rotating black holes…

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The event horizon is proportional to the mass of the black hole.

The black hole within the event horizon can range from 6 miles or equal to the size of our solar system.

From what I have learned, I assume that the mass determines how much usable energy we can receive. The smaller event horizon's size means the energy extraction will be less than a larger event horizon.

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HubbleSite: Black Holes: Gravity’s Relentless Pull interactive: Encyclopedia

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Black Holes: Gravity’s Relentless Pull. Information, virtual journeys, and simulations about black holes from the Space Telescope Science Institute

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Why Black Holes Are the Most Efficient Way to Convert Mass Into Energy

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Why Black Holes Are the Most Efficient Way to Convert Mass Into Energy

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With rotating black holes, objects can orbit much more closely around the event horizon before slipping in, releasing up to 42% of their energy.  If the black hole is not rotating, the method will convert 6% of an object's mass into energy

Dropping mass into a black hole is the most effective method of obtaining energy from mass, other from the use of antimatter (antimatter = molecules made up of atoms with positrons, antiprotons, and antineutrons), which is incredibly uncommon in the universe. (1 gram of antimatter is worth 62.5 trillion dollars)

Black holes are extremely tiny, but they have a lot of gravitational force.

E=mc2 means (when talking about black hole energy, or just in general) that even a small amount of mass can produce a large sum of energy. They used a cat as an example. If you could completely harness the energy, it could power Norway for a year.

As much as nuclear fission or fusion is extremely powerful and useful to us, compared to a black hole energy source it isn't that much (potential energy of fission and fusion is 0.08% and 0.7% approximately)

Question:

Do you think the efficiency of energy extraction from spinning black holes could ever be harnessed for practical use on Earth, or is it purely theoretical? What are the potential benefits and risks if it were possible?

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Understanding Spinning Black Holes: Why They Extract More Energy with Smaller Event Horizons

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Understanding Spinning Black Holes: Why They Extract More Energy with Smaller Event Horizons

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Energy Conversion in Black Holes:

Black holes convert mass into energy through processes governed by Einstein's equation, E=mc^2. This makes black holes some of the most efficient energy sources in the universe.

The energy can be extracted through phenomena like Hawking radiation, accretion disks, and rotational energy tapping via the Penrose Process or Blandford-Znajek Mechanism.

The Role of Spin:

Spinning black holes (also called Kerr black holes) generate more energy because their rotation creates an ergosphere, a region outside the event horizon where spacetime is dragged along with the spin of the black hole.

This dragging effect allows mass and energy to interact in unique ways:

In the Penrose Process, particles falling into the ergosphere can split, with one particle falling into the black hole and the other escaping with more energy than it originally had. This “energy boost” is caused by the rotational energy of the black hole.

Spinning black holes convert up to 42% of the mass into energy, compared to only 6% for non-spinning (Schwarzchild) black holes.

Why the Event Horizon Is Smaller in Spinning Black Holes:

A black hole’s event horizon is the boundary where escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. For spinning black holes, the size of the event horizon decreases as the spin rate increases.

This happens because the centrifugal force from the black hole’s spin counteracts gravity to some extent, allowing the event horizon to shrink.

Mathematically, the event horizon radius (r+) of a kerr black hole depends on its spin parameter “a”:

r+=M+root of M^2 =a^2: Where m is the black hole’s mass, and a is its spin. A higher a results in a smaller r+.

Why It Matters:

A smaller event horizon means more of the surrounding spacetime is within the ergosphere, which increases the region where energy extraction can occur. This is crucial for processes like the penrose process and Blandford-Znajek mechanism to operate efficiently.

Smaller horizons also reduce the “dead zone” where energy is irretrievably lost, allowing more mass-energy to be converted into usable forms.

Such energy efficiency could theoretically power advanced civilizations or be a natural power source for extreme astrophysical phenomena like quasars or gamma-ray bursts.

Applications of Spinning Black Hole Energy:

Scientists theorize that spinning black holes could one day serve as a cosmic energy source if we ever develop the technology to harness their energy.

Understanding spinning black holes also improves our knowledge of astrophysical events,  like supernovae, pulsars, and galaxy formation, since many rely on black hole mechanics.

Next Question:

How can theoretical models of the Penrose process of Blandford-Znajek mechanism be tested or simulated to further explore practical energy extraction from spinning black holes?

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How Kerr black holes are the best way to convert mass into energy

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How Kerr black holes are the best way to convert mass into energy

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-A Kerr black hole has two key components, the event horizon and the ergoregion. The ergoregion is the part of a rotating black hole where space and time are being dragged around by the rotation of the black hole. The event horizon is the part in the middle of the black hole where the gravity is so strong that not even light can escape it.

-The Penrose Process is when a particle flies near the ergoregion and splits into two parts where one falls into the event horizon and the other flies back out into space going much faster than when it first came out

-The piece of the particle that falls into the black hole will be absorbed and converted to negative energy while the other particle is sent out with much more energy as it flies out of the ergoregion.

-Therefore with the conservation of energy theory, the energy lost from the black hole is gained by the particle that flies out.

-How spin and mass affect energy conversion.

-The more spin and mass the black hole has, the more energy can be extracted from it. The black hole converts mass to energy by the process E=mc^2.

At most, you can only extract 20% of the black holes mass into energy but it is still a huge amount. Way more than fusing hydrogen into helium which only gets about 1%

-A question to ask about black holes.

-How can scientists experiment to try and harvest all of this energy to use in our everyday life? Would we be able to use this reliably?

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Why Black holes are the most efficient way to convert mass into energy

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Why Black holes are the most efficient way to convert mass into energy

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Non rotating black holes takes only 6% of an object mass and converts it into energy

while rotating black holes do up to 42%

Rotating black holes bend the fabric of space time and can orbit much closer to the event horizon before falling in

Humans can only conduct nuclear fission and fusion to convert mass into energy

dropping mass into a black hole, the object reaches fats speeds while falling into it because black holes gravitational force is very large

objects release their energy into the universe and then fall into the black hole forever.

some alien species could possibly be harnessing the energy from black holes

a 5kg object has enough energy in its mass to power an entire country for a year

rotating black holes drag objects into their direction of rotation

the objects can get much closer to the rotating black holes before entering the non rotating black holes

the black hole with the innermost possible orbit coincides with the event horizon

the event horizon itself is half as big as a non rotating black hole

Next Question

:What is the event horizon? What does it do? What would happen if there was no event horizon?

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What is a Black Hole?

Black holes are a natural consequence of Einstein’s new theory of gravity,  General relativity. This provides that the force of gravity is a result of spacetime curving.

Think of it like a drum, with its face loose. If you place a sun in the middle, the face will make a cone shape.

The presence of mass causes spacetime to curve around it.

Mass curves space and also time, a clock closer to a massive object will experience slower time than the farther away clock. Even light which is considered with no gravitational  attraction can be seen bending towards the massive objects, called gravitational lensing.

When a matter is so dense, such as a black hole, it creates a even horizon, where nothing can return once entered it. The path that leads into the center of this distortion is so beyond disrupted that even light cannot escape.

Where do we find black holes?

Every single galaxy like the Milky Way has a supermassive black hole at its center to keep the spinning disk in line. Its mass is between a million and a billion times the mass of the sun( 2x10^30kg). When these enormous black holes release energy by pulling in the matter, they can outshine all the other stars in the galaxy.

Black holes are one of 3 options when a massive star comes to the end of its life, a neutron star, a black hole, and a newly discovered gravastar, where its surface is not made of atoms[Gravastar - Wikipedia].

The black hole starts forming when the star runs out of nuclear fuel to burn, and there is nothing stopping gravity from squishing it into a singularity.

Release of Energy

When materials fall under gravity, it releases energy. When the dust and gas fall with extremely strong gravity around a black hole, an enormous amount of energy is released. This process is called accretion and accreting material usually flattens into skis that spiral into the black hole, where the accretion disk name comes from.

Energy is released when the object is falling in, about 40% of the energy of the mass.

The friction between the parts of an accretion disk causes it to heat up, making it glow, and emitting black body radiation. The material usually reaches around 10,000,000 ºC, causing it to emit infrared, visible, ultraviolet, and x-ray.

The hot accretion disk becomes ionized, where electrons separate from atoms, meaning the magnetic field is frozen in the disk. The magnetic field lines are tied to a not when the material spins around the black hole and can snap, called reconnection, releasing energy that accelerates nearby particles to ultra-high energies.

They collide with low-energy photons, and ghost their energies, emitting enormous amounts of energy.

What can we learn

We learned about black holes and how energy is released from them when the X-ray telescope XMM-Newton launched in 1999 Chandra launched in 1999 and Suzaku launched in 2005.

Studying the X-ray spectrum of accreting black holes allows us to see different energies emitted by different processes.

Reflection from the accretion disk imprints several atomic features on the spectrum which we observe, not least emission lines.

How can this energy be used and transported?

Bonus(gravastars if you want to research it you can but it's kinda difficult): How can gravastars transform the way we get energy compared to black holes?

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-To summarize, the event horizon is the boundary around the center of the black hole where anything that crosses it will be absorbed into the black hole and will never be able to escape, including light.

-The event horizon can warp time because of its infinite amount of gravitational pull. For example, being close to the border of the event horizon will warp the spacetime around you because of the intense gravitational pull the black hole has. From the outside, time is slowed and time that past near the border is far less than what it is on the outside.

-Approximately 1 year near the black holes event horizon is 80 years on earth

What would happen if there was no event horizon?

-First, there would be no "point of no return" which means that light would be able to escape the center and that would mean a black hole would lose the darkness in the center. Which is the opposite of what we know as a black hole.

-The event horizon is the main area of the black hole which makes it different from other things floating in space.

Questions:

-What causes the event horizon to be bigger or smaller in size?

-Is there a limit on the size of the event horizon?

-How are black holes created?

Source:

https://www.space.com/black-holes-event-horizon-explained.html

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The event horizon is the spherical outer boundary of a loosely considered to be its "surface."

It is the point, according to NASA, that the gravitational influence of the black hole becomes so great that not even light is fast enough to escape it. As a result of the fact that Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity tells us that no signal can exceed the speed of light in a vacuum (c) humanity can never hope to obtain a signal from the one-way boundary that is an event horizon.

As such event horizons effectively act as cosmic gatekeepers preventing us from ever directly observing the secrets that lie at the heart of black holes. Yet they can reveal a great deal about the environment around them.
Related: What happens at the center of a black hole?
"The event horizon is the ultimate prison wall - one can get in but never get out," Avi Loeb, chair of astronomy at Harvard University, told Space.com.

When an item gets near an event horizon, a witness would see the item's image redden and dim as distorted light coming from that item. At the event horizon, this image would effectively fade to invisibility.

Within the event horizon, one would find the black hole's singularity, where previous research suggests all of the object's mass has collapsed to an infinitely dense extent. This means the fabric of space and around the singularity has also curved to an infinite degree, so the laws of physics as we currently know them break down.

"The event horizon protects us from the unknown physics near a singularity," Loeb said.

Event horizon and black Hole FAQs answered by an expert

Image credit: University of Sussex.

We asked Xavier Calmet, a professor of physics in the United Kingdom a few questions about black holes and event horizons.

(Image credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/ background, ESA/Gaia/DPAC )

Einstein, black holes, and event horizons: A tale of two singularities

The black hole and event horizon concepts were born from the 1915 theory of gravity conceived by Albert Einstein known as general relativity and solutions to the tensor equations that define it. A tenor is a mathematical equation that is similar to a vector but with four values rather than two. As a result, tensors are also sometimes called "four-vectors."

General relativity is also known as the "geometric theory of gravity" because it says that the presence of mass causes the very fabric of spacetime (the unification of space and time into a 4 dimension entity) to warp.

Think of this as being similar to placing balls of varying masses onto a stretched rubber sheet. The greater the mass of the ball, the more extreme the curvature, so a bowling ball warps the sheet far more than a marble. The same for celestial objects, a star creates more of a warp than a planet. Black holes are created when a massive star completely collapses as a result of its own gravity. The star's mass is compressed into an infinitely small space, causing an extreme warping of spacetime.

Because the term "black hole" refers to that entire warp, not just the infinite mass that dwells at its heart, (Lambourne. R. J. A, 2010, pg 171) it's more accurate to call black holes "spacetime events" rather than objects. And event horizons are the outer edge of these events where spacetime curves so much that anything that passes them is destined to make a one-way trip to the center of the black hole.

In 1915, less than a month after general relativity was first published astrophysicist Karl Schwarzschild became the first person to solve general relativity's field tensor equations, according to the Institute of Physics.

Schwarzschild studied general relativity while serving with the German army on the Eastern Front in the First World War in 191. He wrote to Einstein with his simple and exact solutions which Einstein feared might never be achieved as he himself had only managed approximate solutions. Schwarzschild passed away in 1916, the same year his solutions were published.

The mathematics of general relativity (Lambourne. R. J. A, 2010, pg 171) predicts two singularities. A coordinate singularity, which is the event horizon - the black hole's outer boundary, and a gravitational singularity, which represents the heart of the black hole.

Schwarzschild's solution gave the coordinate singularity and thus the event horizon a solid location around a black hole known as "Schwarzschild radius."

The coordinate singularity can be removed with a clever application of mathematics and transforming the coordinate system. But the gravitational singularity or "real singularity" can't be removed. It challenges physicists to this day, as it represents the point at which the physics that describes the universe completely breaks down.

(Image credit: AFP Photo/NASA/JPL-Caltech)

Where is the event horizon and how big is it?

The Schwarzschild radius (Rs) is a sphere located at the radius from the central "real" singularity of a black hole, which has a radius ( r) of r = 0, equal to radius equals 2 times Newton's gravitational constant or "big G" ( G) times the mass of the body (M) divided by the speed of light squared ( c²) [Lambourne. R. J. A, 2010, pg 172]. The equation for the Schwartzchild radius looks like this Rs = 2GM/c².

That equation implies that the size of the event horizon depends on the black hole's mass. The larger the mass the further out from the central singularity the event horizon will be.

It isn't just black holes that have a Schwarzschild radius all massive bodies like planets and do, but these aren't event horizons because these points are usually well within the bodies.

For example, given the of 1.989 × 10³⁰ kg, its Schwarzschild radius occurs at about 1.86 miles (3 kilometers) from its central point, that's compared to the sun's radius of around 432,450 miles (696,000 kms). Earth's Schwarzschild radius is even closer to its central point, with our planet having a Schwarzschild radius of no more than 9 millimeters!

To see why the Schwartzchild radius constitutes a light-trapping surface consider that the escape velocity required to race away from the gravitational influence of a body is equal to the square root of 2 times the "big G" ( G) times the mass of the body (M) divided by the radius of the body  -  so Ves = (2GM/r)¹/². For that gives a speed of around 7 miles per second (11.2 kms per second).

For a body with a radius less than 2GM/c² the escape velocity increases to more than 3.0 x 10⁸ meters per second, the speed of light in a vacuum tells us that not even light can outrace gravity at this point.

Another consequence of the Schwartzchild radius is that to become a black hole the radius of a body with mass must shrink to within Rs. If were compressed enough to become a black hole its radius would have to shrink from over 400,000 miles to just 1.86 miles (3 kms). Meanwhile, for our planet to become a black hole the Earth's radius would have to shrink from around 4000 miles (6,400 kms) to just 0.35 inches (0.9 centimeters)!

Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the , is about 4.3 million times the mass of our sun and has a diameter of about 7.9 million miles (12.7 million km), while M87 at the heart of the Virgo A galaxy is about 6 billion solar masses and 11 billion miles (17.7 billion km) wide.

(Image credit: Event Horizon Telescope collaboration)

Imaging event horizons

In 2019 the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) made history by capturing humanity's first direct image of a black hole, or as you'll realize by now more accurately, the environment immediately surrounding the black hole.

The image featured the supermassive black hole at the heart of Messier 87 (M87), located 53 million light-years away with a mass equivalent to around six and a half billion suns according to the EHT collaboration. The image shows a glowing ring of material traveling around the event horizon close to light speed.

The array of telescopes across the globe that comprise the EHT and make an Earth-size virtual telescope made history again in 2022 when it the supermassive black hole at the heart of our own galaxy, known as Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*).

"We were stunned by how well the size of the ring agreed with predictions from Einstein's Theory of General Relativity," EHT Project Scientist and Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics astronomer Geoffrey Bower said in a statement. "These unprecedented observations have greatly improved our understanding of what happens at the very center of our galaxy, and offer new insights on how these giant black holes interact with their surroundings."

Thus, the image of the black holes at the heart of M87 and the Milky Way demonstrates that while event horizons protect many secrets that lurk behind them, shielding the central singularity at the heart of these spacetime events from scrutiny, they also help reveal a wealth of information about their surroundings and the extreme physics that shape galaxies.

Additional resources

Astrophysicist Karl Schwarzschild is the man who first solved the field tensor equations of general relativity and for whom the location of the event horizon is named. You can read about this extraordinary life in this article published on the science communication website Secrets of the Universe. Read more about the Event Horizon Telescope and the capture of the first black hole image in 2019 with these resources from the Event Horizon Telescope. If you want to learn more about how massive stars die and collapse to form black holes check out these resources from NASA. The agency also explains how it studies these regions of space.

Bibliography

Lambourne. R. J. A., Relativity, Gravitation, and Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, [2010], ISBN: 978-0-521-13138-4 https://www.amazon.co.uk/Relativity-Gravitation-Cosmology-Robert-Lambourne/dp/0521131383

Ta-Pei Cheng, Relativity, Gravitation, and Cosmology: A basic introduction, Oxford University Press, [2010], ISBN 978-0-19-957364

Event Horizon, Swinburne Center for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, [accessed 02/18/23], [https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/e/Event+Horizon]

Astronomers Reveal First Image of the Black Hole at the Heart of Our Galaxy, Event Horizon Telescope, [2022], [https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/astronomers-reveal-first-image-black-hole-heart-our-galaxy]

Astronomers Image Magnetic Fields at the Edge of M87's Black Hole, Event Horizon Telescope, [2021], [https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/astronomers-image-magnetic-fields-edge-m87s-black-hole]

Astronomers Capture First Image of a Black Hole, Event Horizon Telescope, [2019], [https://eventhorizontelescope.org/press-release-april-10-2019-astronomers-capture-first-image-black-hole]

What Are Black Holes? NASA, [accessed 02/18/23], [https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/black_hole_description.html]

Eisenstaedt, D. Howard, J. Stachel (eds), The Early Interpretation of the Schwarzschild Solution, Einstein and the History of General Relativity: Einstein Studies, Vol. 1, pp. 213-234. Boston: Birkhauser, [1989]

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What is a black hole event horizon (and what happens there)?

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The event horizon is the spherical outer boundary of a loosely considered to be its "surface." It is the point, according to NASA , that the gravitational influence of the black hole becomes so great that not even light is fast enough to escape it.

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— All matter in a black hole is compressed into a region of infinitely small volume called the central singularity

— once you have passed the event horizon, it becomes impossible to escape

— the size of the event horizon is proportional to the mass of the black hole

— the bigger the black hole, the bigger the event horizon

— black holes size depends on how much material is in them

— the more material the black hole eats, the larger the mass/size is, the larger the event horizon is

— Astronomers have found black holes with event horizons ranging from 6 miles (9.66 km) to the size of our solar system

— black holes can exist with even larger event horizons than our solar system

— the efficiency of black holes does not depend on size

— all sizes of black holes can consume anything

— all black holes have the same amount of efficiency

Question:

Can a black hole potentially consume another black hole? If so, what would happen?

How are black holes created in the first place?

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An event horizon is the marking of the boundary of the limits of a black hole.

Without an event horizon, there isn't a black hole (Stephen Hawking)

During the event horizon, the speed of light is equal to the escape velocity. Nothing can ever cross the boundary because nothing is faster than the speed of light, therefore trapping it. That's why nothing can escape a black hole.

For the non-rotating black holes, we use the Schwarzschild radius to delimit the spherical event horizon. Rotating black holes have non-spherical, distorted event horizons.

The radiation generated inside the event horizon can never escape outside of it.

Hawking's radiation allows the particles to be radiated just outside the event horizon, even though black holes do not radiate energy themselves in general.

Questions:

What is Hawking Radiation, and how does it relate to particle radiation?

What is the Scwarzchild Radius

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Event horizon | Definition, Explanation, & Facts | Britannica

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Event horizon, boundary marking the limits of a black hole. At the event horizon, the escape velocity is equal to the speed of light. Since general relativity states that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, nothing inside the event horizon can ever escape beyond it, including light.

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Exploring the possibility of advanced civilizations harnessing energy from black holes.

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Exploring the possibility of advanced civilizations harnessing energy from black holes.

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Chinese astrophysics at Taijin University in China has proposed ways for humans to use black holes as an energy source.

They published a journal named Physical Review D. Zhang-Feng Mai and Run-Qiu Yang have outlined two possible scenarios.

Kardashev Scale:

Classification of civilization based on their energy consumption

Type 1: planetary energy

Type 2: stellar energy

Type 3: galactic energy

Dyson Sphere:

A structure surrounds an energy source, capturing its energy.

Dyson Bubble:

A Dyson Sphere made out of millions of individual satellites, positioned to counteract the gravitational pull of the energy source, aka a black hole

Black Hole Energy Capture:

Matter falling into a black hole will emit energy, usually in rays from all parts of the spectrum.

The energy that falls into the event horizon will not be retrievable, but the energy outside can still be captured

Energy Source:

Matter that falls into a black hole emits energy, powering a Dyson Sphere

Accretion Disk Radiation:

Accretion disks around black holes emit radiation due to the heating of infalling matter

This will provide energy that the Dyson Sphere can capture

This energy output from rotating black holes can power Type 2 or 3.

Black Hole Luminosity

The rotating black holes can emit significant energy to capture using a Dyson Sphere

The black hole also emits energy through reativistic jets. With jets contributing a substantial portion of the total energy output.

Outer Species

The ability to create a Dyson Sphere is only available in Type 2 or more civilizations.

Using our telescopes, we can detect Dyson Spheres in the night sky, helping with discovering alien life.

NEXT QUESTION: Research the Dyson Sphere, https://youtu.be/pP44EPBMb8A?si=xjqWaBkN7cL9VRE7, how does it help us to achieve a higher type civilization.

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How we could harness the energy of a black hole.

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How we could harness the energy of a black hole.

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With the use of the Penrose Process, harness energy by breaking down and recombining magnetic fields in the ergosphere.

“Virtual Particle,” is where energy is imparted from the particle-antiparticle.

Another method to harness energy is called, the “Blandford-Znajek Process” which utilizes external magnetic fields and extracts the energy within the black hole.

The efficiency that is generated in Black holes can reach up to 150%. This is the most amount of energy when compared to the methods used on earth.

Next Question

What are some resources that can utilize the energy from the black hole rather than using resources that can negatively impact Earth?

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How we could harness the energy of a black hole

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Though the engineering is beyond us now, the Penrose process could theoretically allow us to extract energy from black holes.

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Why We Can't Use Black Hole Energy for Everyday Life

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Why We Can't Use Black Hole Energy for Everyday Life

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Black holes are crazy efficient at converting mass into energy, especially spinning ones. Even though, on Earth it almost seems impossible to be able to safely and correctly extract and use energy from any black hole.

The two main processes that if we were able to use would be Penrose Process and the Blandford-Znajek Mechanism

Penrose Process: Where particles in the ergosphere are split, and one escapes with boosted energy

Blandford: Which taps into magnetic fields and the black hole’s rotation to pull energy from the surrounding plasma

We can’t use it yet though because of the three main reasons: Distance, Conditions, and Technology

Distance: Black holes are really far away-like light years far, so getting to one is off the table for now

Conditions: The environment around a black hole is so extreme (intense gravity, crazy heat, and radiation) that can’t exactly “set up shop” there

Technology: We’d need particle accelerators way stronger than what we have now to even create small, controllable black holes, and that comes with huge risks

Researchers are simulating how energy extraction might work by running supercomputer models. These give us ideas about what’s possible without having to deal with the danger of an actual black hole

Could It even be useful….?

If humans or some advanced civilization could figure out space travel on a massive scale, we might one day build something to safely extract black hole energy for things like powering space colonies (But for Earth..it is a far off dream)

Risks:

Trying to manipulate black holes could backfire spectacularly, and we could create a mini black hole that basically “spins” us out of control. Plus, the intense energy and radiation would make it almost impossible to handle safely

Next Question: What breakouts in technology, physics, or space exploration could make using black hole energy a reality? Are there alternative astrophysical phenomena, like neutron stars or quasars, that might offer a more practical starting point for exploring extreme energy extraction?

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— Hawking radiation is the particles formed by a black hole's boundary

— this means that black holes have temperatures that are proportional to their mass

— the smaller the black hole is, the hotter it will glow

— Hawking radiation is named after Stephen Hawking

— Hawking radiation allows black holes to shrink in size

— Usually Hawking Radiation particles and particle radiation would recombine and cancel out, but in this case the split leaves one half of every pair to escape as radiation

— the shwarzschild radius is the radius of the event horizon going around a non-rotating black hole

— anything with a normal radius smaller than its shwarzschild radius is a black hole

— shwarzschild radius was made by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916

Next Question:

Can a black hole explode?

Can a back hole get so small and hot that it just melts the object before the objects actually enters the black hole?

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The dyson sphere is basically referred to as a megastructure which surrounds a star, but also captures a huge amount of the power that is being released/outputted.

This dyson sphere is majorly used by spacefaring civilization because there is an energy requirement needed.

In order for a civilization to harvest or gain more energy, building structures around a star is the best choice.

Life support, transportation are a couple of examples of using the energy for a good cause/use.

A fun fact is that the Dyson sphere's name comes from the one who discovered/popularized this concept. That person is Freeman Dyson.

Freeman’s idea was intended to help detect any intelligent extraterrestrial life.

The dyson sphere is ultimately known for trapping any dark energy and reversing the expansion of the universe.

Next Question:

As the article/website talks about how type two or three civilizations use the dyson sphere, is there a possibility that we can utilize this dyson sphere on earth, which is a type zero civilization? Also is this even possible?

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A Dyson sphere is a megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output. It's used by a spacefaring civilization to meet its energy requirements once those requirements exceed what can be generated from the home planet's resources alone. Only a tiny fraction of a star's energy emissions reach the surface of any orbiting planet. Building structures encircling a star would enable a civilization to harvest far more energy. By definition it is regarded as a Class B stellar engine.

The collected energy can be beamed to remote locations for use in life support, industry, computational processing, or transport; these beams can also be used for defense or communication. Energy can also be stored using antimatter.

The concept was popularized by Freeman Dyson who speculated that such structures would be the logical consequence of the escalating energy needs of a technological civilization and would be a necessity for its long-term survival. He proposed that searching for such structures could lead to the detection of advanced, intelligent extraterrestrial life.

Following the publication of Dyson's proposal, it was pointed out that a solid circumstellar sphere would be subject to intolerably high stresses. Dyson replied that what he actually envisaged was a loose collection of over 100,000 objects traveling on independent orbits in a shell about 1 million kilometers thick. This Dyson Swarm arrangement is a Type I Dyson sphere and a solid shell is Type II.

Planets provide the largest source of material for the construction of a Dyson swarm. The easiest design would be to use Mercury as the source of material, and to construct the Dyson swarm at approximately the same distance from the sun. Mercury has a gravitational binding energy of about 2×10 ³⁰ J so it would take an enormous amount of energy to completely dismantle it; therefore mining operations would be done for centuries before such a feat is possible.

A Dyson shell can support vast amounts of processing power, especially if arranged in concentric shells as a Matrioshka Brain.

T. Y. Hsiao has proposed to place a Dyson sphere around a black hole instead of a star. Around the black holes are hot accretion disks, hot gas coronas, and sometimes ultra-relativistic jets, releasing large amounts of potentially usable energy far more efficient and productive than the nuclear fusion of stars. Accretion of material as it falls into a black hole entering the event horizon releases up to 40% of the energy of the material falling in, whereas fusion is only up to 3% efficient.

Black hole energy collection would initially be for Type II and at the upper limit of energy collection, even a Type III civilization could have its energy needs met by a sufficiently active Dyson-encased black hole, without the necessity of commandeering all the star-supplied energy from an entire galaxy. Such civilizations are not likely to be located on the structure, but at a safe distance away, with the energy beamed to them as needed.

The ultimate Dyson sphere is one that traps dark energy inside and reverses the expansion of the universe, or the Big Rip. By manipulating extra dimensions, a Type IV civilization would create a gigantic sphere where dark energy can reverse polarity so that the cosmic expansion is reversed. Outside the sphere, the universe might continue expanding exponentially, but inside the sphere, galaxies and stars evolve normally.

A Megasphere is the ultimate feat in gigascale engineering. It is a Dyson sphere 200 light-years in diameter, with a surface area of more than 130,000 square light-years. The base structure is 10 km thick, and both sides are equally habitable. About 1300 galactic masses are needed as raw materials, with 10 ⁵⁶ J required for assembly, and another 10 ⁵⁶ J to maintain the Megasphere at a comfortable 25 ºC for a billion years. This is a Type IV endeavor.

Examples:

Dyson Bubble

This uses lightweight sails to float on radiation pressure from the star. These floating solar collection satellites are called statites which are closer to the star and therefore efficient.

Dyson-Harrop satellite

The Dyson-Harrop satellite uses solar wind and electromagnetic fields to generate power.

It uses a kilometres-long wire that would collect electrons from the solar wind, creating an electric current. The satellite also generates a magnetic field that helps capture solar wind particles, directing them into the wire and increasing the energy generated. This energy can either be stored or beamed back to Earth (or another location) using a microwave or laser system. This beamed power could be used for spacecraft propulsion or as a source of renewable energy in space.

Closed Sphere

This is only possible with higher level Type II civilizations or beyond. This is an inverted living space on the underneath of a solid shell with the sun at the centre. Its surface area can support trillions of inhabitants.

It would have a problem of dynamical instability. Even if the hollow sphere was rotated fast enough to support the equatorial zone of the structure against collapse, the polar regions would fall in and destroy it. To solve this, the star can be surrounded with several layers of ring-shaped tubes. They contain a fluid flowing fast enough to create the centrifugal force required to support the tubes and loads above them. One set of parallel tubes holds up the equator and other sets support the regions near the poles. The tubes are also heat engines, with the fluid driven by energy absorbed from the sun and flowing through generator stations which supply power to all the inhabited levels. A Matrioshka brain can adjust the velocity of flow to fit the loads.

The Sphere is about 15 solar masses. The shell has a wall of solid steel more than 3 km thick, but the hull is more than 60 km deep. The total energy needed to assemble the sphere would probably run on the order of 10 ⁴³ joules, but to propel it through space at 17%c will require an additional 4 x 10 ⁴⁶ joules of energy.

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A Dyson sphere is a megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output. It's used by a spacefaring civilization to meet its energy requirements once those requirements exceed what can be generated from the home planet's resources alone.

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What are Dyson spheres, and how do we look for them?

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What are Dyson spheres, and how do we look for them?

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A Dyson sphere is purely theoretical.

They are artificial megastructures that are constructed around a star to collect all of its radiant energy.

The main goal is to collect as much energy as you can from the star. The sun gives us, 1361 watts of solar irradiance, per square meter. With was measure by NASA’s solar radiating and Climate Experiment. But that's not even a lot of energy compared to what the sun's total energy output is. Which is 3.86x10^26 watts every second. But because earth is so small, we only receive a tiny bit of that energy.

People ask: what would be the cost of a Dyson sphere? That is an unanswerable question. We would have to decimate the entire planet to find materials to build it. Therefor, you cannot put a price on it.

Is it possible to create? In theory, yes, but the amount of required resources and engineering skill plus the amount of time would make it an insurmountable ambition.

Who invented the idea? A physician and a polymath, Freeman Dyson, in 1960. He was inspired by other sources, such as Olaf Stapleton.

QUESTION(S):

What kinds of resources would be needed to engineer a Dyson sphere, and where would they come from?

What other things has Freeman Dyson done in his lifetime?

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What are Dyson spheres, and how do we look for them?

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Dyson spheres are hypothetical artificial megastructures built around a star to collect all of its radiant energy.

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How astrophysicists can use science to discover a way to extract energy from a Kerr black hole

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How astrophysicists can use science to discover a way to extract energy from a Kerr black hole

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There are multiple ways that astrophysicists are trying to simulate the Penrose process of the BZ mechanism to finally learn more about how they can extract energy from a spinning black hole. Here are some examples on how they are planning to do it.

1. A numerical relativity system

-This system used for testing can model a black hole in very high detail.

-This means that scientists will be able to test the Penrose process and the BZ mechanisms in many different scenarios of black holes. For example, different speeds of spinning, different magnetic fields and sizes of the black hole.

-These simulations can show how energy is extraction occurs during the Penrose process.

2. Observational tests

-Observing the Penrose process in action and seeing high energy and radiation being visible to the human eye will prove that the extraction of energy from black holes is possible.

-A high zoom telescope will be able to observe the spin and magnetic field formation in the black holes.

3. Study how efficient these processes will realistically be.

-How much energy can be extracted by using the Penrose process at once and how much does it change between different spin rates and sizes of the black hole

-If it will be too costly and inefficient to extract this energy for our environment and to transfer it down to earth.

-Next question:

-Have astrophysicists already made a time estimate on when technology will be advanced enough to do this? If so, when would it be possible?

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I think the question is asking are there anyways how renewable energy can be more efficient. bruh this is not my question idk look in the google sheet to see whos question is this.

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I think the question is asking are there anyways how renewable energy can be more efficient. bruh this is not my question idk look in the google sheet to see whos question is this.

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The Formation and Mysteries of Black Holes: From Stellar Collapse to Singularities

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The Formation and Mysteries of Black Holes: From Stellar Collapse to Singularities

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Creation of Black holes

Stars are supermassive nuclear reactors that use fusion to create radioactive energy to counteract the gravitational force that is acting upon them.

As long as there are fusion reactions in the core, a delicate balance can be achieved to stop the star from collapsing.

When larger stars generate fusion energy, they can form iron in their cores

The iron element’s fusion reaction does not produce any energy, unlike Hydrogen, Helium, Carbon, Neon, Oxygen, and Silicon.

The Iron in the core keeps building up until the balance is destroyed.

The core collapses, and the star’s material moves at ¼ of the speed of light feeding even more material.

The stars then die in a supernova explosion

This either produces a neutron star, or a black hole if the star is massive enough that all the material collapses into a singularity.

Black Hole Itself

What we see is the event horizon, where nothing can come back once fallen inside

Time slows down inside the black hole, as outsiders see you freeze, while you see the outside speed by.

What are wormholes, and how are they theoretically related to black holes?

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Hawking Radiation, and How It Relates To Particle Radiation

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Hawking Radiation, and How It Relates To Particle Radiation

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Hawking Radiation is a theoretical process described by a physicist Stephen Hawking, and was proposed in 1974

It occurs just outside of the event horizon of a black hole due to quantum effects

Virtual particle pairs are constantly forming in space. Near the event horizon, one particle can escape whole the other falls into the black hole

The energy for Hawking radiation also leads back to Einstein's (E=mc^2), and the and the particles become real and one escapes, the mass-energy equivalence leads to a gradual decrease in the black holes mass

Smaller black holes emit more Hawking Radiation because they have a higher surface temperature. The temperature is inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole, meaning smaller black holes radiate faster

The escaping particle becomes “real,” leading to the emission of radiation

This radiation allows black holes to lose mass over time, a process called “Black hole Evaporation”

Hawking radiation is unique because black holes generally don’t emit energy themselves, but this process provides a way for them to lose energy

It is related to a particle radiation because it involves the creation and behavior of subatomic particles near extreme gravitational fields

It involves particles like photons, electrons, and positrons. It provides a link between quantum mechanics and general relativity

Implication To actual physics:

The theory challenges the “no-hair” theorem by suggesting that black holes radiate and lose information. This ties into the black hole information paradox, a major unresolved problem in physics.

-Overall: Even though Hawking Radiation has not been directly observed due to its faint nature, it is crucial in understanding black holes and quantum gravity theories.

Next Question:

If Hawking radiation causes black holes to gradually lose mass and eventually evaporate, what do you think happens to the information contained within the black hole, and how might this connect to the “black hole information paradox”?

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Wormholes have been predicted by math, but for now these bridges though spacetime are still hypothetical.

Wormholes are a theory that there is a passage through space-time and it could create shortcuts for long journeys across the whole universe.

Only problem is that they could collapse, have super high radiation and dangerous contact with exotic matter.

When you have a massive object in spacetime, it pretty much creates what we cal a curvature of the space time in all the nearby areas. More mass = more extreme curvature.

We think that these objects occur in the universe (black holes) Light cannot escape the black hole curvature of spacetime.

What we think happens is, something becomes so large and its mass is so large that the other forces (except gravity) cannot support the object, and it becomes a black hole. (this could be thought of as one side of a wormhole)

Wormholes have never been found.

There are different types of wormholes, what distinguishes one from another is if you can go from one end to another.

The wormhole theory was first theorized in 1916, they were called at the time white holes. And at the time, they were a theoretical time reversal of a black hole.

A space time conduit is the entrance to both a black hole and a white hole.

Wormholes contain 2 mouths (the openings) a throat connecting the two mouths.

We believe that wormholes could connect us to entirely different universes (time travelling) but most believe that is not possible.

This will not be in any near future.

Next Questions:

What would be required to theoretically be able to use a wormhole to time travel.

What is a spacetime conduit?

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Maths has predicted wormholes, but for now these bridges through space-time remain hypothetical

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-No, black holes do not technically explode but they can theoretically vanish because of the theory called Hawking Radiation.

-Hawking Radiation is a theory where black holes will lose mass and energy over a long period of time

-If the black hole doesnt gain any mass over this time, it will "evaporate" and it will dissapear

-This will happen over a inredibly long time period, much longer than the current age of the universe so it will be a very gradual process.

-This theory is largely theoretical and there is no guarantee that it is actually true or false. Scientists observe black holes and make this theory off of different concepts like Hawkings Radiation and many others.

-Scientists are also predicting this to happen from studying a simulation of a black hole over the course of the following millions or even billions of years.

-They are using technology like a numerical relativity system where they can study different sizes of black holes to see how long it takes for their mass to fully evaporate into nothing.

Next Question:

-How do scientists study the theory of Hawking radiation and black hole evaporation, and why is it considered a very time consuming and largely theoretical process?

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What are wormholes? An astrophysicist explains these shortcuts through space-time.

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What are wormholes? An astrophysicist explains these shortcuts through space-time.

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You can basically describe wormholes as two towns that are on opposite sides of a mountain. In order to travel faster, you just dig a hole through the mountains and you have arrived at your destination.

To be more specific, wormholes are tunnels with two distant points.

Rather than taking millions of years to travel to another galaxy, you could instead do that in a matter of hours or even minutes.

It can be referred to as a time machine of some sort.

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Imagine two towns on two opposite sides of a mountain. People from these towns would probably have to travel all the way around the mountain to visit one another. But, if they wanted to get there faster, they could dig a tunnel straight through the mountain to create a shortcut. That's the idea behind a wormhole.

A wormhole is like a tunnel between two distant points in our universe that cuts the travel time from one point to the other. Instead of traveling for many millions of years from one galaxy to another, under the right conditions one could theoretically use a wormhole to cut the travel time down to hours or minutes.

Because wormholes represent shortcuts through space-time, they could even act like time machines. You might emerge from one end of a wormhole at a time earlier than when you entered its other end.

While scientists have no evidence that wormholes actually exist in our world, they're good tools to help astrophysicists like me think about space and time. They may also answer age-old questions about what the universe looks like.

Fact or fiction?

Because of these interesting features, many science fiction writers use wormholes in novels and movies. However, scientists have been just as captivated by the idea of wormholes as writers have.

While researchers have never found a wormhole in our universe, scientists often see wormholes described in the solutions to important physics equations. Most prominently, the solutions to the equations behind Einstein's theory of space-time and general relativity include wormholes. This theory describes the shape of the universe and how stars, planets and other objects move throughout it. Because Einstein's theory has been tested many, many times and found to be correct every time, some scientists do expect wormholes to exist somewhere out in the universe.

But, other scientists think wormholes can't possibly exist because they would be too unstable.

The constant pull of gravity affects every object in the universe, including Earth. So gravity would have an effect on wormholes, too. The scientists who are skeptical about wormholes believe that after a short time the middle of the wormhole would collapse under its own gravity, unless it had some force pushing outward from inside the wormhole to counteract that force. The most likely way it would do that is using what's called "negative energies," which would oppose gravity and stabilize the wormhole.

But as far as scientists know, negative energies can be created only in amounts much too small to counteract a wormhole's own gravity. It's possible that the Big Bang created teeny, tiny wormholes with small amounts of negative energies way back at the beginning of the universe, and over time these wormholes have stretched out as the universe has expanded.

Just like black holes?

While wormholes are interesting objects to think about, they still aren't accepted in mainstream science. But that doesn't mean they're not real - black holes, which we astrophysicists know abound in our universe, weren't accepted when scientists first suggested they existed, back in the 1910s.

Einstein first formulated his famous field equations in 1915, and German scientist Karl Schwarzschild found a way to mathematically describe black holes after only one year. However, this description was so peculiar that the leading scientists of that era refused to believe that black holes could actually exist in nature. It took people 50 years to start taking black holes seriously - the term "black hole" wasn't even coined until 1967.

The same could happen with wormholes. It may take scientists a little while to come up with a consensus about whether or not they can exist. But if they do find strong evidence pointing to the existence of wormholes - which they may be able to do by looking at odd movements in star orbits - the discovery will shape how scientists see and understand the universe.
Dejan Stojkovic, Professor of Physics, University at Buffalo This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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What are wormholes? An astrophysicist explains these shortcuts through space-time

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An astrophysicist explains what wormholes are and how these theoretical space-time tunnels have popped up in the solutions to some equations.

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What Is The Difference Between Black Holes And Wormholes?

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What Is The Difference Between Black Holes And Wormholes?

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Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen proposed a theory that wormholes are tunnels that connect black holes to wormholes.

Wormholes are sometimes referred to as Einstein-Rosen Bridges.

The possible relation probably comes from the wormholes’ “mouths” resembling other discovered black holes.

Next Question

While the “mouths” of wormholes are what relates wormholes and black holes together, what other things make these two associated with each other?

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According to a group of physicists from Sofia University in Bulgaria, wormholes, the hypothetical tunnels that connect one part of the universe to another, exist and to be hiding in plain sight, in the form of black holes.

The study published in New Scientist says that some of the cosmic entities scientists have identified as black holes could actually be wormholes.

Black holes are the most mysterious and enigmatic objects yet discovered in the known universe. They are the densest known objects with so much gravitational pull, that even light cannot escape from them.

One question has puzzled scientists and physicists since the discovery of black holes, where does the gobbled-up matter go? There is a theory that these black holes lead to another chasm of sorts that emit streams of particles and radiation, otherwise known as "white holes."

And this is where our hypothetical wormholes come into the picture.
Do You Know: Which Is The Oldest Star In The Universe?
What Are Wormholes?

Wormholes are hypothetical bridge-like structures that connect one part of the universe to another.

In the 1930s, Albert Einstein and his colleague, Nathan Rosen came up with the theory that wormholes are the tunnel connecting black holes with wormholes. This is why wormholes are also known as Einstein-Rosen bridges.

Now, scientists are saying that they might have mistaken wormholes for black holes. According to a study, wormholes' "mouths" might resemble black holes that have already been found in space.

So, how can we differentiate between the two?

Let's find out.

The major distinction between a wormhole and a black hole is that a wormhole is a funnel-shaped space-time tunnel between two points between universes, whereas a black hole is a cosmic body with extreme gravity from which nothing can escape.

Nothing can escape black holes once it has passed through them in terms of gravitational pull. However, according to the theoretical model of wormholes, things would be traveling both into and out of them. So, objects can escape from wormholes.

Many cosmic objects are under the influence of black holes; in contrast, wormholes link two universes.

Another major difference between a black hole and a wormhole is that a black hole has solid proof of evidence of its existence in space, whereas, scientists are yet to discover a concrete piece of evidence of a wormhole's existence.
James Webb Space Telescope first images of unseen universe released: What is the significance?
Two of space's most bizarre and unusual phenomena are black holes and wormholes, only one of which we can say with certainty exists and the other of which we can only speculate.

If Einstein's theory of general relativity is proved to be *true in the case of wormholes, then it could potentially change our views on space-time.

With the discovery of an existing wormhole, time travel could actually become a reality.
*One important thing to note is that every prediction in Einstein's theory of general relativity has been proved correct. So, according to some scientists, it is only a matter of time before Einstein stands correct again and wormholes are discovered in space.

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What Is The Difference Between Black Holes And Wormholes?

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According to a group of physicists from Sofia University in Bulgaria, wormholes, the hypothetical tunnels that connect one part of the universe to another, exist and to be hiding in plain sight, in the form of black holes. The study published in New Scientist says that some of the cosmic entities scientists have identified as black holes could actually be wormholes.

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— Wormholes are the bridge that connects one part of a universe to another

— wormholes are hypothetical and have not been provided yet

— nowadays, scientists are saying that they might have mistaken wormholes for black holes (this is hypothetical)

— The difference between the two: a wormhole is a tunnel between the points between universes, but black holes are holes with huge gravitational forces that nothing can ever escape

— Objects can't escape from black holes, but objects can pass through wormholes

— Black holes have a solid existence in space, and we have picture proof of them

—Wormholes aren't yet completely confirmed, and we don't have proof

Next Question:

If wormholes were proved to be real, could humans on earth potentially use the tunnels to find if there is any other form of life other than on earth?

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How to build a Dyson Sphere - The ultimate megastructure

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How to build a Dyson Sphere - The ultimate megastructure

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The sun emits a hundred quintillion times more amount of energy per second than our most efficient nuclear reactor. A trillion nuke per second

Building a Dyson Sphere is like the discovery of fire in terms of the advance of species.

Transform an interplanet species, to interstellar species.

A dyson sphere should be made of a bunch of mirrors, surrounding the sun to extract energy.

If a panel is 1 km^2, we would need 30 quadrillion to surround the sun.

100 quintillion tons of materials

Materials

Disassemble mercury.

The use of the method listed is an exponential growth for the production of panels.

Design

Simpler is better

Most likely be enormous mirrors

Concentrates the energy in a single energy collection place.

Light, thin.

Energy

A few workers, a bunch of robots

Solar collectors

Gives energy.

Deploy 1 square km of the collectors to provide energy for miners

Miners

Strip mines the surface of the planet

Refiners

Extract and fabricate them into the satellites.

Launch equipment

Most likely rail gun, an electromagnetic track to launch things into space.

60 doubling times would be enough to surround the sun.

NEXT QUESTION

With the construction of the Dyson Sphere, how can we visit new stars outside our solar system? One way is to research Stellar Engines, but get creative and also do some research on your own :D.

(why is everyone targeting my question??????? )

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Could Earth Ever Build a Dyson Sphere? A Type Zero Civilization’s Dilemma 

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Could Earth Ever Build a Dyson Sphere? A Type Zero Civilization’s Dilemma 

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A Dyson sphere is a megastructure built around a star to capture its energy output. Theoretically, it could provide an advanced civilization with almost unlimited energy

A lot of miss spread rumors go around about Dyson Spheres, making them seem mythical, but there are some more realistic types not talked about much

- Dyson Swarm: A Network of millions of solar-collecting satellites orbiting a star, working together to capture energy

-Dyson Bubble: Satellites held in place by solar sails using radiation pressure from the star to remain stable

Freeman Dyson first popularized this idea in 1960, suggesting it could be a sign of advanced alien civilizations (Type II on the Kardashev Scale)

Earth (a Type 0 civilization) currently gets most of its energy from fossil fuels, solar, and wind--not even close to harvesting energy on a star-level scale

To achieve this, we’d need unimaginable amounts of resources, technology far beyond what we have now, and the ability to work in space at a massive scale

Building a Dyson Sphere would require us to become a Type I civilization first, meaning we would need to harness ALL of Earth’s available energy

Some ideas suggest building a “Dyson Swarm” (a collection of solar-collecting satellites orbiting the sun) might be a starting point..but even so, keeping the structure stable without it collapsing due to gravity would be a massive engineering challenge

Fun Fact! Dyson Spheres have even been featured in science fiction, like Star Trek and other futuristic stories, seen as the ultimate sign of an advanced civilization.

Next Question:

Could we take small steps toward a Dyson Sphere by starting with space-based solar panels or Dyson Swarm? What technological breakthroughs would we need to even consider this in the future?